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PSYO2090 - Final - Developmental Psych > ~Class 19 - Moral Development > Flashcards

~Class 19 - Moral Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Prosocial Behaviour?

A

Prosocial Behaviour is voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another person (helping, cooperating, sharing)

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2
Q

At what age does spontaneous helping behaviour increase?

A

From 14+ months

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3
Q

Preference for helpers over hinderers is evident from ___ of age.

A

3 months

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4
Q

For children under 18 months, Prosocial Behaviour is undermined by giving ___ for helping.

A

material reward

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5
Q

Children’s sharing behaviour increases from ___.

A

early school age

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6
Q

Toddlers show ___, but still make ___ resource allocations

A

inequality aversion // self-benefitting

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7
Q

At age ___, there is a preference for ___, even if they lose out.

A

7-8 // equal resource distribution

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8
Q

___ is an important milestone in moral development: Adopting rules/moral standards as one’s own

A

Internalization

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9
Q

Moral behaviours increase through ___, but, it’s hard to reinforce ___ because one cannot constantly monitor compliance/

A

positive reinforcement // “non-behaviours”

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10
Q

___ are linked with rule internalization.

A

Caregiving behaviours

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11
Q

Punishment is most effective when accompanied by ___ + ___, this is called ____.

A

warmth // cognitive rationale // inductive discipline

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12
Q

What did Kohlberg argue that his stages were NOT?

A

They were NOT:

  • Associated with specific ages
  • Necessarily reached by all individuals
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13
Q

What traits did Kohlberg see his stages as?

A
  • Hierarchical (fixed order; each stage builds on previous one)
  • Universal (same for everyone)
  • Coherent (organized wholes)
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14
Q

What are the Levels of Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Level 1: Pre-Conventional (Stage 1-2), Level 2: Conventional (Stage 3-4), Level 3: Post-Conventional (Stage 5-)

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15
Q

In the Pre-Conventional Stage, morality is ___ focused.

A

externally

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16
Q

In the Pre-Conventional Stage, decisions are characterized as being ___ on oneself and driven by a sense of ___.

A

Centered // Egotcentrism

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17
Q

How are the judgements made for what is right or wrong made in Level 1?

A

Largely based on the consequences of the decision, and focused on what authority figures tell us is right or wrong

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18
Q

At what Level have we internalized the rules around right and wrong?

A

The Conventional Level

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19
Q

At what Level have we internalized the rules around right and wrong, but not questioned these rules we’ve internalized to a fully meaningful extent?

A

The Conventional Level

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20
Q

How are moral judgements made in Level 2?

A
  • Our morality is no longer just based on external forces like authority figures.
  • Moral decisions are based on social roles
  • Moral decisions are centered on relationships and the social order itself.
  • It’s based on what is best for how you are viewed by others, adn how you fit into keeping society functioning smoothly
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21
Q

In the Post-Conventional Level, judgements are based on ___, and we’re thinking more in terms of ___ and ideals for right and wrong.

A

values // abstract principles

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22
Q

Level 3 Post-Conventional

requires the ___ Operational stage of thinking

A

Formal

23
Q

Stage 1: ___ And ___ Orientation

A

Punishment // Obedience

24
Q

In Stage 1, what is “right”?

A
  • Obeying rules & authority

- Things that aren’t punished

25
Q

In Stage 1, why do the right thing?

A
  • To avoid punishment.

- Egocentric perspective

26
Q

Stage 2: ___

A

Naive Hedonism

27
Q

In stage 2, what is “right”??

A
  • Things that bring rewards or good feelings

- Making fair exchanges

28
Q

In stage 2, why do the right thing?

A
  • To serve your own interests

- (And let others do the same)

29
Q

___ Reasoning is dominant through the elementary school years

A

Pre-Conventional

30
Q

In the Pre-conventional Level, young children (~3) can differentiate between ___ and ___; they will disagree with violations of the former even if approved by an authority figure, and recognize conventional transgressions are okay esp if approved by an authority figure.

A

moral conventions // social-conventional issues

31
Q

In the Pre-conventional Level, young children take ___ into account alongside consequences (by 2.5 to 3 years old, if stories are simple)

A

intentions

32
Q

In Stage 3, what is “right”?

A
  • Being “good” or “nice”
  • Living up to others’ expectations
  • Maintaining relationships
33
Q

In Stage 3, why do the right thing?

A
  • To be seen as “good” (by yourself and others)

- “The Golden Rule”

34
Q

Stage 4: ___

A

Social-Order-Maintaining Morality

35
Q

Stage 4: ___

A

Social-Order-Maintaining Morality

36
Q

In Stage 4, what is “right”?

A
  • Upholding social order and welfare

- Fulfilling duties & contributing to society

37
Q

In Stage 4, why do the right thing?

A
  • To keep societal institutions going(law and order)

- To meet your social obligation social contract

38
Q

___ Reasoning increases in prominence during early to middle adolescence

A

Conventional

39
Q

Stage 5: ___ Orientation

A

Social Contract

40
Q

In Stage 5, what is “right”?

A
  • Upholding social contract (relative values), while…

- …Allowing for some non relative values (life, liberty)

41
Q

In Stage 5, why do the right thing?

A
  • To achieve the “greatest good for the greatest number”

- Maintain social order AND rights of others

42
Q

Stage 6: ___

A

Individual Principles Of Conscience

43
Q

In Stage 6, what is “right”?

A
  • Upholding moral principles

- Rejecting laws/rules that conflict with principles

44
Q

In Stage 6, why do the right thing?

A

-Because you have committed to your moral principles

45
Q

___ Reasoning is relatively rare, even among ___.

A

Post-Conventional // adults

46
Q

Moral reasoning becomes increasingly ___ throughout childhood and adolescence.

A

principled

47
Q

Adolescents tend to increasingly emphasize ___.

A

abstract values

48
Q

___ individuals are more convinced by others’ advanced moral reasoning than ___ individuals.

A

Older // younger

49
Q

The appeal of ___ reasoning seems to increase across adolescence and adulthood, even if we use ___ of reasoning.

A

postconventional // lower levels

50
Q

Rarely do people skip or regress to ___ stages

A

prior

51
Q

The stages are not universal in Stage(s) ___.

A

5–6

52
Q

The first 4 stages may be ___ across cultures

A

universal

53
Q

Situational factors affect ___.

A

moral decisions

PSYO2090 - Final - Developmental Psych (13 decks)

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