Quizzes: 4-6 Flashcards
The reduction in alveolar minute ventilation leading to an insufficient elimination of CO2 from the body is known as…
hypoventilation
The insufficient amount of oxygen in arterials blood that results in reduced oxygen concentration is known as…
hypoxemia
The clinical situation where there is below normal arterial blood pressure is known as…
hypotension
The clinical situation where there is a body temperature that is below normal is known as…
hypothermia
Which of the following PaCO2 levels would be considered also known Hypercapnia
50 mm Hg
Which of the following are contributors to hypoventilation?
anesthetic agents
increased mechanical dead space
exhausted CO2 absorbent
How can hypoventilation be prevented?
Providing an anesthetic patient 1 – 2 positive pressure ventilations / minute.
Which of the following is the most common cause of Hypoxemia?
V/Q mismatch
V/Q mismatch is defined as…
ventilation of a lung area without sufficient perfusion of the lung area.
perfusion of a lung area without sufficient ventilation of the lung area.
Which of the following would be a cause of V/Q mismatch?
Long term lateral recumbency of a canine anesthesia patient
Atelectasis
Bronchial intubation
Severe hypoventilation, which can lead to hypoxemia, is of most concern during which period of anesthesia?
Recovery
Which of the following is / are a method(s) for preventing Hypoxemia?
Intubating and placing an anesthetic patient on 100% oxygen regardless of inhalation anesthetic use.
Treating Hypoxemia can be difficult. Of the following, which option would be recommended?
Positive pressure ventilation, holding the inspiratory pressure of 15 – 20 cm of H2O for 3-5 seconds.
A MAP that is less than 60 mm Hg in an anesthetized cat is an indication of…
hypotension
Excessive Inspiratory Pressure (Inspiratory positive pressure ventilation – IPPV) can lead to…
increased pressure on the vena cava resulting in decreased blood returning to the heart (preload)
rupture of alveoli
pneumothorax and hypoxia
Which of the following could be used for treating hypotension?
Fluids
Inotropes
Sympathomimetics
Relative Hypovolemia is due to…
Vasodilation
Which of the following physical parameters may indicated hypovolemia?
Prolonged capillary refill time (CRT)
What is the percentage of total blood volume loss that a healthy patient undergoing surgery
Would NOT be able to tolerate?
21%
What is the ratio of the volume of crystalloids administered to the volume of blood loss?
3 ml for every 1 ml of blood loss
Which of the following fluid types may be beneficial for the treatment of blood loss?
Hypertonic Saline
Synthetic Colloids
Blood Products
Which of the following statements if FALSE for hypothermia?
The use of electrical heating pads or warming fluid bags in the microwave are acceptable methods of warming patients.
Which of the following statements if FALSE for hypoglycemia?
Blood glucose levels are less important to monitor in pediatric patients than is healthy adults.
Hyperthermia has many causes including anesthetic medication. Which of the following
statements if FALSE for hyperthermia?
The use of icepacks, full submersion in a cool water or alcohol bath is the treatment of choice for hyperthermia.
Hyperventilation occurs when PaCO2 is less than 35 mm Hg. It can be caused by…
Pain perception during anesthesia
Positive pressure ventilation that results in an excessive tidal volume administration or an excessive respiratory rate. Hyperthermia
Which of the following drugs would NOT have a side effect of hypertension?
acepromazine
Which of the following is / are appropriate treatment(s) for apnea of an anesthetic patient?
Decrease the delivery % of the inhalation agent
Use PPV until the patient begins spontaneous ventilation
Administer butorphanol if a pure Mu agonist had been administered.
In general, which of the following anesthesia patients would be more prone to postoperative myopathy?
an 80 pound Labrador Retriever.
Which of the following is / are a warning sign(s) for Cardiopulmonary Arrest CPA?
Agonal breaths
Unresponsive hypotension
Irregular pulses
Which of the following from the lecture were drugs to be used cautiously or not at all compared to the reading assignment?
Lidocaine and Doxapram
When administering an IV crystalloid fluid, how much of the fluid stays in the intravascular space?
one third
What is the preferred route of fluid administration?
IV
What is the phase of fluid therapy related to restoring vascular volume or reversing hypovolemic shock?
Resuscitation phase
When correcting for dehydration, which of the following statement is FALSE?
The patient only needs to be given the volume of fluids to correct for dehydration
Maintenance fluids are to be administered at which rate(s)
40 – 60 ml / kg / day or 30 ml / lb / day or 2 – 4 ml / kg / hour
Which of the following analgesic medications are available as a transdermal patch?
Fentanyl and Lidocaine
Based on lecture, which of the following analgesic medications has action at the NMDA Receptor?
Ketamine and Methadone
What is the newer NSAID that is unique by not affecting COX-1 or COX-2 enzyme activity but specifically blocks a type of prostaglandin receptor that normally medicates pain and inflammation?
Grapiprant (Galliprant)
Packed Red Cells for transfusion contain…
Red Blood Cells and White Blood Cells only
What component is missing in stored whole blood compared to fresh whole blood?
Platelets
Which of the following is / are indications for the transfusion of Frozen Plasma?
hypoproteinemia
rodenticide toxicity
Von Willebrand’s Disease
What are some transfusion reactions (side effects from transfusion) ?
fever
hives
circulatory overload
For which DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen) is the most important to cross match?
DEA-1
A DEA-1 negative dog can be a donor for…
DEA-1 negative dog or A DEA-1 positive dog or A DEA-4 positive dog
Which of the following statements is / are TRUE for transfusion medicine in cats?
most cats a blood type A
many cats in Hawaii are blood type B
cats must be cross matched before transfusion
Which of the following statements is / are TRUE for the transfusion or packed red blood cells to a dog?
Temperature and heart rate of the patient should initially be monitored every 5 minutes, then every 15 minutes
What is the maximum amount of time a bag of packed Red Blood Cells, once spiked (open) should be allowed to be at room temperature?
4 hours
Which of the following statements is / are TRUE for administering a frozen plasma product?
The plasma should be allowed to thaw slowly.
A fluid pump can be used for the administration of thawed plasma.
The plasma should be placed inside a “ziplock” bag and placed in a 30 – 37 degree (C ) water bath.
Rehabilitation is primarily used to treat which of the following?
Musculoskeletal and neurologic disorders
Which exercise is targeted for better awareness of where the body is in relationship to the surroundings?
Proprioceptive
Which exercise is targeted for better posture and gait?
Neuromuscular Reeducation
Passive Range of Motion therapy is…
Flexion and extension of a joint within its normal ability to move.
Therapeutic ultrasound therapy is…
The use of sound waves that can increase circulation, reduce joint contractures, enhance wound healing or stretching scar tissue.
Massage therapy is…
The systematic and scientific manipulation of soft tissues of the body which can relieve soft-tissue pain from trigger points
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF)
The use of magnetic energy waves that stimulated the production of proteoglycans and collagen by cartilage cells and connective tissue.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is…
The use of electrical stimulation to produce analgesia for chronic and acute pain.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulations (NMES) is…
The use of electrical stimulation to decrease muscle atrophy by contracting muscle fibers resulting in decreased fatigue of those fibers.
Cryotherapy is…
The use of cold modalities to cause vasoconstriction (which decreases bruising), slows nerve conduction (decreasing pain) and decreases enzyme activity (decreasing inflammation).
Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) is…
The use of light waves to treat pain, stimulated healing, stimulate acupuncture points and reduce edema.
Which of the following is are benefits of hydrotherapy?
Increased joint range of motion
Enhanced circulation
Facilitates balance
For post-surgical go-home instructions, what is the minimum frequency an owner should monitor the surgical site?
at least twice daily
Which of the following is / are TRUE when managing a feeding tube patient?
Using a therapeutic recovery diet will ensure that no large chunks of food are present to get lodged in the tube.
A patient that has undergone perianal surgery should…
have a high fiber diet to keep the stool soft.
have the surgical site kept clean using warm water soaked cloths to remove discharge
have petroleum jelly applied to the surgical site to help prevent serum scald.
Which of the following is / are TRUE for a post-surgical onychectomy patient?
The patient should have shredded newspaper as a litter substrate
Which of the following is / are TRUE for Aural Hematomas?
They are more common in the dog than the cat
A placed drain will usually need to be in for 2 – 3 weeks
The Second Phase of Wound healing involves….
proliferation of fibroblasts
Which of the following structures is considered the weakest after surgical healing?
skin
What is the term for a non-traumatic surgical wound that does not have any infected or nonviable tissue?
clean
A wound in the oral cavity is considered…
contaminated
Which of the following steps should be taken in order to clean a wound?
Prior to clipping the hair around the wound, sterile lube should be placed to cover the wound.
This type of wound closure occurs within 1-5 days after an injury occurs. It is used for moderately contaminated or traumatized wounds. The wound should be free of infection.
Delayed Primary Closure
This type of wound is not surgically closed. “Closure” is by contraction and epithelialization.
Secondary Intention Healing
The primary bandage layer…
Delivers medication and transmits wound exudate away from the wound.
The secondary bandage layer…
Absorbs serum, blood, exudate and acts as padding for the wound.
The tertiary bandage layer…
Is composed of stiff material and prevents contamination, minimizes swelling and minimizes motion.
Topical Dressings / Medications include which of the following?
Iodine impregnated Telfa pad.
Silver impregnated gauze
Hydrogels
Honey can be used as a topical dressing because…
it has an acidic pH that encourages blood hemoglobin to release oxygen.
the sugar has an osmotic effect
it has an antibacterial effect especially with methicillin-resistnat Staphylococus aureus (MRSA)
Which of the following sterile packs has the longest shelf life?
Heat-sealed paper and transparent plastic pouches in an open cabinet
Which of the following sterile packs has the shortest shelf life?
Single wrapped muslin pack in an open cabinet
Which of the following agents are Bacteriocidal and NOT inactivated by organic matter?
Phenolic compounds
What are the sterile settings needed for a Gravity Air Displacement Sterilizer?
250 degrees F, 15 psi, 13 minutes
A laparosope is usually cleaned with…
Alcohol and gauze
An Endoscope is usually cleaned with…
an enzymatic cleaner
Which of the following is / are sources for waste anesthetic gas?
exhalation of patient
escaped gasses from an anesthesia machine
filling an anesthetic vaporizer
In general, adverse health effects are associated with…
high levels of waste anesthetic gas
When choosing a mask to filter waste anesthetic gas…
choose one that has an activated charcoal filter
Activated Charcoal cartridges are….
a means to scavenge waste anesthetic gas if an active savenging system is not present.
Common areas of leakage of waste anesthetic gas from an anesthesia machine….
reservoir bag connection, flutter valves, carbon dioxide absorber canister
What method(s) is / are able to be utilized to accurately determine levels of waste anesthetic gas in a hospital environment?
dosimeter badge
What precautions should be in place when handling injectable anesthetic agents?
reversal agents should be present
a first aid kit should be available
never work alone when handling these drugs
