~Class 19 - Moral Development Flashcards
What is Prosocial Behaviour?
Prosocial Behaviour is voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another person (helping, cooperating, sharing)
At what age does spontaneous helping behaviour increase?
From 14+ months
Preference for helpers over hinderers is evident from ___ of age.
3 months
For children under 18 months, Prosocial Behaviour is undermined by giving ___ for helping.
material reward
Children’s sharing behaviour increases from ___.
early school age
Toddlers show ___, but still make ___ resource allocations
inequality aversion // self-benefitting
At age ___, there is a preference for ___, even if they lose out.
7-8 // equal resource distribution
___ is an important milestone in moral development: Adopting rules/moral standards as one’s own
Internalization
Moral behaviours increase through ___, but, it’s hard to reinforce ___ because one cannot constantly monitor compliance/
positive reinforcement // “non-behaviours”
___ are linked with rule internalization.
Caregiving behaviours
Punishment is most effective when accompanied by ___ + ___, this is called ____.
warmth // cognitive rationale // inductive discipline
What did Kohlberg argue that his stages were NOT?
They were NOT:
- Associated with specific ages
- Necessarily reached by all individuals
What traits did Kohlberg see his stages as?
- Hierarchical (fixed order; each stage builds on previous one)
- Universal (same for everyone)
- Coherent (organized wholes)
What are the Levels of Kohlberg’s theory?
Level 1: Pre-Conventional (Stage 1-2), Level 2: Conventional (Stage 3-4), Level 3: Post-Conventional (Stage 5-)
In the Pre-Conventional Stage, morality is ___ focused.
externally
In the Pre-Conventional Stage, decisions are characterized as being ___ on oneself and driven by a sense of ___.
Centered // Egotcentrism
How are the judgements made for what is right or wrong made in Level 1?
Largely based on the consequences of the decision, and focused on what authority figures tell us is right or wrong
At what Level have we internalized the rules around right and wrong?
The Conventional Level
At what Level have we internalized the rules around right and wrong, but not questioned these rules we’ve internalized to a fully meaningful extent?
The Conventional Level
How are moral judgements made in Level 2?
- Our morality is no longer just based on external forces like authority figures.
- Moral decisions are based on social roles
- Moral decisions are centered on relationships and the social order itself.
- It’s based on what is best for how you are viewed by others, adn how you fit into keeping society functioning smoothly
In the Post-Conventional Level, judgements are based on ___, and we’re thinking more in terms of ___ and ideals for right and wrong.
values // abstract principles
Level 3 Post-Conventional
requires the ___ Operational stage of thinking
Formal
Stage 1: ___ And ___ Orientation
Punishment // Obedience
In Stage 1, what is “right”?
- Obeying rules & authority
- Things that aren’t punished
In Stage 1, why do the right thing?
- To avoid punishment.
- Egocentric perspective
Stage 2: ___
Naive Hedonism
In stage 2, what is “right”??
- Things that bring rewards or good feelings
- Making fair exchanges
In stage 2, why do the right thing?
- To serve your own interests
- (And let others do the same)
___ Reasoning is dominant through the elementary school years
Pre-Conventional
In the Pre-conventional Level, young children (~3) can differentiate between ___ and ___; they will disagree with violations of the former even if approved by an authority figure, and recognize conventional transgressions are okay esp if approved by an authority figure.
moral conventions // social-conventional issues
In the Pre-conventional Level, young children take ___ into account alongside consequences (by 2.5 to 3 years old, if stories are simple)
intentions
In Stage 3, what is “right”?
- Being “good” or “nice”
- Living up to others’ expectations
- Maintaining relationships
In Stage 3, why do the right thing?
- To be seen as “good” (by yourself and others)
- “The Golden Rule”
Stage 4: ___
Social-Order-Maintaining Morality
Stage 4: ___
Social-Order-Maintaining Morality
In Stage 4, what is “right”?
- Upholding social order and welfare
- Fulfilling duties & contributing to society
In Stage 4, why do the right thing?
- To keep societal institutions going(law and order)
- To meet your social obligation social contract
___ Reasoning increases in prominence during early to middle adolescence
Conventional
Stage 5: ___ Orientation
Social Contract
In Stage 5, what is “right”?
- Upholding social contract (relative values), while…
- …Allowing for some non relative values (life, liberty)
In Stage 5, why do the right thing?
- To achieve the “greatest good for the greatest number”
- Maintain social order AND rights of others
Stage 6: ___
Individual Principles Of Conscience
In Stage 6, what is “right”?
- Upholding moral principles
- Rejecting laws/rules that conflict with principles
In Stage 6, why do the right thing?
-Because you have committed to your moral principles
___ Reasoning is relatively rare, even among ___.
Post-Conventional // adults
Moral reasoning becomes increasingly ___ throughout childhood and adolescence.
principled
Adolescents tend to increasingly emphasize ___.
abstract values
___ individuals are more convinced by others’ advanced moral reasoning than ___ individuals.
Older // younger
The appeal of ___ reasoning seems to increase across adolescence and adulthood, even if we use ___ of reasoning.
postconventional // lower levels
Rarely do people skip or regress to ___ stages
prior
The stages are not universal in Stage(s) ___.
5–6
The first 4 stages may be ___ across cultures
universal
Situational factors affect ___.
moral decisions
