~Class 20 - Aggression in Childhood Flashcards
What is Physical Aggression?
Pushing, hitting, kicking (direct); destroying property (indirect)
Physical Aggression predicts ___ and ___ problems.
internalizing// externalizing
___ declines throughout early childhood (3–6y).
Physical Aggression
What is Verbal Aggression?
Name-calling; hostile teasing; threats of harm… (direct)
___ increases throughout early childhood (3–6y)
Verbal Aggression
What is Relational Aggression?
Exclusion (direct); gossip; friendship manipulation (indirect)
-Used more consistently by girls than boys
Gender differences are small to nonexistent in ___.
Relational Aggression
Relational Aggression is used more consistently by ___ than ___.
girls // boys
What is Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression?
Aggression that is designed to achieve a goal or fulfill a need (e.g., acquire a toy)
___ declines throughout childhood as social and cognitive skills improve.
Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression
What is Reactive (Hostile) Aggression?
Aggression demonstrated with angry outbursts; defensiveness or retaliation
___ increases across early to mid-childhood years
Reactive (Hostile) Aggression
What is Parent management training (PMT)?
Parent management training (PMT) is an evidence-based approach to addressing aggressive/disruptive behaviours
Parent management training (PMT) focuses on ___ of desirable behaviours and ___ of disruptive ones
positive reinforcement // cessation
Parent management training (PMT) uses ___.
Active ignoring
What is Active Ignoring?
(parent withholds reinforcing attention)
Parent management training (PMT) uses the ___ & ___ consequences of behaviour
Natural // logical
Reserve negative punishment for egregious behaviours, i.e, no ___.
positive punishment
For Reactive Aggressors, ___ are often beneficial
Social-Cognitive interventions
What strategies can be used to help Reactive Aggressors?
- Work on perspective-taking; identifying non-hostile cues
- Find alternate strategies for resolving conflict
- Work on emotion regulation
- Peer acceptance: Highlight child’s progress to others
What is Moral disengagement?
Moral disengagement is a set of psychological mechanisms that allow the average person to commit harmful acts against others
It allows us to convince ourselves that ethical principles don’t apply to us in a given situation; frees us from self-censure and guilt
What is Cognitive Restructuring?
Beliefs that frame harmful conduct in a positive way
What is Moral justification?
e.g., behaviour serves a worthy cause
What is Euphemistic labelling?
Language to make actions seem less negative
What are Advantageous comparisons?
e.g., “It could be worse, it’s not like I…”
What is Minimizing Agentive Role?
- Cognitive strategies that displace responsibility for negative acts
- Minimize personal responsibility
- Defer to larger authority
- Defer to group responsibility
What does it mean to distort the negative impact?
- Strategies that distance oneself by the harm one’s behaviour causes
- Disregard harm, and/or
- Emphasize positive outcomes over negative ones
What does it mean to blame the victim?
- Blaming the victim: Seeing the victim as somehow deserving of their treatment
- “Bringing it on themselves”
- Victim seen as holding partial responsibility—diffuses one’s responsibility
