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241 A&P > Exam 4, Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 4, Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of neurons that:

Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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2
Q

Consists of neurons that:

-Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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3
Q

Consists of neurons that:
ex: shunts blood to muscles during danger; shunts blood to dilated capillaries in
the skin to decrease core body temperature (allows for heat to escape at surface)

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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4
Q

Consists of neurons that:

Operate via subconscious control

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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5
Q
  • Also referred to as the involuntary nervous system or the general visceral motor system
  • Have viscera as most of their effectors
A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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6
Q

Higher brain centers regulate and coordinate both systems

A

Relationship between ANS and SNS

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7
Q

Most spinal nerves and many cranial nerves contain fibers from both systems

A

Relationship between ANS and SNS

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8
Q

Most of the body’s adaptations to changing conditions involve both skeletal muscle activity
and enhanced responses of certain visceral organs

A

Relationship between ANS and SNS

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9
Q

Example: If skeletal muscles are increasing their workload, they will need more oxygen for aerobic respiration (ATP). The ANS responds with increased rate and depth of respirations and increased heart rate to move more oxygenated blood to the working muscles.

A

Relationship between ANS and SNS

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10
Q

Both systems have motor fibers

A

Compare ANS vs SNS

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11
Q

ANS differs from the somatic nervous system in
the following three areas:
-Effectors
- Efferent pathways
- Target organ responses (based on neurotransmitter effects)

A

Compare ANS vs SNS

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12
Q

The effectors of the somatic nervous system are

A

Compare ANS vs SNS

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

The effectors of the ANS are

A

Compare ANS vs SNS

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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14
Q

Thick, heavily myelinated axons (cranial nerves or spinal nerves) of the ____ extend from their CNS cell body to the effector muscle (single neuron chain)

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
Efferent Pathways
Somatic motor neurons

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15
Q

Axons of the ___ are a two-neuron chain

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
Efferent Pathways
ANS

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16
Q

The preganglionic (first) neuron is located in the CNS and has a lightly myelinated axon

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
Efferent Pathways
ANS

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17
Q

The ganglionic (second) neuron is located outside the CNS and its unmyelinated postganglionic axon extends to an effector organ

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
Efferent Pathways
ANS

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18
Q

All Somatic motor neurons release ___ at the neuromuscular junction, which
always has an ___ effect

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
Ach; excitatory

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19
Q

Preganglionic fibers release ACh

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
ACh

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20
Q

Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine (NE) (sympathetic)

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
ANS

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21
Q

Postganglionic fibers or ACh

(parasympathetic) and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
ANS

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22
Q

___ effect on the target organ is dependent upon the neurotransmitter released and the
receptor type of the effector

A

Compare ANS vs SNS
NT Effects
ANS

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23
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathic divisions

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

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24
Q

mobilizes the body during extreme situations

A

Divisions of ANS: General Functions

Sympathetic

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25
performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Parasympathetic
26
counterbalance each other and always work together although one may be dominant at any given point in time
Divisions of ANS: General Functions Sym + ParaSym ANS
27
Concerned with keeping body energy use low, resting state of the body, maintenance activities
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Parasympathetic Division
28
Involves the “D” activities – digestion, defecation, and diuresis
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Parasympathetic Division
29
Its general activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes, reading after a meal
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Parasympathetic Division
30
Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Parasympathetic Division
31
Gastrointestinal tract activity is high (digesting food)
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Parasympathetic Division
32
The skin is warm and the pupils are constricted & lenses are accommodated for close vision
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Parasympathetic Division
33
the “fight-or-flight” system
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Sympathetic Division
34
Involves “E” activities – exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Sympathetic Division
35
Promotes adjustments during exercise or when threatened– blood flow to organs is reduced, blood flow is shunted to the muscles
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Sympathetic Division
36
Its general activity is illustrated by a person who is threatened by danger
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Sympathetic Division
37
Heart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deep (bronchioles dilate)
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Sympathetic Division
38
The skin is cold and sweaty, and the pupils dilate
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Sympathetic Division
39
The liver releases glucose as a rapid energy source for the skeletal muscles, heart & brain
Divisions of ANS: General Functions | Role of Sympathetic Division
40
Origin of Fibers - Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord - Brain and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral)
S | PS
41
Length of fibers - Short, preganglionic and long postganglionic - Long preganglionic and short postganglionic
S | PS
42
Location of Ganglia - Close to spinal cord - In visceral effector organs
S | PS
43
Cranial Outflow Ganglion: Ciliary Effector Organ(s): eye Cranial Nerve?
Occulomotor (III)
44
Cranial Outflow Ganglion: Pterygopalatine & Submandibular Effector Organ(s): Salivary, nasal, lacrimal glands Cranial Nerve?
Facial (VII)
45
Cranial Outflow Ganglion: Otic Effector Organ(s): Parotid Salivary glands Cranial Nerve?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
46
Cranial Outflow Ganglion: Terminal ganglia, located within the walls of target organs Effector Organ(s): Heart (cardiac plexus), lungs (pulmonary plexus), most visceral organs (abdominal aortic plexus), liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, and proximal 1/2 of large intestine Cranial Nerve?
Vagus (X)
47
Sacral Outflow Ganglion: Terminal ganglia located within the walls of the target organ Effector Organ(s): via the pelvic splanchnic nerves; Distal 1/2 large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs. Cranial Nerve?
S2-S4 Lateral gray matter
48
SNS innervations more complex than parasympathetic
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways | Sympathetic Outflow
49
Arises from spinal cord segments T1 through L2
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways | Sympathetic Outflow
50
Sympathetic motor neurons produce the ___ of the spinal cord (none in sacral region)
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways Sympathetic Outflow Lateral horns
51
___ leave the lateral horns via the ___ and immediately after splitting into the ventral rami, pass through the ___ rami communicantes (white = myelinated) and synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia (also called the sympathetic trunk ganglia)
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways Sympathetic Outflow Preganglionic fibers; ventral root; white
52
Synapse either at the same level or some level above or below
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways | Sympathetic Outflow
53
The___ are always unmyelinated and pass through the gray rami communicantes if the synapse is in the sympathetic chain
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways Sympathetic Outflow postganglionic fibers
54
Fibers from T5-L2 form splanchnic nerves (thoracic, lumbar & sacral) and synapse with collateral ganglia located anterior to the vertebral column (occurs only in abdomen and pelvis)
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways | Sympathetic Outflow
55
The unmyelinated postganglionic fibers innervate numerous
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia and 3 Ganglia Pathways Sympathetic Outflow organs, blood vessels & glands
56
the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS
Neurotransmitter Stuff
57
is released by all preganglionic axons & ALL parasympathetic postganglionic axons
Neurotransmitter Stuff | Ach
58
ACh-releasing fibers
Neurotransmitter Stuff | Cholinergic fibers
59
a type of sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE (and Epinephrine)
Neurotransmitter Stuff | Adrenergic fibers
60
Neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or inhibitory depending upon
Neurotransmitter Stuff | the receptor type
61
The two types of receptors that bind ACh are nicotinic and muscarinic
Neurotransmitter Stuff | Cholinergic Receptors
62
These are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects
Neurotransmitter Stuff | Cholinergic Receptors
63
receptors are found on: - Motor end plates (skeletal muscle) - All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - Site of synapse of preganglionic fibers - The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla
Neurotransmitter Stuff | Nicotinic Receptor
64
The effect of ACh binding to ___ receptors is always stimulatory, as it directly opens ion channels, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell
Neurotransmitter Stuff | Nicotinic Receptor
65
-receptors occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers (all parasympathetic and some sympathetic)
Neurotransmitter Stuff | Muscarinic Receptors
66
The effect of ACh binding Depends on
Neurotransmitter Stuff Muscarinic Receptors Can be either inhibitory or excitatory; the receptor type of the target organ
67
The two types of adrenergic receptors | Each type has two or three subclasses
Neurotransmitter Stuff | alpha and beta
68
Effects of NE binding to: alpha? beta? Notable exception?
- stimulatory/depolarizing - inhibitory/hyperpolarizing - NE binding to beta receptors of heart is STIMULATORY
69
All receptors are cholinergic (ACh) – nicotinic at skeletal muscle
NT Summary | SNS
70
Preganglionic terminals release ACh, so ganglion receptors are cholinergic – nicotinic
NT Summary | PS NS - ANS
71
Postganglionic terminals release ACh, so effector organ receptors are cholinergic – muscarinic
NT Summary | Para Symp NS - ANS
72
Preganglionic terminals release ACh, so ganglion receptors are cholinergic – nicotinic
NT Summary | Sympathetic - ANS
73
Postganglionic terminals release ACh at a few effectors (eccrine sweat glands & some skeletal muscle blood vessels), so these are cholinergic – muscarinic
NT Summary | Sympathetic - ANS
74
Most postganglionic terminals release NE, so ganglion receptors are either alphaadrenergic or beta-adrenergic, depending on receptor type (alpha or beta)
NT Summary | Sympathetic - ANS
75
Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs | blocks parasympathetic effects
Atropine
76
Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs | inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to treat myasthenia gravis
Neostigmine
77
Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs | prolong the activity of NE on postsynaptic membranes
Tricyclic antidepressants
78
Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs | stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors
Over-the-counter drugs for colds, allergies, and nasal congestion
79
Effects of Commonly Utilized Drugs | attach mainly to beta-1 receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmias
beta-blockers
80
PS or S? Eyes - Stimulates iris sphincter muscles, so pupils constrict - Stimulates ciliary muscle, which bulges lens for close vision
PS
81
Eyes - Stimulates iris dilator muscles, so pupils dilate - Inhibits the ciliary muscle, which flattens the lens for far vision
S
82
Saliva - PS or S? Stimulates secretion of watery saliva
PS
83
Saliva - PS or S? -Stimulates secretion of thick, viscous saliva
S
84
Eccrine Sweat Glands PS/S? -No effect (no innervation) PS/S? -Stimulates large amounts of sweating (via cholinergic fibers)
PS S
85
Arrector pili muscles PS/S? -No effect (no innervation) PS/S? -Stimulates contraction?
PS S
86
Adrenal Medulla PS/S? -No effect (no innervation) PS/S? - Stimulates cells to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine?
PS S
87
Heart (cardiac muscle) PS/S? - Decreases rate; slows heart PS/S? - Increases rate & force of contraction
PS S
88
Blood Vessels PS/S? - Little or no effect PS/S? - Constricts most vessels and increases blood pressure - Constricts vessels of abdominal viscera and skin to divert blood to muscles, brain & heart - NE constricts most vessels - Epinephrine (released from adrenal medulla) dilates skeletal muscle vessels during exercise
PS S
89
Lung PS/S?-Constricts bronchioles (narrows the airways) PS/S? - Dilates bronchioles (opens up the airways)
PS S
90
GI Tract PS/S? - - Increases motility (peristalsis) of stomach and intestines - Increases amount of digestive secretions (incl. enzymes) - Relaxes sphincters to allow for movement of food along tract PS/S? - - Decreases motility (peristalsis) of stomach and intestines - Decreases secretion activity of digestive organs & glands - Constricts sphincters (ex: stomach and anal sphincters)
PS S
91
Bladder PS/S? - Contracts smooth muscle of bladder wall; relaxes sphincter; promotes urination PS/S? - Relaxes smooth muscle of bladder wall; constricts sphincters; inhibits urination
PS S
92
External Genitalia PS/S? - - Causes vasodilation (erection / engorgement) - Increases lubrication PS/S? - - Causes ejaculation (penis) - Causes contractions of vagina
PS S
93
The ___ is the main integration enter of ANS activity
Role of Hypothalamus in ANS | hypothalamus
94
Subconscious cerebral input via ___ connections influences hypothalamic function
Role of Hypothalamus in ANS | limbic lobes
95
Other controls come from the cerebral cortex, the reticular formation, and the ___
Role of Hypothalamus in ANS | Spinal cord
96
Centers of This controls: - Heart activity and blood pressure - Body temperature, water balance, and endocrine activity - Emotional stages (rage, pleasure) and biological drives (hunger, thirst, sex) - Reactions to fear and the “fight-or-flight” system
Hypothalamic Control

241 A&P (19 decks)

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