~Class 22 - Infant Language Development Flashcards
Acoustically, the differences between speech sounds are ___.
continuous(e.g., differences in voice onset time; frequency…)
We perceive speech sound differences ___.
categorically (and those categories are language-specific)
True or False: Infants perceive speech categorically
True
Infants start out as ___ who perceive sound distinctions across ___ languages.
“universal listeners” // all
At 6-12 months babies are increasingly attuned to ___ distinctions, and there is ___ perception of distinctions not used in baby’s language.
native-language // decreased
We ___ sound perception and we don’t lose ___.
reorganize // auditory sensitivity
Birth-2 months is the ___ stage, where there is ___, ___ sounds. ___ control over articulators
Reflexive vocalizations // involuntary // automatic // Limited
2-4 months is the ___ stage
Babies make ___ sounds; consonants are produced toward the ___ of the mouth.
Cooing and laughter // vowel-like // back
4-6 months is the ___ stage. This tests the range of vocal abilities. Early babbles ___ across languages/children.
Vocal play // similar
6+ months is the ___ stage. ___ syllable strings. Sound repertoire expands. Vocal ___ (early pragmatic skill).
Canonical babbling // Consonant–vowel // turn-taking
10+ months is the ___ stage. “Conversational babble” with ___ and ___.
jargon // stress // intonation
What is Receptive Vocabulary?
What words do they understand?
First words emerge as early as ___ months (to a limited extent), and at ___ months in earnest.
5 // 8-9
What is Expressive Vocabulary?
What words do they say?
First words typically happen around ___ months, but it varies across kids.
12
Vocabulary size grows dramatically after children hit approximately ___ words, this occurs around ___ months on average, but with individual differences.
50 // 18
What are Overextension Errors?
Using a word in ways that are beyond the scope of its meaning
At what age are Overextension Errors most common?
18-30 months
___ show us the links between language and cognition
Overextension Errors
What is a Category Error?
As far as they know, a sheep is the same as a dog. In this case, it’s an error of comprehension.
What is Retrieval Error?
They may know the word sheep, but can’t recall it in the moment. Common during periods of quick vocab growth
What is a Lexical Gap?
Child draws on a word they do know to communicate about a concept they don’t have a word for.
-“I don’t know what that animal is, but I really want to talk about it…”
