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241 A&P > Exam 5 - Hearing > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Three Parts of Ears

A
  1. Outer
  2. Middle
  3. Inner
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2
Q

These parts of ears involved with hearing

A

outer + middle ear

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3
Q

These part(s) associated in both hearing and equilibrium

A

Inner ear

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4
Q

Receptors for hearing and balance Respond to separate/the same stimuli

A

Separate

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5
Q

Receptors for hearing and balance are activated dependently/independently

A

Independently

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6
Q

The ___ (pinna) is composed of the Helix (rim) and the Lobule (earlobe)

A

Aurical

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7
Q

The ___ ___ ___ leads to the middle ear

A

external acoustic meatus

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8
Q

Short, curved tube filled with ceruminous glands; secretes earwax

A

External acoustic meatus

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9
Q

Medial border is the ___ ___ (eardrum), which serves as the boundary between the outer and middle ears

A

Tympanic Membrane

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10
Q

Thin connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves

A

Tympanic Membrane

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11
Q

Transfer sound energy to the middle ear ossicles

A

Tympanic Membrane

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12
Q

Region of ear where medial boundary is oval window, lateral border is tympanic membrane

A

Middle ear

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13
Q

Small, air-filled mucosa-lined cavity

A

Middle Ear = Tympanic Cavity

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14
Q

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

Eustachian (auditory) tube

mid ear

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15
Q

Equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure

A

Eustachian (auditory) tube

mid ear

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16
Q

Swallowing and yawning open this tube, allows equalization

A

Eustachian (auditory) tube

mid ear

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17
Q

Cold/ear infection; can’t equalize pressure, the tympanic membrane bulges
More difficult in babies/toddlers since this tube is more parallel

A

Occlusion of Eustachian tube

middle ear

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18
Q

Three small bones in the middle ear

A

Ossicles
= malleus, incus, and stapes
middle ear

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19
Q

Suspended by ligaments and joined by synovial membranes

A

Ossicles
= malleus, incus, and stapes
middle ear

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20
Q

Transmit vibratory motion of the eardrum to the oval window (vestibule of inner ear)

A

Ossicles
= malleus, incus, and stapes
middle ear

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21
Q

mucles contract reflexively (CN VIII & inferior colliculi) in response to loud sounds to prevent damage to the hearing receptors of the cochlea

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius mucles

Middle Ear

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22
Q

Bony labyrinth which contains twisting channels which work their way through the temporal
bone (petrous region) and filled with perilymph

A

Inner Ear

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23
Q

Auditory ossicles transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the ___ ___ of the ____ (stapes)

A

oval window of the vestibule

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24
Q

Ossicles are suspended by ___ and joined by ____ membrane

A

ligaments; synovial membrane

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25
Q

Recall: Cranial Nerve ___, listed as an “S” actually has a very small motor component; motor component is reflex loop to inferior colliculi and back to the muscles

A

VIII

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26
Q

Bony labyrinth which contains twisting channels which work their way through the temporal
bone (petrous region)

A

Inner Ear

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27
Q

filled with perilymph

A

Inner Ear

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28
Q

Contains the vestibule (entrance), the semicircular canals, and the cochlea

A

Inner Ear

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29
Q

Bony labyrinth contains a matching membranous labyrinth) filled with

A

Endolymph

Inner Ear

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30
Q

The central egg-shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth

A

Vestibule

Inner Ear

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31
Q

Suspended in its perilymph are two membranous sacs

A

Vestibule

Inner Ear

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32
Q

Membranous sacs that extends into the semicircular canals

A

Utricle

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33
Q

Membranous sacs in Vestible that extends into the Cochlear duct

A

Saccule

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34
Q

Utricle and Saccule house equilibrium receptors regions called

A

Maculae

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35
Q

Maculae respond to

A

gravity and changes in the position of the head

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36
Q

Maculae also maintain static equilibrium, or

A

make adjustments to keep balance in the new position

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37
Q

Maculae sensory information is transmitted to the brain via the Vestibular branch of

A

CN VIII

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38
Q

Three canals that each define two-thirds of a circle and lie in the three planes of space

A

Semicircular Canals

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39
Q

Continuous with the utricle; each canal lined with membranous semicircular ducts

A

Semicircular Canals

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40
Q

The ___ is the swollen end of each canal and it houses an equilibrium receptor
known as the the___

A

ampulla; crista ampullaris

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41
Q

Responds to the angular dynamic movements of the head (rotation)

A

Crista Ampullaris

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42
Q

Makes adjustments to keep balance during dynamic rotation; maintains ___ equilibrium

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

Crista Ampullaris

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43
Q

Sensory information is transmitted to the brain via the Vestibular branch of ___ nerve

A

CN VIII

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44
Q

A bony 3-layered, conical, snail-shell spiral chamber that extends from the vestibule

A

Cochlea

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45
Q

A bony 3-layered, conical, snail-shell spiral chamber that extends from the vestibule; looks like a snail shell

A

Cochlea (Hearing)

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46
Q

Three chambers of the cochlear cavity

A

1) Scala vestibuli
2) Scala media
3) Scala tympani

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47
Q

Abuts the oval window, contains perilymph

A

Scala vestibuli

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48
Q

Contains endolymph

A

Scala media = cochlear duct

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49
Q

Terminates at the round window; contains perilymph

A

Scala tympani

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50
Q

These are continuous at the cochlear apex

A

Scala Tympani and Scala Vestibuli

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51
Q

houses the spiral organ of Corti

A

Scala media

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52
Q

hearing receptor with cell hairs = ?

A

Sterocilia

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53
Q

This is the hearing receptor with sterocilia

A

Spiral Organ of Corti

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54
Q

The “floor” of the cochlear duct is composed of the ___, which supports the organ of Corti

A

basilar membrane

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55
Q

The “roof” of the organ of Corti is covered with the stiff gel-like ___; ends of stereocilia are embedded (trapped) in this covering

A

tectorial membrane

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56
Q

The ___ (filled with perilymph) sits below the scala media and terminates at the membrane covered, flexible round window

A

scala tympani

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57
Q

The signals are transmitted along the cochlear branch of Cranial Nerve ___

A

VIII

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58
Q

alternating areas of high and low pressure originating from a vibrating object

A

Sound

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59
Q

radiate outward in all directions; illustrated by a sine wave

A

Sound waves

60
Q

the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time (Hz)

A

Frequency

61
Q

intensity of a sound measured in decibels (dB)

A

Amplitude

62
Q

The distance between two consecutive crests

A

Wavelength

63
Q

subjective interpretation of amplitude

A

Loudness

64
Q

Normal range is 0-120 dB (damage at prolonged 100dB +)

A

Loudness

65
Q

perception of different frequencies

A

Pitch

66
Q

Normal human range is from 20–20,000 Hz

A

Pitch

67
Q

The higher the frequency, the ___ the pitch

A

higher

68
Q

Sound waves vibrate the ___, thus pushing / vibrating the ___ and
subsequently amplifying the pressure

A

tympanic membrane, ossicles

69
Q

The stapes pushes against the ___, creating fluid waves in the ___

A

oval window, scala vestibuli

70
Q

The flexible round window bulges outward, allowing fluid to move in ___

A

waves

71
Q

Sounds in the hearing range pass through the ___, vibrating the ___.
This movement sets up shearing forces that deflect the embedded stereocilia

A

cochlear duct, basilar membrane

72
Q

Moving hair cells create___potentials which lead to ___Ps

A

graded, action

73
Q

Sound waves of low/high frequency (> or < 20 Hz; inaudible) do not affect the cochlear duct
-Travel around the apex and therefore do not excite hair cells

A

low, less than

74
Q

Audible sound waves will/will not vibrate the basilar membrane
-Excite specific hair cells located according to the frequency of the sound

A

will

75
Q

Higher frequency waves deflect the short and stiff basilar membrane fibers near/far from the
oval window

A

near

76
Q

Mid and low frequency waves deflect longer basilar membrane fibers further down/up
the cochlea, closer to the apex

A

further down

77
Q

Age-related stiffening of the joints of the ossicles, so can’t vibrate as fast;
subsequent loss of high frequency hearing

A

Otosclerosis

78
Q

Bending of the stereocilia embedded in the gel-like tectorial membrane

A

Excitation of Hair Cells in the Organ of Corti (Spiral Organ)

79
Q

Bending stereocilia:

1) Opens ____ gated ion channels

A

1) Mechanically

80
Q

Bending sterocilia:

2) Causes a ___ potential (with subsequent release of the neurotransmitter glutamate)

A

graded

81
Q

Bending stereocilia:

3) ___ travel along the cochlear nerve afferent fibers (at the base of the hair cells)

A

AP’s

82
Q

Transmission of Sound in Ear: Overview

1. Sound waves vibrate ___ membrane

A

Tympanic

83
Q
  1. Auditory ossicles vibrate. Pressure is ___
A

amplified

84
Q
  1. Pressure waves created by the ___ pushing on the oval ___ move through the perilymph in the scala ____.
A

stapes
window
vestibuli

85
Q
  1. Sounds in the hearing range go through the cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells. The moving hair cells stimulate transduce to graded potentials that will ultimately send APs along the ___ nerve.
A

cochlear

86
Q

audible sound waves

A

20-20,000 Hz

87
Q

stereocilia are embedded in gel-like

A

tectorial membrane

88
Q

5) Impulses from the choclea pass via the spiral ganglion to the ___ nuclei of the medulla.

A

cochlear

89
Q

6) Axons will project to and synapse at

A

a. Superior olivary nucleus (pons/medulla)

- involved with directional hearing

90
Q

6)) Axons will project to and synapse at

A

Inferior colliculus

auditory reflex center

91
Q

7) From there, impulses pass to the ___ cortex via the thalamus

A

Auditory Cortex

92
Q

Look at p 51 of the powerpoint on hearing

A

okay

93
Q

Part of brain that

- provides conscious awareness of sound, including loudness, pitch and direction

A

Auditory Cortex

94
Q

Part of brain that

  • Some (but not all) auditory pathways decussate so that both cortices receive input from both ears
  • this is how we “localize” the source of the soundn
A

Auditory Cortex

95
Q

Part of brain that:

-Stores memories of sounds

A

Auditory Association Cortex

96
Q

Multiple ___ regions, including Wernicke’s, involved with language ___

A

cortex; comprehension

97
Q

something hampers sound conduction to the fluids of the inner ear
(e.g. impacted cerumen, perforated eardrum, otitis media [middle ear infection], otosclerosis)

A

Conduction deafness

98
Q

results from damage to the neural structures at any point from
the cochlear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells

A

Sensorineural deafness

99
Q

provides a sense of hearing for someone who is profoundly deaf but
has a functioning auditory nerve

A

Cochlear Implants

100
Q

ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli

A

Tinnitus

101
Q

Due to
-cochlear nerve degeneration,
-inflammation of middle or internal ears,
-side effects of aspirin (and many other ototoxic drugs),
-exposure to loud sounds over extended
period of time (concerts, earbud-style headphones with volume too high)

A

Tinnitus

102
Q

equilibrium receptors in the vestibule and semicircular canals

A

Vestibular Apparatus

103
Q

(maculae in vestibule) monitor static equilibrium

A

Vestibular receptors

104
Q

(cristae ampulares) monitor dynamic equilibrium

A

Semicircular Canal Receptors

105
Q

___ macula in each saccule wall and ___ macula in each utricle wall

A

One; One

Static Equilibrium

106
Q

Monitor the static position of the head in space, necessary for the control of posture

A

Maculae and Static Equilibrium

107
Q

Will also respond to linear acceleration forces, but not rotation
-Example: speeding up in a car on the road, traveling in a straight line

A

Maculae and Static Equilibrium

108
Q

Contain supporting cells and hair cells

A

Maculae and Static Equilibrium

109
Q

Each hair cell bundle has ___ stereocilia and a single ___ embedded in the ___ membrane

A

many sterocilia; single kinocilium; otholithic membrane

110
Q

Gel-like mass studded with tiny CaCO3 stones called otoliths

A

otolithic membrane

111
Q

tiny CaCO3 stones

A

otoliths

112
Q

add weight to the gel membrane so that it shifts along the surface of
the hair cells with position changes

A

Otoliths

113
Q

Dendrites of ___ nerve fibers encircle the base of the hair cells

A

vestibular

114
Q

Macula in the utricle responds to ___ movement

A

horizontal

115
Q

Macula in the saccule responds to ___ movement

A

vertical

116
Q

Otolithic membrane movement which bends the hair cells (within a hair bundle) in the direction of the ___

A

kinocilium

Activating the Macula

117
Q

Hair cells trasduce signal which ___ vestibular nerve fibers

A

depolarizes

118
Q

Thus, ___ the frequency of action potentials generated in the ___ nerves

A

increases; vestibular

119
Q

Movement in the opposite direction (hair cells bend ___ from the kinocilium)

  • Hyperpolarizes vestibular nerve fibers
  • Reduces the rate of impulse propagation
A

away

120
Q

From the increase/decrease in impulse frequency, the brain is informed of the changing position of the head

A

truth.

121
Q
  1. Nerve impulses generated in the ___ fiber
A

vestibular

122
Q
  1. When hairs bend toward the kinocilium, the hair cell depolarizes, exciting the nerve fiber, which generates ___ frequent action potentials.
A

more

123
Q
  1. When hairs bend away from the kinocilium, the hair cells hyperpolarizes, inhibiting the nerve fiber, and ___ the action potential frequency
A

decreasing

124
Q

One ___ in the ampulla of each semicircular canal

A

Crista

125
Q

Respond to rotational/angular movements

A

Crista Ampullares of Semicircular canals

126
Q

Contain supporting cells and hair cells

A

Crista Ampullares of Semicircular canals

127
Q

Each ___ has support cells and hair cells

A

crista

128
Q

Each hair cell bundle has ___ stereocilia and a single ___ embedded in gel-like mass called CUPULA.

A

many

Kinocilium

129
Q

Dendrites of ___ nerve fibers encircle the base of the hair cells

A

Vestibular

130
Q

Cristae respond to changes in _____ of the head

A

Velocity of rotatory movements

Activating the Crista Ampullaris

131
Q

When rotating/spinning, endolymph flows in the ___ direction of the spin

A

opposite

132
Q

Reminder: each plane of rotation is represented by a

A

different semicircular canal

133
Q

Endolymph flow over the cupula bends the embedded ___ in the cristae, Causes ___, and a ___ frequency of impulses

A

hairs
depolarization
high

134
Q

Once the spinning stops, the ___changes direction over the cupula

  • Hair cells bend in the opposite direction
  • Causes ___ and ___ frequency of impulses
A

endolymph
hyperpolarization
lower

135
Q

The result is that the brain is informed of ___ movements of the head

A

rotational

136
Q

Equilibrium pathways are coplex and ___ traced

A

incompletely

137
Q

Impulses travel directly to the reflex centers of the ___ in the brain stem and/or the ___
- both receive simultaneous inputs from the visual receptors and proprioceptors (eyes, muscles, and joints)

A

vestibular nuclei

cerebellum

138
Q

Fast input which permits a Fast reflexive response

  • doesn’t proceed to thalamus/cerebral cortex
  • Permits our body to respond reflexively and quickly
A

Equilibrium Pathways

139
Q

Reflex Output

Extrinsic Eye Muslce Control for eye movement

A

Cranial Nerves

III, IV, V

140
Q

Reflex Output

___ nerve and ___ tract control for neck movements to change the position of the head in space

A

Accessory nerve

Vestibulospinal tract

141
Q

Labyrinth disorder that affects both the cochlea and the semicircular
canals, causing vertigo, nausea, and vomiting (and usually severe tinnitus)

A

Meniere’s Syndrome

142
Q

The rapid beating of the eyes following rapid & repeated rotatory movements

A

Nystagmus

143
Q

Vestibular system interprets your head as “spinning” but your visual inputs show your
head has stopped spinning

A

Nystagmus

144
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A

BPPV

145
Q

Loose otoliths enter the semicircular canal

A

BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo)

241 A&P (19 decks)

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