Quizz for 11/21/13 Flashcards
respond to
- touch,
- pressure,
- vibration,
- stretch,
- and itch
STIMULUS TYPE
Mechanoreceptors
sensitive to changes in temperature
-within a range
STIMULUS TYPE
Thermoreceptors
Respond to light energy
-retina in the eye
STIMULUS TYPE
Photoreceptors
Respond to chemicals
- smell,
- taste,
- changes in blood chemistry
STIMULUS TYPE
Chemoreceptors
Sensitive to pain-causing stimuli
- extreme heat or cold
- excessive pressure
- inflammatory chemicals
STIMULUS TYPE
Nociceptors
- Respond to stimuli arising outside of body
- Found near the body surface (skin)
- -Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temperature
- –ex: Merkel disc, Pacinian Corpuscle, Free nerve endings
- Include the Special Sense Organs
- -eye, ear, nose, taste buds
LOCATION TYPE
Exteroceptors
- AKA: Enteroceptors, Visceroceptors
- Respond to stimuli arising WITHIN the body
- -Found in internal viscera and blood vessels
- Sensitive to chemical changes, smooth muscle stretch, and core temperature changes
- -ex: baroreceptors (blood pressure), and chemoreceptors (CO2 and H+)
LOCATION TYPE
Interoceptors
- Respond to degree of stretch of the associated structures
- -found in: skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
- Continuously inform the brain of one’s movements and position in space
- -Ex: Muscle spindles; Golgi tendon organ
LOCATION TYPE
Proprioceptors
Receptors classified as either:
- Simple
- or Complex
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
- General sensory receptors
- include encapsulated and nonencapsulated varieites
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
Simple
Simple receptors with free dendritic endings, include
- Thermoreceptors
- Nociceptors
- Light touch receptors
ex: free nerve endings, Merkel discs, root hair plexus
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
Simple - Nonencapsulated
(10º - 40º C), found in superficial dermis
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
Cold Thermoreceptor (Simple Nonencapsulated)
(32º - 48º C); found in deeper dermis
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
Heat Thermoreceptor (Simple Nonencapsulated)
Respond to
- pinching,
- inflammatory chemicals from damaged tissue,
- temperature changes outside the range of the thermoreceptors,
- Capsaicin
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
Nociceptors (Simple Nonencapsulated)
Receptors include:
- Merkel discs (light pressure),
- Hair follicle receptors (light touch)
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
Light Touch Receptors (Simple nonencapsulated)
Simple receptors that ALL respond as mechanoreceptors ex: Meissner corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini Endings
Encapsulated - Simple
Structural Complexity
-discriminative touch
Meissner’s Corpuscles
Encapsulated - Simple
Structural Complexity
deep pressure and vibration
Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
Encapsulated - Simple
Structural Complexity
deep continuous pressure
Ruffini endings
Encapsulated - Simple
Structural Complexity
Muscle stretch
Muscle Spindles
Encapsulated - Simple
Structural Complexity
Muscle load
Golgi tendon Organs
Encapsulated - Simple
Structural Complexity
Stretch in synovial joint capsules
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Encapsulated - Simple
Structural Complexity
Special Sense organs have ___ complexity
- Organization is specific to special sense organ and is polysynaptic
- Involve with:
- -vision
- -hearing
- -equilibrium
- -smell
- -taste
Complex receptors
Complex receptors
Structural Complexity
- cornea
- aqueous humor
- lens
- vitreous humor
- neural layer of retina
- photoreceptors
Pathway of light entering the eye
majority of light refraction occurs at ____
cornea
but light refracts in these three places
- entering the cornea
- entering the lens
- exiting the lens
___ muscle alters lens curvature and shape to allow for fine focusing of an image
ciliary
ciliary body is attached to lens via ___
suspensory ligaments
light from a distance needs ___ refraction for proper focusing
very little
FOCUSING FOR DISTANCE VISION
the distance beyond which the lens does not need to change shape to focus
-is 20 feet in the emmetropic (normal) eye
Far Point of Vision
FOCUSING FOR DISTANCE VISION
normal eye
emmetropic
Distance vision requires (parasympathetic/sympathetic) input
sympathetic
FOCUSING FOR DISTANCE VISION
Ciliary muscles are (relaxed/taut), meaning the suspensory ligaments are (relaxed/taught) so the lens remains (flat/round) for DISTANCE vision
RELAXED ciliary muscle
TAUT suspensory ligaments
=flattened lens
FOCUSING FOR DISTANCE VISION
Light from a close object (converges/diverges) as it approaches the eye and requires active adjustments to place image at the fovea focal point
Diverges
FOCUSING FOR CLOSE VISION
=the closest point at which we can focus clearly. representing the maximum lens bulge achieveable
= Near point of vision
FOCUSING FOR CLOSE VISION
What is the near point of vision for an emmetropic eye?
4 inches
What are the three required simultaneous responses for close vision?
- Accommodation
- Constriction
- Convergence
FOCUSING FOR CLOSE VISION
=changing the lens shape by ciliary muscles; increases refraction
= Accommodation
FOCUSING FOR CLOSE VISION
Close vision requires (parasympathetic/sympathetic) input
Parasympathetic
FOCUSING FOR CLOSE VISION
- Ciliary muscles are (relaxed/taut), meaning the suspensory ligaments are (relaxed/taught) so the lens remains (flat/round) for CLOSE vision
Ciliary muscles taut
Suspensory ligaments loose
Lens becomes rounder
1. Accomodation
FOCUSING FOR CLOSE VISION
- =the pupillary reflex (constricts/relaxes) the pupils to prevent the most divergent light rays from entering the eyes for close vision
CONSTRICTS
=Constriction
FOCUSING FOR CLOSE VISION
- (Medial/Lateral) movement of the eyeballs toward the object being viewed for close vision
Convergence.
-Medial
FOCUSING FOR CLOSE VISION
-normal eyeball length and eye function with light focused properly
Emmetropic Eye
PROBLEMS OF REFRACTION
- the FOCAL POINT is in FRONT of the retina due to a longer than normal eyeball
- difficulty with distant vision
- corrected with CONCAVE lens
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
PROBLEMS OF REFRACTION
- The FOCAL POINT is BEHIND the retina due to a shorter than normal eyeball
- difficulty with close vision
- corrected with convex lens
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
PROBLEMS OF REFRACTION
- caused by unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens
- corrected with cylindrically ground lenses, corneal implants, or laser procedures
Astigmatism
PROBLEMS OF REFRACTION
the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment
Sensation
The conscious interpretation of those stimuli
Perception
Input comes from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors
Sensory Integration
Input is relayed toward the brain but is processed along the way
-Known as ___
Ex: processing in the thalamus
Sensory Integration
Sensory integration involves processing at three levels
- Receptor
- Circuit level
- Perceptual level
sensory receptors
Receptor Sensory Integration
Ascending pathways
Circuit Level Sensory Integration
Neuronal Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex
Perceptual Level Sensory Integration
To be processed at the receptor level,
The receptor must have ___y for the stimulus energy
specificity
To be processed at the receptor level, The receptor’s ___ (area the receptor monitors) must be stimulated
receptive field
Stimulus energy must be converted into a graded potential=
Transduction
Processing at the Receptor Level
___ occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to a constant, unchanging stimulus
Adaptation (of Sensory Receptors)
Over time,
- Receptor membranes become less responsive
- Graded potentials decline in frequency or stop
Adaptation of Sensory Receptors
___ receptors signal the beginning or end of a stimulus, thus fast-adapting
Examples: receptors for pressure, touch and smell
Phasic receptors
___ receptors are slow-adapting or non-adapting
Tonic receptors
Slow-adapting examples of ___ receptors: Merkel discs, Ruffini endings and chemoreceptors
Tonic receptors
Non-adapting examples of ___ receptors: Pain receptors and proprioceptors
Tonic receptors
In general sense receptors, the ___ potential and ___ potential (AP generator) arethe same thing
receptor potential; graded potentials
Stimulus —> Receptor potential (graded potential –> ?
General Sense Receptors Action Potential (if threshold is reached)
In SPECIAL SENSE organs, there’s intermediate step involving release of neurotransmitter. This is example of ___
Polysynaptism
For Special Sense Organs,
- Stimulus
- Receptor Potential (in receptor cell)
- ??
- Release of Neurotransmitter
For Special Sense Organs,
- Release of Neurotransmitter
- ??
- Graded Potential
For Special Sense Organs,
- Graded Potential
- ???
- ACtion Potential (if threshold is reached)
Pathways of 3 neurons conduct sensory impulses upward to the appropriate brain regions
Processing at the Circuit Level
Conduct impulses from the receptor level to the second-order neurons in the CNS
First order neurons
Processing at the Circuit Level
Transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum
Second order neurons
Processing at the Circuit Level
Conduct impulses from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex
Third order neurons
Processing at the Circuit Level
- Sensation is detected in the primary cortex related to sensory pathway
Processing at the Perceptual Level (Cerebral cortex circuits)
-Perception (conscious interpretation) in the related association cortex
Processing at the Perceptual Level (Cerebral cortex circuits)
Identification of the sensation depends on the specific location of the target neurons in the appropriate ___ cortex
sensory
conscious interpretation
Perception
Perception occurs in the related association cortex and involves
1)
2)
3)
1) Perceptual detection
2) Magnitude estimation
3) Spatial discrimination
Ability to detect a stimulus (requires a summation of impulses)
Perceptual Detection
intensity is coded in the frequency of impulses
Magnitude estimation
Identifying the site or pattern of the stimulus (studied by the two-point discrimination test0
Spatial discrimination
warns of actual or impending tissue damage
Perception of Pain
stimulus intensity where pain is first sensed by the brain
Pain threshold
Stimuli include extreme pressure and temperature, inflammatory chemicals
Pain threshold
Most potent stimuli for this are: histamine, K+, ATP, acids and bradykinin
pain threshold
Impulses for pain travel on fibers that release neurotransmitters ___ & ___
Glutamate
Substance P
individual, highly variable
pain tolerance
Blocked by inhibitory endogenous opioids (endorphins and enkephalins)
Pain Modulation
is often difficult yet critical to positive post-injury / post-op outcomes
Effective Pain Management
-can occur secondary to intense or prolonged pain
Chronic Pain
-Due to spinal cord pain amplification; must reduce signals to prevent synapse enhancement
Chronic Pain
-When the stimuli at the end of the remaining stump travels up the afferent pathway and terminates in the region of the sensory cortex mapped from the original body part
Phantom Limb Pain
follows amputation
The body part is missing, but the pathway is the same, so the brain interprets the part as present
Phantom Limb Pain
Improved by using epidural anesthesia which blocks spinal cord transmission
Phantom Limb Pain
Pain stimuli arising from the viscera are perceived as somatic in origin
Referred Pain
Visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers
Referred Pain
70% of all the body’s sensory receptors are in the
eye
Almost half of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing
visual information
Most of the eye is protected by a cushion of ___ and the ___
fat;
bony orbit
- Eyebrows
- Eyelids (Palpebrae)
- Conjunctiva
- Lacrimal Apparatus
- Extrinsic Eye Muscle
Protect the eye
Aid in Eye Function
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Coarse hairs that overlie the supraorbital margins;
shade and stop perspiration
Eyebrows
Palpebrae
Eyelids
Protect the eye anteriorly
Palpebrae
separates eyelids
Palpebral fissure
Elevation at medial commissure;
contains oil and sweat glands
Lacrimal caruncle
Internal supporting connective tissue sheet for muscle attachment
Tarsal Plates:
This muscle closes the eye
Orbicularis oculi muscle
This muscle opens the eye
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
lubricating modified sebaceous glands
Tarsal Glands
initiate reflex blinking
Eyelashes
Transparent Membrane
Conjunctiva
Lines the eylids
Palpebral conjunctiva
Covers the “whites” of the eyes
bulbar conjunctiva
Produces a lubricating mucus secretion
-prevents drying
Conjunctiva
inflammation; causes reddened, irritated eyes
Conjunctivitis
Consists of the lacrimal gland and associated ducts which connect to nasal cavity
Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal glands secrete
tears
Contain mucus, antibodies and lysozyme
tears
Enter the eye via superolateral excretory ducts
tears
Exit the eye medially via paired lacrimal canaliculi at the lacrimal punctum
tears
Drain into the nasolacrimal duct
tears
Six strap-like muscles which originate from the bony orbit
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
- Enable the eye to follow moving objects
- Help maintain the shape of the eyeball
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
___ rectus muscles (common tendinous ring) & ___ oblique muscles (rotation)
4
2
(moves eye laterally)
Lateral rectus
Lateral rectus nerve?
CN VI
Abducens
moves eye medially
medial rectus
medial rectus nerve?
CN III
Oculomotor
elevates eye and turns it medially
Superior rectus
Superior rectus nerve?
CN III
Oculomotor
depresses eye and turns it medially
Inferior rectus
Inferior rectus nerve?
CN III
Oculomotor
Depresses eye and turns it laterally
got the cool hook thing
Superior oblique
Superior oblique nerve?
CN IV
Trochlear
elevates eye and turns it laterally
Inferior oblique
Inferior oblique nerve?
CN III
Oculomotor
- alternate eye focusing on objects due to weak extrinsic muscle
- Treated by patching the strong eye to force weaker eye muscles to get stronger
Strabismus
WHAT UP
Three layers of eyeball
Fibrous
Vascular
Sensory
Internal cavity filled with fluids called
Humors
Aqueous and Vitrous
This separates the internal cavity into anterior and posterior segments
Lens
Outer Layer
Fibrous
composed of two dense avascular connective tissue regions
Fibrous Layer
Sclera and Cornea
Two Fibrous Layers of Eye
white, opaque, tough layer
Sclera
Protects and shapes the eyeball; anchors extrinsic muscles
Sclera
At the optic nerve, ___ is continuous with the dura mater
Sclera
transparent; anterior 1/6 of fibrous layer
Cornea
bends light as it enters the eye
Cornea
Numerous pain receptors contribute to blinking and tear reflexes
Cornea
Covers the iris and pupil
Cornea
Covered by the vascular conjunctiva
Sclera
fastest healing tissue in the body
Cornea
Gets O2 directly from the air
-Abrasions typically heal in 24-36 hours
Cornea
middle layer, pigmented
Vascular Layer (Uvea)
Has 3 regions: Choroid, Ciliary Body, Iris
Vascular Layer (Uvea)
Posterior portion of the uvea
Choroid region
Supplies blood to all eye layers of the eyeball
Choroid region
Contains brown pigment that absorbs light to prevent visual confusion that forms the
posterior portion of the uvea
Choroid region
A thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens
Ciliary Body
Composed of smooth muscle bundles (ciliary muscles) that control lens shape
Ciliary Body
Anchors the suspensory ligaments that holds the lens in place (text: ciliary zonule)
Ciliary Body
Ciliary processes contain capillaries that secrete fluid which forms the aqueous humor
Ciliary Body
Pigmented portion of the anterior eyeball (Brown is the only pigment)
Iris
central opening of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye via
two different muscles
Pupil
Iris
Close vision & bright light –muscles contract; pupils constrict
Parasympathetic Control
sphincter pupillae
Iris
Distant vision & dim light –muscles contract; pupils dilate
Sympathetic Control
dilator pupillae
Iris
Changes in emotional state affect the muscles -
- pupils dilate when object is appealing or requires problem-solving skills
pleasing
Constrict/dilate when negative or lying
Constrict
is the innermost layer composed of a delicate two-layered membrane
- Pigmented
- Neural
Retina
Sensory Layer
Outer layer that absorbs light and prevents its scattering;
-stores Vitamin A
Pigmented
Retina
melanin granules
Pigmented Layer
Inner layer that covers the eyeball up to the ora serrata (where it joins the ciliary body)
Neural layer
where eyeball joints ciliary body
ora serrata
transmit signals and generate action potentials
Bipolar cells
-Ganglion cells
Neural Layer
Retina
Its axons run along the inner surface of the retina
Ganglion cell
This layer has Photoreceptors that transduce light energy
Neural Layers of Retina
Connect the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells
bipolar cells
- run along the inner surface of the retina
- Axons are bundled and leave the eye as the optic nerve
Ganglion cell axons
- Site where the optic nerve leaves the eye
- No photoreceptors, so no signal to the brain
Optic disc (blind spot)
Site where the optic nerve leaves the eye is the
optic disc
No photoreceptors at optic disc, so this creates the
blind spot
Approximately 250 million per eye
Photoreceptors
More numerous at peripheral region of retina
Rods
Operate in dim light;
provide indistinct, fuzzy, gray-scale peripheral vision
Rods
Found in the macula lutea
concentrated in the fovea centralis
Cones
Lens adjustments are made to get the focus of an object to land here
fovea
Respond to bright light and provide high-acuity color vision
Cones
blood vessels supplies the outer third of the retina (photoreceptors)
choroid
Branches from the central artery & vein of the retina supply inner two-thirds (bipolar and
ganglion cells) of blood
-Enter/exit from the center of the ___ nerve
- Vessels branch from the optic disc and can be seen with an ____
optic
opthalmoscope
Damage to the retinal blood vessels secondary to diabetes mellitus
Diabetic retinopathy
Damage to the central visual field with detachment of the retina
Macular Degeneration
“yellow body”
macula lutea
The ___ & ___ ___ divide the internal eye into anterior & posterior segments
lens
suspensory ligaments
anterior segment contains
aqueous humor
posterior segment contains
vitreous humor
(clear gel – looks like egg white); formed embryonically
vitreous humor
Transmits light
vitreous humor
Supports the posterior surface of the lens
vitreous humor
Holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer
vitreous humor
Contributes to intraocular pressure
vitreous humor
Has 2 chambers
- anterior chamber
- posterior chamber
Anterior Segment,
Chamber between the cornea and the iris
Anterior chamber
Anterior segment
Chamber between the iris and the lens
Posterior chamber
Anterior segment
contains aqueous humor
anterior segment
plasma-like fluid continuously filtered from capillaries of the ciliary processes
aqueous humor
anterior segment
Drains continuously via the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) at the
sclera-cornea junction
aqueous humor
Supplies nutrients & oxygen to and removes wastes from the lens and cornea
-Also supplies the retina via diffusion through the vitreous humor
Aqueous Humor
Abnormal increase in intraocular pressure
Glaucoma
Due to blocked drainager of the aqueous humor
Glaucoma
If untreated, leads to an increase in intraocular pressure which causes retina and optic nerve damage
Glaucoma
Treatment: eye drops with anti-inflammatory
Glaucoma
A biconvex, transparent, flexible and avascular structure encased in an elastic capsule
Lens
Can change shape to allow precise focusing of light onto the retina/fovea
Lens
Composed of epithelium and lens fibers
Lens
-anterior cuboidal cells;
differentiate into lens fibers throughout life
Lens Epithelium
cells filled with the transparent proteins known as crystallins
Lens fiber
With age, the lens becomes more compact and dense and loses/gains its elasticity
loses
Loses the ability to recoil to a round shape, thus loss of close vision =
=presbyopia
occur as a consequence of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking and frequent exposure to intense sunlight
=Cataracts
clouding of lens
transparent proteins
crystallins
packets of light that travel in a wavelike fashion)
=photons
Light
visible spectrum
the small portion of electromagnetic spectrum
400-700 nm
Different ___ in the retina respond to different wavelengths (blue, green, red)
cones
___ only have one type of visual pigment, so everything is perceived in gray tones
Rods
When light passes from one transparent medium to another at an oblique angle, it changes speed and bends =
Refraction
when a convex lens forms an image, the image is ___ and ___ right to left
image is upside down and reversed right to left
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor and neural layer of the retina to the photoreceptors
Pathway of light entering the eye
Refraction Goal
Get the image to the fovea centralis
Eyeball too short
Focal Pt?
Far Sighted
Behind retina
Hyperopic
process by which the eye detects light energy
Photoreception
what do rods and cones contain? what do they do as they absorb light?
Visual pigments which change shape
Arranged in stacks of ___which are embedded in the pigmented layer of the retina
discs
rods and cones
Sensitive to dim light and best suited for night vision and peripheral vision
Rods: Functional Characteristics
Perceived input is in gray tones only
Rods: Functional Characteristics
Sum of visual input from many rods feeds into a single ganglion cell & pathways
converge, resulting in fuzzy and indistinct images
Rods: Functional Characteristics
Need bright light for activation
Cones: Functional Characteristics
Have one of three pigments that furnish a vividly colored view (blue, green, red)
Cones: Functional Characteristics
Congenital lack of one or more pigments (X-linked)
Cones: Functional Characteristics
Each cone synapses with a single ganglion cell, so non-converging, resulting in
detailed and high resolution images
Cones: Functional Characteristics
The light-absorbing molecule that combines with one of four opsins (protein) to form visual pigments
Retinal
Similar to and is synthesized from Vitamin A
Retinal
Two isomers: cis- and trans- form
Retinal
Conversion from one form to the other is the stimulus for a chain of enzyme reactions
leading to transmission of APs in the optic nerve
Retinal
The visual pigment of rods is
Rhodopsin
In the dark, rhodopsin is formed and accumulates
Dark Phase
When light is absorbed, rhodopsin breaks down (changes form)
Light Phase
Retinal and opsin separate
Bleaching of the pigment
Light Phase
Retinal and opsin separate & ultimately
causes APs to be transmitted along the optic nerve
Stimulation of Photoreceptors
Its visual pigments are formed by retinal + opsins forming blue green and red cones
Excitation of Cones
are perceived by activation of more than one type of cone
Intermediate Colors
is perceived by activation of all of the cones equally
White
Occurs when moving from darkness into bright light
Light Adaptation
Photoreceptors
Large amounts of rod pigments are broken down instantaneously, perceived by
visual cortex as
glare
Pupils constrict/relax to decrease the amount of light hitting retina
constrict
Dramatic decrease in retinal sensitivity; rod function ceases/increases; therefore, can’t see if
return to the dark
ceases
cones and neurons adapt quickly; visual acuity is gained rapidly and improves over 5-10 minutes
Switching from rod to cone system
Occurs when moving from bright light into darkness
Dark Adaptation
Cones stop functioning in
low light
Pupils dilate/contract to capture as much light as possible
dilate
Rhodopsin will again accumulate/decompose in the dark and retinal sensitivity is restored within
20-30 minutes
accumulate
Medial fibers of the optic nerve decussate at
optic chiasma
(cross to contralateral side
Lateral fibers do/don’t decussate
DO NOT
project to ipsilateral side
Most fibers of the optic tracts continue to the
Thalamus
Some optic tract fibers end in midbrain
superior colliculi (initiating visual reflexes)
Optic radiations travel from the thalamus to the
visual cortex in the occipital lobe
A small subset of visual fibers from the blue cones contain ___ (circadian pigment)
which sets daily biorhythms (inhibit melatonin release from the pineal gland)
melanopsin;
is achieved by both eyes (binocular vision) viewing the same image from slightly different angles and visual cortex fusion of the slightly different images
Depth Perception
If only one eye is used, depth perception is lost and the observer must rely on learned clues
Truth
Visual Processing…
Involves many regions of the brain
You Ready?
-donut shaped rod receptive fields detect different light patterns on center or off-center
-distinguishes edges/movement
-cone receptive fields provide sharpness and color
Receptive fields of ganglion cells detect different light patterns
Retinal Processing
-Relays information on movement;
-segregates the retinal axons in
preparation for depth perception;
-sharpens the contrast information received by the retina
Thalamic Processing
Review:
Axons of Retinal Ganglion cells form the ___
optic nerve
Review
The optic nerve fibers cross at the
optic chiasma
Production of ___ from the pineal gland is inhibited by light hitting these cells containing melanopsin
melatonin
Primary visual cortex processes basic dark/bright and contrast information
Cortical Processing
Visual association areas process form, color, and movement
Cortical Processing
Visual information then proceeds anteriorly to the:
Temporal lobe – processes identification of objects
Parietal cortex and postcentral gyrus – processes spatial location
