~Quizzes Flashcards
Piaget argued that the A-not-B error showed that infants have limited object permanence, but others have questioned this interpretation.
Researchers today argue that the A-not-B error reflects infants’ limited ___.
inhibition
Researchers have found that preoperational-stage children who initially failed a conservation task were subsequently able to solve the task after someone brought their attention to the relevant dimensions (e.g., the height and width of a glass).
Whose theory is best able to explain this finding, and why?
Vygotsky’s theory, because the child’s performance was supported by a more skilled individual.
According to the dual systems model of adolescent brain development, adolescent risk-taking behaviour peaks when the gap between development of ___ and ___ is at its largest.
subcortical regions // prefrontal cortex
Which of the following statements about periods of developmental brain plasticity are TRUE?
The are periods of potential risk during which the brain particularly is vulnerable to harm
They are periods of opportunity for learning and growth
They are periods during which all parts of the brain develop simultaneously at the same rate
As infants’ brains develop, ___ and ___ make the brain more efficient.
synaptic pruning // myelination
True or False: Both theorists recognized that children will NOT learn if a task is too difficult for their current level of ability/understanding (e.g., a six-year-old and a calculus problem).
True
Object permanence is an important developmental milestone because it means that an infant is able to ___.
mentally represent objects
Researchers use an “incidental learning” task to study selective attention. This is the task where children are asked to remember the locations of certain items (e.g., animals), which are hidden alongside task-irrelevant items (e.g., household objects).
Which of the following statements about performance on this task are TRUE?
On this task, 13-year-olds remember more about the household objects’ (the irrelevant objects) locations than 7-year-olds
Researchers use an “incidental learning” task to study selective attention. This is the task where children are asked to remember the locations of certain items (e.g., animals), which are hidden alongside task-irrelevant items (e.g., household objects).
Which of the following statements about performance on this task are TRUE?
7y/o are remembering a lot about the animals as well as the household items, they remember more about the task irrelevant details than the 13y/o’s
-13y/o remember more about the animal locations
As children’s cognitive flexibility improves, they are better able to shift between strategies when solving problems or completing tasks.
According to Siegler’s adaptive strategy choice model (described in your readings and discussed briefly in class), which of the following accurately describes children’s strategy use?
Children hold multiple strategies in mind, and these strategies compete with each other for use. Sometimes, this means children revert to an older, less-effective strategy.
Which of the following was a confound in the Fisher and colleagues (2014) study on visual environments, attention, and learning?
The novelty of the decorations was confounded with the visual distraction created by the decorations
We discussed a study showing that kindergarteners who were the youngest in their grade were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD when compared to their classmates who were older.
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of this finding?
Children who are the youngest in their grade may appear to have attention deficits because they are being observed alongside peers who are nearly a year older than them. This comparison may lead to misdiagnosis of younger students and/or underdiagnosis of older students.
Children learned in ___ classroom(s) but learned more in the ___ room.
both // sparse
When 3-year-olds struggle with the dimensional card sort task, information processing researchers attribute it to limited cognitive flexibility. Jean Piaget attributed this same behaviour to preoperational thinkers’ limited ___ skills.
multiple classification
Two children are trying to find the word “kite” in a word-search puzzle.
Emily searches through the puzzle one letter at a time. Each time she finds a “k,” she stops to see if there’s a letter “i” next to it.
Samuel’s eyes dart around the puzzle haphazardly, and he gets frustrated when he can’t find the word right away.
Emily is demonstrating stronger ___ than Samuel.
executive attention
How do preschool-aged children typically describe themselves?
In terms of their physical attributes and the concrete skills they have
Alexis is a teenager. She has noticed that she’s usually a very outgoing person, but she gets shy and quiet around people she admires. She realizes that this is normal—no one behaves the same way in every situation.
This example illustrates that Alexis’ self-concept has become ___.
differentiated
While you are at a friend’s house, his daughter Mia runs over and proudly tells you that she’s “a big girl!” Developmental psychologists would say that Mia’s self-descriptive statement indicates that she has developed ___.
an awareness of her categorical self
A woman is about to deliver her baby. Her husband is driving her to the hospital, going 120km per hour on the highway.
Their son Billy says, “Daddy, you can’t go this fast. The police will catch you.” His sister Mandi says, “It’s okay, Billy. A parent’s job is to keep their kids safe. That’s why Daddy has to get to the hospital fast—he’s taking care of mom and the baby.”
Billy’s statement is an example of ________ moral reasoning. Mandi’s is an example of ________ moral reasoning.
pre-conventional // conventional
Formal operational thinking is ___ but ___ for post-conventional moral reasoning
necessary // not sufficient
According to the research described in your readings, how do 8-year-old children typically rate themselves in terms of their social, cognitive, and physical competencies?
They rate themselves similarly to how their teachers and peers rate them
Based on the research discussed in class and the readings, which strategies should caregivers use if they want to encourage moral behaviour in their children?
- Provide material rewards when children behave prosocially
- Praise the child when they behave prosocially
- Provide a rationale when correcting a child’s inappropriate behaviour
When Marcus was in Grade 9, he got excellent grades (and so did all of his friends). Now that he is in Grade 12, his grades have dropped.
He finds it hard to relate to his old friends, who are still “straight-A” students. As a result, Marcus spends less time with them and more time with a new peer group—teens who were drawn to each other because they all struggle academically.
The formation of Marcus’ NEW peer group is an example of ___.
selection
At daycare, Adam and his friend Isla are racing to the toy box—they both want to play with the robot. Adam pushes Isla down to make sure he gets the toy instead of Isla.
Which terms accurately describe Adam’s aggression in this situation?
Physical // proactive
Which of the following forms of aggression tend to decline throughout the early childhood years?
Physical aggression; proactive aggression
Laura and Etta are colouring pictures next to each other. They mostly keep to themselves, but occasionally they will look at each other’s work and say something like, “Do you want some of my construction paper?” or “You should use the purple marker for your butterfly!”
Laura and Etta are engaging in ______ play.
associative
Brona is mad that her friend Lily didn’t come to her party. To retaliate for this perceived slight, Brona shuns Lily from their friend group, making sure everyone knows not to hang out with Lily.
Which terms accurately describe Brona’s aggression in this situation?
Relational; reactive
Girls use relational aggression ___ consistently than boys
more
Krista sees a sheep and calls it a “doggie”. Krista’s dad wants to figure out why she might have made this overextension error, so he designs a “game” where he shows Krista pictures of a sheep and a dog next to each other. He tells her to “point to the sheep” or “point to the dog.”
After repeating this several times, Krista’s dad concludes that she’s just guessing—she doesn’t seem to understand the conceptual difference between a sheep and a dog.
Given this observation, what is the most likely explanation for Krista’s overextension error?
Category error
Children with DLD often have trouble repeating a nonword like “frovilankus” after they have heard someone say it. This reflects a deficit in the children’s ___ skill, and this deficit interferes with the child’s ___ development.
phonological short-term memory // vocabulary
Infants’ early cooing sounds the same, regardless of the language(s) they are exposed to. Which of the following statements explains this similarity in infants’ early vocalizations?
Infants’ early vocalizations are limited by the physical constraints of their vocal apparatus (e.g., tongue, lips, etc.)
Two babies are participating in a word learning study. Renee is 10 months old, and Leo is 18 months old.
During the study, the researchers place two objects in front of the baby: (1) a plain grey disc, and (2) a colourful toy that lights up. The researcher looks and points at the grey disc while saying “This is a tomi.”
According to the research we discussed in class, Renee will learn that “tomi” refers to the ___; Leo will learn that “tomi” refers to the ___.
colourful toy // grey disc
True or False: Neglected children have reasonably good social skills, and are usually NOT overly lonely despite their neglected social status.
True
