~Class 14 - Cognitive Development in Late Childhood Flashcards
What is the main thing that separates the Concrete Operations group from the Preoperational group?
They are better able to think logically about concrete objects and experiences.
What is the main thing that separates the Concrete Operations group from the Formal Operations group?
The Concrete Operations struggle with abstract reasoning, this is the main thing what sets them apart from the Formal Operational thinkers
Preoperational thinking is characterized by centration and irreversibility
In contrast, Concrete Operational thinkers are capable of ___ and ___.
decentration // reversibility
What is Horizontal Decalage?
Horizontal decalage means that kids pick up on conservation skills in a fairly systematic order, but gradually develop these insights over time, and not in a sudden moment of insight.
What is the last aspect of Conservation that Concrete Operational thinkers pick up on?
conservation of volume
Are Concrete Operational thinkers able to understand multiple classifications?
Yes
Ordering sticks from smallest to largest is an example of a ___ task.
Mental seriation
Are Concrete Operational thinkers able to understand Relational Logic?
Yes
Can Concrete Operational thinkers complete the mental seriation stick task?
Yes, they can even do it without touching the sticks
What is Transitivity?
Has to do with the relationships between pairs of objects or people.
What is an example of a Transitive Task?
If the child knows that stick A is bigger than stick B, and that stick B is bigger than stick C, they’ll be able to figure out that as a consequence, A must be bigger than C, because of the transitive property.
Can Concrete Operational thinkers understand Conservation?
Yes, but struggle with horizontal decalage
Piaget thought of the ___ stage as the ___ of cognitive development.
Formal Operational // Pinnacle
At what stage can children reason logically about abstract concepts (logic, friendship, justice…)?
Formal Operational stage
Formal Operational can better solve problems ___, use ___ thinking and reasoning, are better able to think ___, and use ___.
systematically // scientific // hypothetically // idealism
What is the Competence-Performance Gap?
The competence–performance gap is that adolescents and adults have the ability to think systematically, solve problems logically and think through all of the outcomes, but that doesn’t mean that we always do that.
Piaget has been criticized for ___ the ___ thinking skills of adolescents and adults.
overestimating // logical
What are the two different forms of reasoning that Piaget identified that seem to improve in the Formal Operations stage?
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning & Inductive Reasoning
What is Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning?
The ability to think in hypothetical terms when trying to draw logical deductions about a given situation. Reason from general to specific.
What is Inductive Reasoning?
The ability to generate and systematically test hypotheses. Reason from specific to general.
Deductive reasoning, in general, involves going from ___ to come to a specific conclusion that logically has to be true.
general premises
Concrete Operational thinkers can get caught up in ___ questions if the scenario they are given differs from what they actually know about the world.
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
Younger children can solve ___ questions if they are given the right ___.
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning // support
“All elephants are pink. Jumbo is an elephant. What colour is Jumbo? (Pink; necessarily)”. This is a ___ question.
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
“If Barkley, Fido, Spot are similar-looking furry animals, And Barkley, Fido, and Spot are dogs, And Rex is a furry animal that looks similar to them, Rex is (probably!) a dog”. This is a ___ question.
Inductive Reasoning
In a ___, you draw logical conclusions from a set of premises VS. in a ___ question, where you draw probable conclusions from a set of facts (with an appropriate level of confidence)
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning // Inductive Reasoning
Which theorist thought that kids are active participants in their cognitive development?
Both Vygotsky and Piaget
Which theorist thought that we have universal and invariant stages that we all go through?
Piaget
Which theorist thought that the skills we develop happen within a particular social-cultural context?
Vygotsky
Which theorist thought that we learn by discovering things ourselves through their interactions with our world?
Piaget
Which theorist thought that other people support our learning, and guide us to increasingly sophisticated abilities, and ways of thinking and reasoning about the world around us?
Vygotsky
Who’s theory focuses heavily on social interactions as a driver of kids developing abilities and reasoning?
Vygotsky
___: Learn from more skilled adults VS. ___: Engaging with people at your level and using those interactions to learn
Vygotsky // Piaget
Which theorist thought that some major themes of cognitive development are relatively universal?
Piaget
Which theorist believed learning and cognitive development happened best when the child is stretched a little bit beyond their current limits?
Vygotsky
Piaget thought that learning occurs through ___ and ___.
assimilation // accommodation
Piaget thought that learning occurs through ___ and ___.
assimilation // accommodation
Vygotsky thought that Cognitive development is ___ and ___.
culturally organized // socially mediated
Vygotsky saw Private speech as a tool to work through ___.
problems
What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?
The zone of proximal development captures tasks that are too complex for the child to master alone but that the child can accomplish with guidance from a more skilled partner
What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?
The zone of proximal development captures tasks that are too complex for the child to master alone but that the child can accomplish with guidance from a more skilled partner
The ZPD is the gap between the set of skills that a child would be perfectly capable of completing on their own, and the tasks that are too hard even with support, this gap is where a child can do the task if they have the help.
The ZPD is where ___ occurs, where we reach new levels of ___ skill.
cognitive growth // independent
What is the Scaffolding in Vygotsky’s ZPD?
The more skilled partner in a task that provides support tailored to the learner’s skill
Break down task; explain; model new strategies; support child in completing difficult parts of task…
