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241 A&P > Exam 4, Chapter 13a - Somatic Motor (Part 1) > Flashcards

Exam 4, Chapter 13a - Somatic Motor (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

All neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Includes sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

Provides links to and from the external environment

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q
  • cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue
  • Connective tissue coverings include???
A

Structure of a Nerve

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5
Q

-loose connective tissue that surrounds each individual axons

A

Structure of a Nerve

Endoneurium

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6
Q

-coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles (a bunch of axons)

A

Structure of a Nerve

Perineurium

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7
Q

-tough fibrous sheath around an entire nerve (bunch of bunches of axons)

A

Structure of a Nerve

Epineurium

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8
Q

Classification of Nerves

-carry impulse to the CNS

A

Classification of Nerves

sensory (afferent)

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9
Q

Classification of Nerves

-carry impulses from CNS

A

Classification of Nerves

Motor (efferent)

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10
Q

Classification of Nerves

-sensory & motor fibers carry impulses to & from CNS; most common type of nerve

A

Classification of Nerves

Mixed

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11
Q

Classification of Nerves

  • are mixed nerves
  • carry somatic and autonomic (visceral) impulses
A

Classification of Nerves

Peripheral Nerves

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12
Q

Classification of Nerves

  • Somatic afferent
  • Somatic efferent
  • Visceral afferent
  • Visceral efferent
A

Classification of Nerves
Peripheral Nerves
Four types of mixed nerves

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13
Q

-nerves originate from the brain (cranial nerves) or spinal column (spinal nerves)

A

Peripheral nerves

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14
Q

-Collections of neuron cell bodies with similar function associated with nerves in the PNS

A

Ganglion

plural=ganglia

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15
Q

-Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

A

Ganglion

plural=ganglia

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16
Q
  • lead into the spinal cord
A

Ganglion
(plural=ganglia)
Dorsal root ganglia

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17
Q
  • are associated with efferent nerve fiber;

- these are cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons involved with visceral innervation (names & details later in unit)

A

Ganglion
(plural=ganglia)
Autonomic ganglia

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18
Q
  • Damage to the neuron cell body is serious because mature neurons are amitotic.
  • However, if the __ of a damaged nerve remains intact, damage can be repaired.
A

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

soma

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19
Q

-(occurs where an axon is damaged)

A

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

Wallerian Degeneration

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20
Q
  • Axon becomes fragmented at injury site

- Macrophages – remove debris

A

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

Wallerian Degeneration

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21
Q

-follows degeneration and involves coordinated activity among:

A

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

Regeneration

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22
Q
  • form regeneration tube;

- secrete growth factors

A

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

Schwann cells

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23
Q

-regenerate via filaments at a rate of 1.5 mm per day

A

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

Axons

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24
Q
  • New myelin sheath forms
A

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

Scwann cells

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25
Q

-Twelve pairs of c____ arise from the brain

A

Cranial Nerves

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26
Q

Arises from the olfactory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)

A

Cranial Nerves

I. Olfactory (S)

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27
Q

Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

Cranial Nerves

I. Olfactory (S)

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28
Q

Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex (located in the deep temporal lobe, in the uncus);

A

Cranial Nerves

I. Olfactory (S)

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29
Q

ipsilateral; do NOT synapse in the thalamus

A

Cranial Nerves

I. Olfactory (S)

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30
Q

In order to correlate a smell with a memory, however, axons will pass through the thalamus

A

Cranial Nerves

I. Olfactory (S)

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31
Q

Sensory: Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell

A

Cranial Nerves

I. Olfactory (S)

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32
Q
  • Arises from the retina of the eye
A

Cranial Nerves

II. Optic (S)

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33
Q

-Optic nerves pass through the optic canals (sphenoid bone) and converge at the optic chiasma (“X” cross-over) which sits just anterior to the pituitary gland

A

Cranial Nerves

II. Optic (S)

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34
Q

-They continue to the thalamus where they synapse

A

Cranial Nerves

II. Optic (S)

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35
Q

-From there, the optic radiation fibers run to the primary visual cortex (calcarine sulcus)

A

Cranial Nerves

II. Optic (S)

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36
Q

-Sensory: Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for vision

A

Cranial Nerves

II. Optic (S)

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37
Q

-Somatic Motor: Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain (base of the cerebral peduncle), pass
through the superior orbital fissure (sphenoid), and go to the extrinsic eye muscles

A

Cranial Nerves

III. Oculomotor (M)

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38
Q

Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball (4 of 6 muscles controlling eye movement:
-superior, inferior & medial rectus plus inferior oblique)

A

Cranial Nerves

III. Oculomotor (M)

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39
Q 
Autonomic Motor (Parasympathetic): cell bodies are in the ciliary ganglia
- Functions in constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape for focusing
A

Cranial Nerves

III. Oculomotor (M)

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40
Q

-Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain (corpora quadrigemina) and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures;

A

Cranial Nerves

IV. Trochlear (M)

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41
Q

-innervate the superior oblique muscle (1 of 6 muscles controlling eye
movement)

A

Cranial Nerves

IV. Trochlear (M)

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42
Q

-Somatic Motor: Functions primarily as a motor nerve that directs the eyeball

A

Cranial Nerves

IV. Trochlear (M)

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43
Q

Largest cranial nerve; mixed nerve

A

Cranial Nerves

V. Trigeminal (B)

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44
Q

Three divisions: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3)

A

Cranial Nerves

V. Trigeminal (B)

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45
Q

Sensory: Afferent fibers run from the face, lips, gums, teeth & tongue [not taste buds] to the
pons via the superior orbital fissure (V1), the foramen rotundum (V2), and the foramen ovale (V3) [all in sphenoid]

A

Cranial Nerves

V. Trigeminal (B)

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46
Q

Cell bodies converge at the large trigeminal ganglion

A

Cranial Nerves

V. Trigeminal (B)

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47
Q

Somatic motor: Mandibular division (V3) supplies motor fibers for mastication (chewing)

A

Cranial Nerves

V. Trigeminal (B)

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48
Q

-Fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure

A

Cranial Nerves

VI. Abducens (M)

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49
Q
  • innervate the lateral rectus muscle (1 of 6 muscles controlling eye movement)
A

Cranial Nerves

VI. Abducens (M)

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50
Q
  • Somatic Motor: Functions primarily as a motor nerve that directs the eyeball
A

Cranial Nerves

VI. Abducens (M)

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51
Q 
Fibers leave the pons, travel through the internal acoustic meatus, and emerge through the
stylomastoid foramen (in temporal bone) to the lateral aspect of the face
A

Cranial Nerves

VII. Facial (B)

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52
Q

Mixed nerve with five major branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)

A

Cranial Nerves

VII. Facial (B)

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53
Q

Somatic motor: Functions as a motor nerve for muscles of facial expression

A

Cranial Nerves

VII. Facial (B)

54
Q 
Autonomic motor (Parasympathetic): Functions in transmittal of motor impulses to lacrimal,
nasal and salivary glands
A

Cranial Nerves

VII. Facial (B)

55
Q

Sensory: Afferent fibers from the taste buds in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

A

Cranial Nerves

VII. Facial (B)

56
Q

Sometimes referred to as Auditory Vestibular Nerve

A

Cranial Nerves

VIII. Vestibulocochloear (S)

57
Q

Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the
internal acoustic meatus, and enter the brainstem at the pons-medulla border

A

Cranial Nerves

VIII. Vestibulocochloear (S)

58
Q

Two divisions – cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance)

A

Cranial Nerves

VIII. Vestibulocochlear (S)

59
Q

Sensory: Primarily functions in hearing and balance

A

Cranial Nerves

VIII. Vestibulocochloear (S)

60
Q

Fibers emerge from the medulla, leave the skull via the jugular foramen, and run to the throat

A

Cranial Nerves

IX. Glossopharyngeal (B)

61
Q

Somatic Motor – Motor nerve for the posterior tongue and pharynx (lifts during swallowing)

A

Cranial Nerves

IX. Glossopharyngeal (B)

62
Q

Autonomic Motor (Parasympathetic) - Provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland,

A

Cranial Nerves

IX. Glossopharyngeal (B)

63
Q

Sensory – Afferent fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the posterior tongue and pharynx (swallow & gag reflex),
carotid body chemoreceptors (monitors O2 & CO2,
ultimately affects
breathing rate/depth),
carotid sinus baroreceptors (monitors blood pressure)

A

Cranial Nerves

IX. Glossopharyngeal (B)

64
Q

The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck

A

Cranial Nerves

X. Vagus (B)

65
Q

Fibers emerge from the medulla via the jugular foramen & descends into the thorax and
abdomen
-mixed nerve that serves as a major parasympathetic pathway for the body

A

Cranial Nerves

X. Vagus (B)

66
Q 
Autonomic motor (Parasympathetic) - Provides motor fibers to the heart, lungs & visceral organs
and functions in regulation of heart rate, breathing and digestive system activity
A

Cranial Nerves

X. Vagus (B)

67
Q

Somatic motor – Functions as a motor nerve for pharynx & larynx skeletal muscle (swallowing)

A

Cranial Nerves

X. Vagus (B)

68
Q

Sensory: Afferent fibers from the pharynx and taste buds of posterior tongue; afferent fibers from the thoracic and abdominal viscera; carotid & aortic body chemoreceptors (monitors O2 & CO2);
aortic arch baroreceptors (monitors blood pressure)

A

Cranial Nerves

X. Vagus (B)

69
Q

-Formed from C1 – C5 ventral rootlets (no cranial origin); this root passes upward into the cranium via the foramen magnum and then leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen

A

Cranial Nerves

XI. Accessory (M)

70
Q

Primarily a somatic motor nerve

A

Cranial Nerves

XI. Accessory (M)

71
Q

Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate

A

Cranial Nerves

XI. Accessory (M)

72
Q

Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and neck

A

Cranial Nerves

XI. Accessory (M)

73
Q

Fibers arise from the medulla and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal (occipital bone, just
lateral to the foramen magnum) to the tongue

A

Cranial Nerves

XII: Hypoglossal (M)

74
Q

Somatic motor: Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, which contribute to swallowing and speech

A

Cranial Nerves

XII: Hypoglossal (M)

75
Q

named according to their point of exit from the intervertebral foramen

A

Spinal Nerves

76
Q

C1-C7 nerves are named as they exit SUPERIOR to the vertebrae for which they are named

A

Spinal Nerves

77
Q

nerve exits below C7 vertebra (so, C8 nerve exits at the C7-T1 intervertebral foramen)

A

Spinal Nerves

C8

78
Q

All others leave the intervertebral foramen ___ the named vertebra

A

Spinal Nerves

below

79
Q

Thoracic?
Lumbar?
Sacral?
Coccygeal?

A 
Spinal Nerves
12 thoracic (T1-T12); 
5 Lumbar (L1-L5); 
5 Sacral (S1-S5); 
1 Coccygeal (C0)
80
Q

Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via a

A

Spinal Nerves

ventral and a dorsal root

81
Q

Each root forms from a series of ___ that attach to the spinal cord

A

Spinal Nerves

rootlets

82
Q

arise from the ventral horn and contain motor (efferent) fibers

A

Spinal Nerves

Ventral roots

83
Q

Composed of somatic motor & autonomic motor

A

Spinal Nerves

Ventral roots

84
Q

contain sensory afferent fibers that arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors

A

Spinal Nerves

Dorsal roots

85
Q

Roots join together to form the ____ just distal to the dorsal root ganglion & just
before exiting from the vertebral column

A

Spinal Nerves

86
Q

Each ___ is very short (only 1-2 cm)

A

Spinal Nerves

87
Q

Nerve carries both

A

Spinal Nerves

Afferent and Efferent Fibers

88
Q

The length of the spinal roots in the ___ and ___ region is significant, as they extend inferiorly as the cauda equina before joining together as a nerve

A

Spinal Nerves

Lumbar and Sacral

89
Q

the spinal roots are ___ to the nerve & are either sensory or motor

A

Spinal Nerve

medial

90
Q

Immediately upon exiting the intervertebral foramen, the short spinal nerves branch into three or four distal rami (all with mixed fibers);

A

Spinal Rami

91
Q

Point: the mixed fiber spinal rami are ___ to the nerve

A

Spinal Rami

Lateral

92
Q

Innervates the posterior trunk via several branches in a simple segmental pattern

A

Spinal Rami

Small Dorsal Ramus

93
Q

T1-T12 innervate the thorax as intercostal nerves (simple segmental pattern)

A

Spinal Rami

Larger ventral ramus

94
Q

Intercostal nerves supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax & abdominal wall

A

Spinal Rami

Larger ventral ramus

95
Q

A portion of T1 and all other ventral rami form complex plexus networks (additional detail
below) which primarily innervate the limbs

A

Spinal Rami

Larger ventral ramus

96
Q

Re-enters the vertebral canal to innervate the spinal cord meninges and blood vessels

A

Spinal Rami

Tiny Meningeal branch

97
Q

are at the base of the ventral rami in the thoracic region

A

Spinal Rami

Rami communicantes

98
Q

These branches form the sympathetic trunk ganglia and carry autonomic motor fibers

A

Spinal Rami

Rami communicantes

99
Q

LOOK AT RAMI DIAGRAM

A

Spinal Rami

Ok.

100
Q

All ventral rami (motor) except T2-T12 branch and form interlacing nerve networks called

A

Nerve Plexuses

101
Q

located lateral to the vertebral column in the cervical, brachial, lumbar & sacral regions

A

Nerve Plexuses

102
Q

Each resulting branch of a ___ contains fibers from several spinal nerves

A

Nerve Plexuses

103
Q

Fibers travel to the periphery via

A

Nerve Plexuses

several different routes

104
Q

Each muscle receives a nerve supply from

A

Nerve Plexuses

more than one spinal nerve

105
Q

Damage to one spinal segment (can/not?) t completely paralyze a muscle

A

Nerve Plexuses

cannot

106
Q

Innervation of a Joint
any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint

A

Nerve Plexuses

Hilton’s law

107
Q

Innervates

M/S fibers for diaphragm (respiration)

A

Cervical Plexus

Phrenic Nerve

108
Q

Innervates

Sternocleidomastoir muscle & Trapezius

A 
Cervical Plexus
Accessory Nerve (XI)
109
Q

Formed by ventral rami of C1-C4

A

Cervical Plexus

110
Q

Formed by ventral rami of: C5-C8 and T1

A

Brachial Plexus

111
Q

Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords

A

Brachial Plexus

112
Q 
Innervates
deltoid muscle (shoulder abduction)
A

Brachial Plexus

Axillary Nerve

113
Q

Innervates

elbow flexors

A

Brachial Plexus

Musculocutaneous Nerve

114
Q

Innervates

  • most anterior forearm muscles (wrist flexion & abduction)
  • carpal tunnel syndrome
A

Brachial Plexus

Median Nerve

115
Q

Innervates

-few anterior forearm muscles (wrist flexion and adduction)

A

Brachial Plexus

Ulnar nerve

116
Q

-Largest branch of the brachial plexus
Innervates
-all extensor muscles of the upper limb

A

Brachial Plexus

Radial nerve

117
Q

Formed by ventral rami of: L1-L4

A

Lumbar Plexus

118
Q

-Largest nerve of LUMBAR Plexus
Innervates
-anterior thigh muscles

A

Lumbar Plexus

Femoral Nerve

119
Q

Innervates

-adductor muscles in the thigh

A

Lumbar Plexus

Obturator Nerve

120
Q

Formed by ventral rami of: L4-S4

A

Sacral Plexus

121
Q

Actually two nerves wrapped in sheath

-Thickest/longest nerve in body

A

Sacral Plexus

Sciatic nerve

122
Q

Innervates

muscles of the back of thigh, leg and foot

A

Sacral Plexus

Tibial Nerve

123
Q

Innervates

anterior & lateral muscles in the lower leg

A

Sacral Plexus

Common Peroneal nerve

124
Q

the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatomes

125
Q

All spinal nerves except C1 participate in

A

Dermatomes

126
Q

mapping is used clinically to determine specific nerve deficit: typical testing includes light touch and pin prick.

A

Dermatomes

127
Q

Takes place at a neuromuscular junction

A

Motor Endings / Innervations of Skeletal Muscle

128
Q

This junction is the synapse that is formed by the somatic motor efferent axon terminals
and the muscle fibers

A

Motor Endings / Innervations of Skeletal Muscle

Neuromuscular Junction

129
Q

is the neurotransmitter that diffuses across the neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft

A

Motor Endings / Innervations of Skeletal Muscle

Acetylcholine

130
Q

___ binds to receptors resulting in:

  • Movement of Na+ and K+ across the membrane
  • Depolarization of the interior of the muscle cell
  • An end-plate potential that triggers an action potential
A

Motor Endings / Innervations of Skeletal Muscle

Acetylcholine (Ach)

241 A&P (19 decks)

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