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241 A&P > Exam 4, Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 4, Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of neurons that:

Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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2
Q

Consists of neurons that:

-Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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3
Q

Consists of neurons that:
ex: shunts blood to muscles during danger; shunts blood to dilated capillaries in
the skin to decrease core body temperature (allows for heat to escape at surface)

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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4
Q

Consists of neurons that:

Operate via subconscious control

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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5
Q
  • Also referred to as the involuntary nervous system or the general visceral motor system
  • Have viscera as most of their effectors
A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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6
Q

Higher brain centers regulate and coordinate both systems

A

Relationship between ANS and SNS

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7
Q

Most spinal nerves and many cranial nerves contain fibers from both systems

A

Relationship between ANS and SNS

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8
Q

Most of the body’s adaptations to changing conditions involve both skeletal muscle activity
and enhanced responses of certain visceral organs

A

Relationship between ANS and SNS

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9
Q

Example: If skeletal muscles are increasing their workload, they will need more oxygen for aerobic respiration (ATP). The ANS responds with increased rate and depth of respirations and increased heart rate to move more oxygenated blood to the working muscles.

A

Relationship between ANS and SNS

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10
Q

Both systems have motor fibers

A

Compare ANS vs SNS

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11
Q

ANS differs from the somatic nervous system in
the following three areas:
-Effectors
- Efferent pathways
- Target organ responses (based on neurotransmitter effects)

A

Compare ANS vs SNS

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12
Q

The effectors of the somatic nervous system are

A

Compare ANS vs SNS

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

The effectors of the ANS are

A

Compare ANS vs SNS

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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14
Q

Thick, heavily myelinated axons (cranial nerves or spinal nerves) of the ____ extend from their CNS cell body to the effector muscle (single neuron chain)

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
Efferent Pathways
Somatic motor neurons

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15
Q

Axons of the ___ are a two-neuron chain

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
Efferent Pathways
ANS

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16
Q

The preganglionic (first) neuron is located in the CNS and has a lightly myelinated axon

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
Efferent Pathways
ANS

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17
Q

The ganglionic (second) neuron is located outside the CNS and its unmyelinated postganglionic axon extends to an effector organ

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
Efferent Pathways
ANS

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18
Q

All Somatic motor neurons release ___ at the neuromuscular junction, which
always has an ___ effect

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
Ach; excitatory

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19
Q

Preganglionic fibers release ACh

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
ACh

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20
Q

Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine (NE) (sympathetic)

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
ANS

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21
Q

Postganglionic fibers or ACh

(parasympathetic) and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
ANS

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22
Q

___ effect on the target organ is dependent upon the neurotransmitter released and the
receptor type of the effector

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
ANS

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23
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathic divisions

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

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24
Q

mobilizes the body during extreme situations

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Sympathetic

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25
Q

performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Parasympathetic

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26
Q

counterbalance each other and always work together although one may be
dominant at any given point in time

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions
Sym + ParaSym
ANS

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27
Q

Concerned with keeping body energy use low, resting state of the body, maintenance activities

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Parasympathetic Division

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28
Q

Involves the “D” activities – digestion, defecation, and diuresis

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Parasympathetic Division

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29
Q

Its general activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes, reading after a meal

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Parasympathetic Division

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30
Q

Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Parasympathetic Division

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31
Q

Gastrointestinal tract activity is high (digesting food)

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Parasympathetic Division

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32
Q

The skin is warm and the pupils are constricted & lenses are accommodated for close vision

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Parasympathetic Division

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33
Q

the “fight-or-flight” system

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Sympathetic Division

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34
Q

Involves “E” activities – exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Sympathetic Division

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35
Q

Promotes adjustments during exercise or when threatened– blood flow to organs is reduced,
blood flow is shunted to the muscles

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Sympathetic Division

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36
Q

Its general activity is illustrated by a person who is threatened by danger

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Sympathetic Division

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37
Q

Heart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deep (bronchioles dilate)

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Sympathetic Division

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38
Q

The skin is cold and sweaty, and the pupils dilate

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Sympathetic Division

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39
Q

The liver releases glucose as a rapid energy source for the skeletal muscles, heart & brain

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Role of Sympathetic Division

40
Q

Origin of Fibers

  • Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
  • Brain and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral)
A

S

PS

41
Q

Length of fibers

  • Short, preganglionic and long postganglionic
  • Long preganglionic and short postganglionic
A

S

PS

42
Q

Location of Ganglia

  • Close to spinal cord
  • In visceral effector organs
A

S

PS

43
Q

Cranial Outflow
Ganglion: Ciliary
Effector Organ(s): eye
Cranial Nerve?

A

Occulomotor (III)

44
Q

Cranial Outflow
Ganglion: Pterygopalatine & Submandibular
Effector Organ(s): Salivary, nasal, lacrimal glands
Cranial Nerve?

A

Facial (VII)

45
Q

Cranial Outflow
Ganglion: Otic
Effector Organ(s): Parotid Salivary glands
Cranial Nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

46
Q

Cranial Outflow
Ganglion: Terminal ganglia, located within the walls of target organs
Effector Organ(s): Heart (cardiac plexus), lungs (pulmonary plexus), most visceral organs (abdominal aortic plexus), liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, and proximal 1/2 of large intestine
Cranial Nerve?

A

Vagus (X)

47
Q

Sacral Outflow
Ganglion: Terminal ganglia located within the walls of the target organ
Effector Organ(s): via the pelvic splanchnic nerves; Distal 1/2 large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs.
Cranial Nerve?

A

S2-S4 Lateral gray matter

48
Q

SNS innervations more complex than parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways

Sympathetic Outflow

49
Q

Arises from spinal cord segments T1 through L2

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways

Sympathetic Outflow

50
Q

Sympathetic motor neurons produce the ___ of the spinal cord (none in sacral region)

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways
Sympathetic Outflow
Lateral horns

51
Q

___ leave the lateral horns via the ___ and immediately after splitting
into the ventral rami, pass through the ___ rami communicantes (white = myelinated) and
synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia (also called the sympathetic trunk ganglia)

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways
Sympathetic Outflow
Preganglionic fibers; ventral root; white

52
Q

Synapse either at the same level or some level above or below

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways

Sympathetic Outflow

53
Q

The___ are always unmyelinated and pass through the gray rami communicantes if the synapse is in the sympathetic chain

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways
Sympathetic Outflow
postganglionic fibers

54
Q

Fibers from T5-L2 form splanchnic nerves (thoracic, lumbar & sacral) and synapse with
collateral ganglia located anterior to the vertebral column (occurs only in abdomen and pelvis)

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways

Sympathetic Outflow

55
Q

The unmyelinated postganglionic fibers innervate numerous

A

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways
Sympathetic Outflow
organs, blood vessels & glands

56
Q

the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

57
Q

is released by all preganglionic axons & ALL parasympathetic postganglionic axons

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

Ach

58
Q

ACh-releasing fibers

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

Cholinergic fibers

59
Q

a type of sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE (and Epinephrine)

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

Adrenergic fibers

60
Q

Neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or inhibitory depending upon

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

the receptor type

61
Q

The two types of receptors that bind ACh are nicotinic and muscarinic

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

Cholinergic Receptors

62
Q

These are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

Cholinergic Receptors

63
Q

receptors are found on:

  • Motor end plates (skeletal muscle)
  • All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • Site of synapse of preganglionic fibers
  • The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla
A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

Nicotinic Receptor

64
Q

The effect of ACh binding to ___ receptors is always stimulatory, as it directly opens ion channels, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

Nicotinic Receptor

65
Q

-receptors occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers (all parasympathetic and some sympathetic)

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

Muscarinic Receptors

66
Q

The effect of ACh binding

Depends on

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff
Muscarinic Receptors
Can be either inhibitory or excitatory; the receptor type of the target organ

67
Q

The two types of adrenergic receptors

Each type has two or three subclasses

A

Neurotransmitter Stuff

alpha and beta

68
Q

Effects of NE binding to:
alpha?
beta?
Notable exception?

A
  • stimulatory/depolarizing
  • inhibitory/hyperpolarizing
  • NE binding to beta receptors of heart is STIMULATORY
69
Q

All receptors are cholinergic (ACh) – nicotinic at skeletal muscle

A

NT Summary

SNS

70
Q

Preganglionic terminals release ACh, so ganglion receptors are cholinergic – nicotinic

A

NT Summary

PS NS - ANS

71
Q

Postganglionic terminals release ACh, so effector organ receptors are cholinergic –
muscarinic

A

NT Summary

Para Symp NS - ANS

72
Q

Preganglionic terminals release ACh, so ganglion receptors are cholinergic – nicotinic

A

NT Summary

Sympathetic - ANS

73
Q

Postganglionic terminals release ACh at a few effectors (eccrine sweat glands & some skeletal muscle blood vessels), so these are cholinergic – muscarinic

A

NT Summary

Sympathetic - ANS

74
Q

Most postganglionic terminals release NE, so ganglion receptors are either alphaadrenergic
or beta-adrenergic, depending on receptor type (alpha or beta)

A

NT Summary

Sympathetic - ANS

75
Q

Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs

blocks parasympathetic effects

A

Atropine

76
Q

Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs

inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to treat myasthenia gravis

A

Neostigmine

77
Q

Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs

prolong the activity of NE on postsynaptic membranes

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

78
Q

Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs

stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

Over-the-counter drugs for colds, allergies, and nasal congestion

79
Q

Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs

attach mainly to beta-1 receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmias

A

beta-blockers

80
Q

PS or S?
Eyes
- Stimulates iris sphincter muscles, so pupils constrict
- Stimulates ciliary muscle, which bulges lens for close vision

A

PS

81
Q

Eyes

  • Stimulates iris dilator muscles, so pupils dilate
  • Inhibits the ciliary muscle, which flattens the lens for far vision
A

S

82
Q

Saliva - PS or S?
Stimulates secretion of watery
saliva

A

PS

83
Q

Saliva - PS or S?
-Stimulates secretion of thick,
viscous saliva

A

S

84
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands
PS/S? -No effect (no innervation)

PS/S? -Stimulates large amounts of sweating (via cholinergic fibers)

A

PS

S

85
Q

Arrector pili muscles

PS/S? -No effect (no innervation)

PS/S? -Stimulates contraction?

A

PS

S

86
Q

Adrenal Medulla

PS/S? -No effect (no innervation)

PS/S? - Stimulates cells to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

PS

S

87
Q

Heart (cardiac muscle)

PS/S? - Decreases rate; slows heart

PS/S? - Increases rate & force of contraction

A

PS

S

88
Q

Blood Vessels

PS/S? - Little or no effect

PS/S?

  • Constricts most vessels and increases blood pressure
  • Constricts vessels of abdominal viscera and skin to divert blood to muscles, brain & heart
  • NE constricts most vessels
  • Epinephrine (released from adrenal medulla) dilates skeletal muscle vessels during exercise
A

PS

S

89
Q

Lung

PS/S?-Constricts bronchioles (narrows the airways)

PS/S? - Dilates bronchioles (opens up the airways)

A

PS

S

90
Q

GI Tract

PS/S? -

  • Increases motility (peristalsis) of stomach and intestines
  • Increases amount of digestive secretions (incl. enzymes)
  • Relaxes sphincters to allow for movement of food along tract

PS/S? -

  • Decreases motility (peristalsis) of stomach and intestines
  • Decreases secretion activity of digestive organs & glands
  • Constricts sphincters (ex: stomach and anal sphincters)
A

PS

S

91
Q

Bladder

PS/S? - Contracts smooth muscle of bladder wall; relaxes sphincter; promotes urination

PS/S? - Relaxes smooth muscle of bladder
wall; constricts sphincters; inhibits urination

A

PS

S

92
Q

External Genitalia

PS/S? -

  • Causes vasodilation (erection / engorgement)
  • Increases lubrication

PS/S? -

  • Causes ejaculation (penis)
  • Causes contractions of vagina
A

PS

S

93
Q

The ___ is the main integration enter of ANS activity

A

Role of Hypothalamus in ANS

hypothalamus

94
Q

Subconscious cerebral input via ___ connections influences hypothalamic function

A

Role of Hypothalamus in ANS

limbic lobes

95
Q

Other controls come from the cerebral cortex, the reticular formation, and the ___

A

Role of Hypothalamus in ANS

Spinal cord

96
Q

Centers of This controls:

  • Heart activity and blood pressure
  • Body temperature, water balance, and endocrine activity
  • Emotional stages (rage, pleasure) and biological drives (hunger, thirst, sex)
  • Reactions to fear and the “fight-or-flight” system
A

Hypothalamic Control

241 A&P (19 decks)

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