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241 A&P > Exam 5 - Taste and Smell > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

Olfaction

chemoreceptors

A

smell

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2
Q

Gustation

chemoreceptors

A

taste

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3
Q

The receptors are chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals in aqueous solution

A

olfaction and gustation

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4
Q

the organ of smell is

A

the olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

the location of the smell organ is

A

covering the superior nasal concha

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6
Q

olfactory receptors are surrounded and cushioned by supporting cells which secrete

A

mucus

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7
Q

These receptor cells have bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia (dendrite branches)

A

olfactory receptor cells

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8
Q

___ cells lie at the base of the olfactory epithelium, and are the source of mitotic stem cell replacement of olfactory receptor cells every 30-60 days

A

Basal cells

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9
Q

Odorants dissolved in aqueous solution bind to receptor proteins in the ___ ___ ___, activating a second messenger system and ultimately triggering an ___

A

olfactory cilia membrane; Action Potential

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10
Q

Humans can distinguish between ___ odors

A

10k

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11
Q

Where do bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells project upward through?

A

Olfactory Foramina of the Cribriform plate

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12
Q

What do olfactory recetor cells axons synapse with?

A

mitral cells of the olfactory bulb

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13
Q

Trace the smell from the route of inhaled air to the olfactory bulb

A
  1. Mucus
  2. Olfactory cilia
  3. Dendrite
  4. Bipolar olfactory receptor cell
  5. Olfactory bulb
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14
Q

These cells amplify, refine, and relay simultaneous impulses via olfactory tract

A

Mitral cells

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15
Q

Where do mitral cells relay the impulses via olfactory tract to?

A
  1. Olfactory Cortex
  2. Hypothalamus/Amygdala
  3. Danger smells –> Sympathetic fight or flight
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16
Q

Where is olfactory cortex located?

A

uncus, deep temporal lobe

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17
Q

Mitral cells relay impulses via olfactory tract to olfactory cortex via the ___ and to the ___-___ ___ for interpretation of smell

A

Thalamus;

pre-frontal cortex

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18
Q

Where do mitral cells send impulses to elicit emotional responses to smell?

A

Hypothalamus and amygdala (limbic system)

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19
Q

Smells associated with danger (smoke, cooking gas, skunk spray), stimulate the ___ fight or flight response.
-This is GENETIC, not learned

A

sympathetic

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20
Q

Olfactory dysfunction due to damage of the olfactory bulbs either between

1) head trauma
2) surgery
3) seizures in the uncus (olfactory hallucinations)

A

Anosmias (Olfactory Dysfunction)

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21
Q

Receptor organs for taste

A

Taste buds

22
Q

How many taste buds?

A

10,000+

23
Q

Most taste buds found on

A

tongue in papillae (raised bumps)

24
Q

Additional taste buds sparsely distributed in

A

cheeks
soft palate
pharynx
epiglottis

25
Q

Each flask shaped taste bud consists of 3 major cell types

A
  1. Basal cells
  2. Gustatory cells
  3. Supporting cells
26
Q

Dynamic stem cells (replace gustatory cells every 7-10 days)

taste bud

A

Basal cells of taste bud

27
Q

Taste cells with a gustatory hair that projects into a taste pore
taste bud

A

Gustatory cells

28
Q

Insulate the receptor

taste bud

A

Supporting cells

29
Q

The Five basic sweet taste sensations

A 
Sweet
Salt
Sour
Bitter
Umami
30
Q

response to sugars, saccharin, alcohol and some amino acids

A

sweet

31
Q

response to metal ions

direct Na+ influx causes depolarization

A

salt

32
Q

response to hydrogen ions

H+ ions directly open cation channels

A

sour

33
Q

response to alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine (alerts us to poisons)

A

bitter

34
Q

elicited by the amino acid glutamate

- Produced by meats, meat broths, cheese (typically animal-based protein-rich foods)

A

umami

35
Q

In order to be tasted, chemical must be dissolved in

A

saliva

36
Q

to be tasted, chemical must contact

A

gustatory hairs

37
Q

Binding of the food chemical to the gustatory hairs ___ the membrane,

A

depolarizes;

38
Q

depolarizing the taste cell membrane, causes the release of ___, which initiates a ____ potential that elicits an ___ potential.

A

neurotransmitter; generator; action

39
Q

These tastes elicit immediate response

A

Salt and Sour

40
Q

These tastes require 2nd messenger system

A

Sweet
Bitter
Umami

41
Q

These nerves carry impulses from the tongue taste buds

A

CN VII

CN IX

42
Q

This nerve carries impulses from the cheek, pharynx, and epiglottis to the solitary nucleus of the medulla

A

CN X

43
Q

After the medulla, the impulses travel to the ___

A

thalamus

44
Q

From the thalamus, impulses fibers branch to the 1___ and 2___

A

1) Gustatory cortex in the insula

2) Hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste and associated emotions)

45
Q

Taste is __% smell

A

80%

46
Q

Age related decline in sense of smell often leads to increased consumption of ___ and ___ foods; loss of appetite and nutritional deficits

A

sweet and salty

47
Q

These receptors can enhance or detract from taste. (3)

EX: Capsaicin-laden foods override the ability to distinguish taste

A

Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors

48
Q

taste cells replaced every

A

7-10 days

49
Q

olfactory receptor cells replaced every

A

30-60 days

50
Q

Pathway of impulses for Smell

A
  1. Mucus
  2. Olfactory cilia
  3. Dendrite
  4. Bipolar olfactory receptor cell
  5. Axon bundles
  6. Through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
  7. Olfactory bulb - olfactory cell (Mitral cell)
    8a. Thalamus – Olfactory Cortex and Frontal Cortex (Interpretation of Smell)
    8b. Hypothalamus & Amygdala of limbic system (elicits emotional response)
    8c. Sympathetic NS activation if dangerous smell assocation.
51
Q

Pathway of Impulses for Taste

A

1a. Dissolved in Saliva
1b. Taste Pore
2. Gustatory Hair
3. Nerves
4a. Pons – Gustatory Cortex (In Insula)
4b. Solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata

241 A&P (19 decks)

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