~Class 14 - Cognitive Development in Late Childhood

Question 1

What is the main thing that separates the Concrete Operations group from the Preoperational group?

Answer 1

They are better able to think logically about concrete objects and experiences.

Question 2

What is the main thing that separates the Concrete Operations group from the Formal Operations group?

Answer 2

The Concrete Operations struggle with abstract reasoning, this is the main thing what sets them apart from the Formal Operational thinkers

Question 3

Preoperational thinking is characterized by centration and irreversibility

In contrast, Concrete Operational thinkers are capable of ___ and ___.

Answer 3

decentration // reversibility

Question 4

What is Horizontal Decalage?

Answer 4

Horizontal decalage means that kids pick up on conservation skills in a fairly systematic order, but gradually develop these insights over time, and not in a sudden moment of insight.

Question 5

What is the last aspect of Conservation that Concrete Operational thinkers pick up on?

Answer 5

conservation of volume

Question 6

Are Concrete Operational thinkers able to understand multiple classifications?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Ordering sticks from smallest to largest is an example of a ___ task.

Answer 7

Mental seriation

Question 8

Are Concrete Operational thinkers able to understand Relational Logic?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Can Concrete Operational thinkers complete the mental seriation stick task?

Answer 9

Yes, they can even do it without touching the sticks

Question 10

What is Transitivity?

Answer 10

Has to do with the relationships between pairs of objects or people.

Question 11

What is an example of a Transitive Task?

Answer 11

If the child knows that stick A is bigger than stick B, and that stick B is bigger than stick C, they’ll be able to figure out that as a consequence, A must be bigger than C, because of the transitive property.

Question 12

Can Concrete Operational thinkers understand Conservation?

Answer 12

Yes, but struggle with horizontal decalage

Question 13

Piaget thought of the ___ stage as the ___ of cognitive development.

Answer 13

Formal Operational // Pinnacle

Question 14

At what stage can children reason logically about abstract concepts (logic, friendship, justice…)?

Answer 14

Formal Operational stage

Question 15

Formal Operational can better solve problems ___, use ___ thinking and reasoning, are better able to think ___, and use ___.

Answer 15

systematically // scientific // hypothetically // idealism

Question 16

What is the Competence-Performance Gap?

Answer 16

The competence–performance gap is that adolescents and adults have the ability to think systematically, solve problems logically and think through all of the outcomes, but that doesn’t mean that we always do that.

Question 17

Piaget has been criticized for ___ the ___ thinking skills of adolescents and adults.

Answer 17

overestimating // logical

Question 18

What are the two different forms of reasoning that Piaget identified that seem to improve in the Formal Operations stage?

Answer 18

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning & Inductive Reasoning

Question 19

What is Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning?

Answer 19

The ability to think in hypothetical terms when trying to draw logical deductions about a given situation. Reason from general to specific.

Question 20

What is Inductive Reasoning?

Answer 20

The ability to generate and systematically test hypotheses. Reason from specific to general.

Question 21

Deductive reasoning, in general, involves going from ___ to come to a specific conclusion that logically has to be true.

Answer 21

general premises

Question 22

Concrete Operational thinkers can get caught up in ___ questions if the scenario they are given differs from what they actually know about the world.

Answer 22

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

Question 23

Younger children can solve ___ questions if they are given the right ___.

Answer 23

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning // support

Question 24

“All elephants are pink. Jumbo is an elephant. What colour is Jumbo? (Pink; necessarily)”. This is a ___ question.

Answer 24

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

Question 25

“If Barkley, Fido, Spot are similar-looking furry animals, And Barkley, Fido, and Spot are dogs, And Rex is a furry animal that looks similar to them, Rex is (probably!) a dog”. This is a ___ question.

Answer 25

Inductive Reasoning

Question 26

In a ___, you draw logical conclusions from a set of premises VS. in a ___ question, where you draw probable conclusions from a set of facts (with an appropriate level of confidence)

Answer 26

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning // Inductive Reasoning

Question 27

Which theorist thought that kids are active participants in their cognitive development?

Answer 27

Both Vygotsky and Piaget

Question 28

Which theorist thought that we have universal and invariant stages that we all go through?

Answer 28

Piaget

Question 29

Which theorist thought that the skills we develop happen within a particular social-cultural context?

Answer 29

Vygotsky

Question 30

Which theorist thought that we learn by discovering things ourselves through their interactions with our world?

Answer 30

Piaget

Question 31

Which theorist thought that other people support our learning, and guide us to increasingly sophisticated abilities, and ways of thinking and reasoning about the world around us?

Answer 31

Vygotsky

Question 32

Who’s theory focuses heavily on social interactions as a driver of kids developing abilities and reasoning?

Answer 32

Vygotsky

Question 33

___: Learn from more skilled adults VS. ___: Engaging with people at your level and using those interactions to learn

Answer 33

Vygotsky // Piaget

Question 34

Which theorist thought that some major themes of cognitive development are relatively universal?

Answer 34

Piaget

Question 35

Which theorist believed learning and cognitive development happened best when the child is stretched a little bit beyond their current limits?

Answer 35

Vygotsky

Question 36

Piaget thought that learning occurs through ___ and ___.

Answer 36

assimilation // accommodation

Question 37

Piaget thought that learning occurs through ___ and ___.

Answer 37

assimilation // accommodation

Question 38

Vygotsky thought that Cognitive development is ___ and ___.

Answer 38

culturally organized // socially mediated

Question 39

Vygotsky saw Private speech as a tool to work through ___.

Answer 39

problems

Question 40

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 40

The zone of proximal development captures tasks that are too complex for the child to master alone but that the child can accomplish with guidance from a more skilled partner

Question 41

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 41

The zone of proximal development captures tasks that are too complex for the child to master alone but that the child can accomplish with guidance from a more skilled partner

The ZPD is the gap between the set of skills that a child would be perfectly capable of completing on their own, and the tasks that are too hard even with support, this gap is where a child can do the task if they have the help.

Question 42

The ZPD is where ___ occurs, where we reach new levels of ___ skill.

Answer 42

cognitive growth // independent

Question 43

What is the Scaffolding in Vygotsky’s ZPD?

Answer 43

The more skilled partner in a task that provides support tailored to the learner’s skill

Break down task; explain; model new strategies; support child in completing difficult parts of task…