Quizlet Flashcards
Besides P450, what are 2 other common enzymes?
Monoamine oxidase and flavin-containing monooxygenases
Laser striking a matrix of small molecules that makes the analyte molecules into the gas phase without causing fragmentation of decomposition, the matrix and analyte molecules converted into gas move towards the detector, analyte molecules will be ionized by nearby matrix molecules.
MALDI
First, the sample is mixed with a suitable matrix material and applied to a metal plate. Second, a pulsed laser irradiates the sample, triggering ablation and desorption of the sample and matrix material. Finally, the analyte molecules are ionized by being protonated or deprotonated in the hot plume of ablated gases, and then they can be accelerated into whichever mass spectrometer is used to analyze them
MALDI
7 examples of protein ppt reagent
Organic solvents, Zinc sulfate in MeOH, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, perchloric acid, trichloroacetic acid, sodium tungstate, ammonium sulfate
What ionization gas is commonly used in chemical ionization?
Methane and Ammonia Gas
Energized (ionized) by inductively heating the gas with an electromagnetic coil, and contains a sufficient concentration of ions and electrons to make the gas electrically conductive. Can be used for metals.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Ionization
What are the 4 nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol?
EtG, EtS, Phosphatidylethanol (Peth), fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE)
Used to analyze nonpolar and moderately polar compounds; has an interface that uses photons emitted by a light source to ionize analytes
APPI
HILIC stand for?
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
Antidote for cyanide poisoning?
Amyl nitrate inhalation with IV sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate > combination forms methemoglobin
The process in which drugs and metabolites excreted into the bile, enter the intestines and are reabsorbed into the bloodstream
Enterohepatic Circulation
Chemical waster that is produced by your muscle metabolism
Creatinine
What is the pH range of the stomach?
1.0-3.5
Volume in which the amount of toxicant would need to be uniformly dissolved in order to produce an observed blood concentration
Volume of Distribution
Enteral route of administration refers to…
Giving a drug via the GI tract. Includes: sublingually, orally, rectally
In general, how many half lives does it take for a drug to be completely eliminated?
6 half lives
What is the Cockroft-Gault formula?
Determine creatinine clearance
What part of the breath is the only acceptable breath sample (ethanol)?
End-Expiratory Breath
What factors affect bioavailability?
Drug solubility, Drug Concentration, Surface area, Blood Supply, pH
Name 3 compounds that can produce methamphetamine as a metabolite?
Benzphetamine, Selegiline, Famprozazone
What are the major constituents of opium?
Morphine, Noscapine, Paraverine, Codeine, Thebaine
What 2 drugs will produce heroin like effects?
Pentazocine and Tripelennamine
What is the most recent synthetic opioid- 2008?
Tapentadol
Order of potency, less to more: Fentanyl analogs
Alfentanil,Remifentanil, Sufentanil, Carfentanil, Lofentanil
Acetylation of morphine
Heroin
How long can 6MAM be detected in urine after exposure?
2-8 hours
Typical opioid pKa values are
7.6-8.9
What is the Fujiwara color test used for?
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Test used for presumptive positive of salicylate?
Trinders
What is the pKa of GHB?
4.72
Group of drugs that are used to treat patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder; they work at the 5-HT1A receptor
Azapirones
Structurally similar to phenobarbital
Glutethimide
Uses glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. G6P-DH binds to antibody and is inhibited > NO DRUG. Drug binds to the antibody and prevents G6P-DH from binding, remains active > DRUG. G6P-DH converts NAD to NADH which causes a signal
EMIT
Fluorescein binds to drug which is bound to antibody. Cannot rotate freely and polarized light absorbed is emitted > DRUG
Fluorescein rotates freely and polarized light emitted is reduced > NO DRUG
FPIA
Uses E. coli beta galactosidase. Activity of the enzyme requires enzyme acceptor and enzyme donor. Active enzyme hydrolyzes chlorophenolred-beta-galactosidase to chlorophenolred and galactose.
CEDIA
When there is so much drug that it produces either a lower response or a false negative
HOOK EFFECT
LLE
- protein precipitation
- add immiscible organic solvent
- pH adjustment to make the drug enter the organic solvent > makes unionized – 2pH units below pKa or above for amines)
Barbs major structural modification site
C5
Short acting benzos
Midazolam and Triazolam
Intermediate acting benzos
Alprazolam, Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam
What is the equation for electromagnetic radiation?
Wavelength x Frequency = c (speed of light)
Hydrocarbons of the analytes in a sample are burned by the flame and produce ions. Not detect inorganic compounds.
FID
Octanol-water partition coefficient. It is a measure of how hydrophilic or hydrophobic a molecule is.
LogP
What solvents are often used to extract basic substances via ion-pair extraction?
Chloroform and Dichloromethane
Major opiate alkaloids class obtained from the opium poppy.
Phenanthrenes
The part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system
Epitope
At 3 standard deviations, _____ of all results fall within this range.
99.6%
At 2 standard deviations, _____ of all results fall within this range.
95.4%
At 1 standard deviations, _____ of all results fall within this range.
68.2%
Uses a radioactive beta particle; used for halogenated compounds.
ECD
Hot bead emits e-. Nitrogen and Phosphorus are absorbed on the bead, which increases the current.
NPD
An e- is expelled during a collision with other energetic e-‘s, resulting in the molecule becoming a positive ion.
Electron Ionization
e- ionize a reagent gas that comes in contact with the compounds, resulting in molecular ions.
Chemical Ionization
Analytes undergo evaporation, which leaves them charged. When the charged molecule exceeds the Raleigh Stability Limit, the droplets fragment and you are left with charged ions.
Electrospray Ionization
12 Common Synthetic Cannabinoids
JWH018, JWH073, UR144, AKB48APINACA, BB22, PB22CUPIC, 5FLUOROPB225FPB22, ABFUBINACA, ADBPINACA, ABCHMINACA, ABPINACA, ADBICA, XLR11
Cannabinol is approximately ___ as psychoactive as THC.
10%
Common synthetic cathinones
Methcathinone, Mephedrone, Methylone, Buphedrone, Pyrovalerone, Alpha-PvP, MDPV, Bupropion
What is Lambert’s equation?
Log (1/T) = A
T = transmittance A = absorbance
Emission of light from molecules that have been excited to a higher energy level after absorption of electromagnetic radiation
fluorescence
Labeled antigens added and bind to the antibodies. Any labeled unbound antigens are washed/removed. Sample is added and if there is antigen present, it will competitively bind to antibody and displace labeled antigens. Equilibrium is reached and washed a second time to remove any unbound labelled/unlabeled antigens. Radioactivity is recorded to determine how much drug is in the sample.
RIA
A calculated value used to compare the ability of stationary phases to separate different classes of compounds. It can be used to predict elution order.
McReynolds Constant
The introduction of an acyl (RCO-) to a molecular through the substitution of an active hydrogen. Ideal for polar molecules containing hydroxyls, thiols, or amines > converts to esters thioesters and amides
Acylation
3 examples of common acylation reagents
TFAA, PFAA (or PFPA), HFBA (or HFAA)
A qualitative characteristic of an assay that denotes the assay’s ability to detect and correctly identify an analyte in samples
Efficiency
In a suspected chronic poisoning, the best single specimen for elucidation of heavy metals
Hair
Specimen that can concentrate certain drugs, ex benzos
Bile
Reacts with nitrogenous bases in TLC
Iodoplatinate
Dragendorff’s reagent
Color test for nitrogenous bases
Indoylalkylamines
B-carbolines, Ergolines (LSD), a-methyltryptamines, Tryptamines (psilocin)
Metabolite of Phenytoin
HPPH
Detectors used for CO analysis
TCD and FID
