Exam 5 - Taste and Smell

Question 1

Olfaction

chemoreceptors

Answer 1

smell

Question 2

Gustation

chemoreceptors

Answer 2

taste

Question 3

The receptors are chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals in aqueous solution

Answer 3

olfaction and gustation

Question 4

the organ of smell is

Answer 4

the olfactory epithelium

Question 5

the location of the smell organ is

Answer 5

covering the superior nasal concha

Question 6

olfactory receptors are surrounded and cushioned by supporting cells which secrete

Answer 6

mucus

Question 7

These receptor cells have bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia (dendrite branches)

Answer 7

olfactory receptor cells

Question 8

___ cells lie at the base of the olfactory epithelium, and are the source of mitotic stem cell replacement of olfactory receptor cells every 30-60 days

Answer 8

Basal cells

Question 9

Odorants dissolved in aqueous solution bind to receptor proteins in the ___ ___ ___, activating a second messenger system and ultimately triggering an ___

Answer 9

olfactory cilia membrane; Action Potential

Question 10

Humans can distinguish between ___ odors

Answer 10

10k

Question 11

Where do bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells project upward through?

Answer 11

Olfactory Foramina of the Cribriform plate

Question 12

What do olfactory recetor cells axons synapse with?

Answer 12

mitral cells of the olfactory bulb

Question 13

Trace the smell from the route of inhaled air to the olfactory bulb

Answer 13

1. Mucus
2. Olfactory cilia
3. Dendrite
4. Bipolar olfactory receptor cell
5. Olfactory bulb

Question 14

These cells amplify, refine, and relay simultaneous impulses via olfactory tract

Answer 14

Mitral cells

Question 15

Where do mitral cells relay the impulses via olfactory tract to?

Answer 15

1. Olfactory Cortex
2. Hypothalamus/Amygdala
3. Danger smells –> Sympathetic fight or flight

Question 16

Where is olfactory cortex located?

Answer 16

uncus, deep temporal lobe

Question 17

Mitral cells relay impulses via olfactory tract to olfactory cortex via the ___ and to the ___-___ ___ for interpretation of smell

Answer 17

Thalamus;

pre-frontal cortex

Question 18

Where do mitral cells send impulses to elicit emotional responses to smell?

Answer 18

Hypothalamus and amygdala (limbic system)

Question 19

Smells associated with danger (smoke, cooking gas, skunk spray), stimulate the ___ fight or flight response.
-This is GENETIC, not learned

Answer 19

sympathetic

Question 20

Olfactory dysfunction due to damage of the olfactory bulbs either between

1) head trauma
2) surgery
3) seizures in the uncus (olfactory hallucinations)

Answer 20

Anosmias (Olfactory Dysfunction)

Question 21

Receptor organs for taste

Answer 21

Taste buds

Question 22

How many taste buds?

Answer 22

10,000+

Question 23

Most taste buds found on

Answer 23

tongue in papillae (raised bumps)

Question 24

Additional taste buds sparsely distributed in

Answer 24

cheeks
soft palate
pharynx
epiglottis

Question 25

Each flask shaped taste bud consists of 3 major cell types

Answer 25

1. Basal cells 2. Gustatory cells 3. Supporting cells

Question 26

Dynamic stem cells (replace gustatory cells every 7-10 days) | taste bud

Answer 26

Basal cells of taste bud

Question 27

Taste cells with a gustatory hair that projects into a taste pore taste bud

Answer 27

Gustatory cells

Question 28

Insulate the receptor | taste bud

Answer 28

Supporting cells

Question 29

The Five basic sweet taste sensations

Answer 29

``` Sweet Salt Sour Bitter Umami ```

Question 30

response to sugars, saccharin, alcohol and some amino acids

Answer 30

sweet

Question 31

response to metal ions | direct Na+ influx causes depolarization

Answer 31

salt

Question 32

response to hydrogen ions | H+ ions directly open cation channels

Answer 32

sour

Question 33

response to alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine (alerts us to poisons)

Answer 33

bitter

Question 34

elicited by the amino acid glutamate | - Produced by meats, meat broths, cheese (typically animal-based protein-rich foods)

Answer 34

umami

Question 35

In order to be tasted, chemical must be dissolved in

Answer 35

saliva

Question 36

to be tasted, chemical must contact

Answer 36

gustatory hairs

Question 37

Binding of the food chemical to the gustatory hairs ___ the membrane,

Answer 37

depolarizes;

Question 38

depolarizing the taste cell membrane, causes the release of ___, which initiates a ____ potential that elicits an ___ potential.

Answer 38

neurotransmitter; generator; action

Question 39

These tastes elicit immediate response

Answer 39

Salt and Sour

Question 40

These tastes require 2nd messenger system

Answer 40

Sweet Bitter Umami

Question 41

These nerves carry impulses from the tongue taste buds

Answer 41

CN VII | CN IX

Question 42

This nerve carries impulses from the cheek, pharynx, and epiglottis to the solitary nucleus of the medulla

Answer 42

CN X

Question 43

After the medulla, the impulses travel to the ___

Answer 43

thalamus

Question 44

From the thalamus, impulses fibers branch to the 1___ and 2___

Answer 44

1) Gustatory cortex in the insula | 2) Hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste and associated emotions)

Question 45

Taste is __% smell

Answer 45

80%

Question 46

Age related decline in sense of smell often leads to increased consumption of ___ and ___ foods; loss of appetite and nutritional deficits

Answer 46

sweet and salty

Question 47

These receptors can enhance or detract from taste. (3) | EX: Capsaicin-laden foods override the ability to distinguish taste

Answer 47

Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Nociceptors

Question 48

taste cells replaced every

Answer 48

7-10 days

Question 49

olfactory receptor cells replaced every

Answer 49

30-60 days

Question 50

Pathway of impulses for Smell

Answer 50

1. Mucus 2. Olfactory cilia 3. Dendrite 4. Bipolar olfactory receptor cell 5. Axon bundles 6. Through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone 7. Olfactory bulb - olfactory cell (Mitral cell) 8a. Thalamus -- Olfactory Cortex and Frontal Cortex (Interpretation of Smell) 8b. Hypothalamus & Amygdala of limbic system (elicits emotional response) 8c. Sympathetic NS activation if dangerous smell assocation.

Question 51

Pathway of Impulses for Taste

Answer 51

1a. Dissolved in Saliva 1b. Taste Pore 2. Gustatory Hair 3. Nerves 4a. Pons -- Gustatory Cortex (In Insula) 4b. Solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata