Misc Flashcards
Which of the following is not a narcotic analgesic?
Levorphanol
Oxycodone
Fentanyl
Dextromethorphan
Hydromorphone
Dextromethorphan
Oxazepam is a metabolite of:
Nitrazepam
Clorazepate and clonazepam
Flurazepam
Diazepam and flurazepam
Chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and clorazepate
Chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and clorazepate
Alcohol is:
Distributed throughout the total body water
Metabolized by the kidneys
A mild stimulant
Largely excreted unchanged
Metabolized by lactate dehydrogenase
Distributed throughout the total body water
The relationship that exists between the weight of alcohol distributed between the air phase and the aqueous phase in a closed system at equilibrium is described as:
Henry’s Law
Widmark’s Law
Charles’ Law
Dubowski’s Law
Levine’s Law
Henry’s Law
Hemolysis is a characteristic toxic effect of which of the following?
Arsine
Thallium
Mercury
Lead
Nickel
Arsine
The concentration of ethanol in the blood can be estimated from urine. A urine ethanol concentration of 260 mg/dL is equivalent to a post-absorptive blood ethanol level of:
260 mg/dL
200 mg/dL
130 mg/dL
348 mg/dL
65 mg/dL
200 mg/dL
Knowing the Volume of Distribution (Vd) of a drug and its plasma concentration (Cp), it is possible to estimate the administered dosage (D) by using the formula:
D=Cp x Vd
D = Cp / Vd
D = Vd / Cp
D = 0.693 / Cp x Vd
D = 0.693 x Cp
D=Cp x Vd
This container type does not contain any preservative:
Red top tube
Royal blue top tube
Green top tube
Gray top tube
Lavender top tube
Red top tube
In performing a benzodiazepine test, the ability of a method to distinguish between diazepam and other benzodiazepines is a function of its:
Precision
Reproducibility
Specificity
Accuracy
Sensitivity
Specificity
The following drug is frequently analyzed in plasma specimens by GC-NPD is:
Ethanol
Doxepin
Chlordane
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Acetone
Doxepin
Drug A is more polar than Drug B. In a reverse-phase chromatography system:
Drug A has a longer retention time than Drug B
Drug A elutes before Drug B
Increasing the polarity of the mobile phase means Drug B and Drug A elute at the same retention time
Increasing the polarity of the mobile phase means Drug B elutes before Drug A
Drug A elutes after Drug B
Drug A elutes before Drug B
Which one of the following compounds is a conjugating agent used by the human liver in detoxification metabolism?
Hyaluronic acid
Aspartic acid
Lactic acid
Benzoic acid
Glucuronic acid
In a zero-order process:
Drugs are eliminated at the same rate as a first-order processes
A half-life cannot be determined
The amount of drug eliminated from the body occurs at an inconsistent rate
A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time
A constant fraction of drug is eliminated per unit time
A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time
One way to increase the migration of a non-polar solute on a non-polar adsorbent is to:
Add more polar solvent
Decrease the amount of solute
Increase the volume of solvent mixture
Add a more non-polar solvent
None of the above
Add a more non-polar solvent
Which one of the following analytical methods gives the most information about the structure of organic compounds?
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Fluorimetry
Gas chromatography
Flame photometry
Infrared spectrophotometry
Infrared spectrophotometry
The Henderson-Hasselbach equation is used to calculate the pH of pOH of a solution containing a:
Buffer system
Salt of a strong acid and strong base
Salt of a weak acid and strong base or a salt of a strong acid and weak base
Weak acid or weak base
Strong acid or strong base
Buffer system
An electron-capture detector measures:
The number of coulombs consumed
A decrease in standing current
A decrease in radioactivity
An increase in radioactivity
An increase in standing current
A decrease in standing current
The injection port of a gas chromatography is generally kept at a temperature:
At a temperature just hot enough to produce instantaneous evaporation of the entire sample
300 degrees higher than the oven temperature
100-200 degrees lower than the oven temperature
At the same temperature as the initial oven temperature
25-50 degrees lower than the oven temperature
At a temperature just hot enough to produce instantaneous evaporation of the entire sample
An n-demethyl metabolite of cocaine produced by liver cytochrome p450:
Methylecgonidine
Ethylcocaine
Ecgonine methyl ester
Benzoylecgonine
Norcocaine
Norcocaine
A transesterification product formed when cocaine is used with alcohol:
Benzoylecgonine
Ecgonine methyl ester
Norcocaine
Ethylcocaine
Methylecgonidine
Ethylcocaine
A homogenous immunoassay where the label attached to the drug is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase:
ELISA
EMIT
FPIA
CEDIA
KIMS
EMIT
Removal of the liquid mobile phase in LC-MS is a process called:
Dissociation
Electrospray ionization
Desolvation
Chemical ionization
Atmospheric pressure ionization
Desolvation
These are the two main functions of the LC-MS interface:
Desolvation and ionization
Dissociation and ionization
Desolvation and dissociation
Desolvation and ion isolation
Ionization and ion isolation
Desolvation and ionization
In MS/MS analysis, this quadrupole functions as the collision cell:
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q2
In a first-order process:
Drugs are eliminated at the same rate as a first-order processes
The amount of drug eliminated from the body occurs at an inconsistent rate
A half-life cannot be determined
A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time
A constant fraction of drug is eliminated per unit time
A constant fraction of drug is eliminated per unit time
The main purpose is to increase the water solubility of compounds to facilitate elimination:
Phase I metabolism
First-pass effect
Hepatic excretion
Phase II metabolism
Renal excretion
Phase II metabolism
When performing a liquid/liquid extraction the pH should be adjusted to create:
Salts
Non-ionized drug
Amphoteric drug
Ionized drug
Isoelectric drug
Non-ionized drug
Microorganism activity in whole blood can be prevented by the addition of this substance:
EDTA
Potassium oxalate
1% sodium citrate
1% sodium fluoride
Lithium heparin
1% sodium fluoride
When testing for CO by Conway diffusion a solution containing this substance is added to the center well:
Sodium hydrosulfite
1% o-cresol and ammonium hydroxide
Palladium chloride
Sulfuric Acid
Trinder reagent
Palladium chloride
The addition of this substance reduces oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin to hemoglobin while leaving carboxyhemoglobin unaffected:
Sulfuric Acid
Trinder reagent
1% o-cresol and ammonium hydroxide
Sodium hydrosulfite
Palladium chloride
Sodium hydrosulfite
The acetylation of morphine yields this substance:
Norcodeine
Hydromorphone
6-acetylmorphine
Codeine
Heroin
Heroin
The collection of blood in a collection container with this preservative can produce falsely elevated GHB concentrations:
Lithium heparin
1% sodium fluoride
Potassium oxalate
Citrate
1% sodium citrate
Citrate
The type of LC when the stationary phase is very polar and the mobile phase has low polarity:
Normal phase chromatography
Non-polar phase chromatography
Polar phase chromatography
Gradient elution chromatography
Reverse phase chromatography
Normal phase chromatography
The type of MS where only a few mass-to-charge ratios are monitored:
Full scan
Collision-induced dissociation
Full monitoring
Selected ion monitoring
Specific ion monitoring
Selected ion monitoring
When preparing samples, one sample inadvertently had 1/2 the internal standard added. One approach to obtain the drug concentration in the sample is to:
Divide the raw result by 2.5
Multiply the raw result by 2
Divide the raw result by 2
Multiply the raw result by 2.5
Divide the raw result by 0.5
Divide the raw result by 2
This substance produces a metabolic acidosis with severe visual disturbances leading to blindness:
Ethanol
Methanol
Isopropanol
Acetone
Ethylene glycol
Methanol
This substance produces a metabolic acidosis with hypocalcemia and calcium oxalate crystalluria:
Methanol
Isopropanol
Acetone
Ethanol
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol
This substance binds Hb about 200 times more strongly than oxygen:
Arsine
CO
CN
As
COHb
CO
Treatment for overdose includes naloxone:
Cocaine
Opiates
Benzodiazepines
PCP
Ethanol
Opiates
True/False: Blood and plasma concentrations are not necessarily equivalent with many toxicants
True
True/False: Heroin is an active drug even before it is metabolized to 6-acetylmorphine.
False
True/False: Cocaine metabolism is an example of ester hydrolysis.
True
True/False: Alcohol has an affinity for water and distributes itself throughout the body organs and tissues in proportion to their water content.
True
True/False: Blood alcohol concentration is proportional to the volume of alcohol consumed, but inversely related to the volume of distribution in an individual.
True
True/False: Small amounts of CN may be produced during long-term refrigerated storage of whole blood specimens.
True
True/False: Heroin is rapidly inactivated in blood by hydrolysis to 6-acetylmorphine and morphine.
False
True/False: Carboxyhemoglobin saturation of the blood can be determined by oxidation of the oxyhemoglobin to hemoglobin.
False
True/False: The approximate blood:breath concentration ratio for ethanol is 1:2100.
False
True/False: Carbon monoxide poisoning causes a characteristic blue-green coloration of the skin.
False
Advantages of IV injection include:
Blood concentrations are not affected by apparent volume of distribution
Serum protein binding has less effect on pharmacokinetics
Avoids first pass metabolism
Can regulate dose by rate of infusion
C and D
C and D
A characteristic feature of any form of chromatography is the:
Calculation of an Rf value for the separated analytes
Use of a mobile and a stationary phase
Use of an inert carrier gas
Separation of analytes that soluble in water
All of the above
Use of a mobile and a stationary phase
This is an important determinant of renal elimination of PCP:
Blood pH
Urine pH
Hepatic function
Route of administration
Volume of Distribution
Urine pH
A standard containing acetone is injected on a gas chromatograph at 50°C. The acetone produces a peak at 4.2 minutes. A sample is then injected on the same gas chromatograph. There are peaks at 3.1, 4.2 and 7.4 minutes. In can be concluded that:
The mixture has three components, but acetone is not one of them
The mixture has at least three components, one of which must be acetone
The mixture has at least three components, one of which might be acetone
The mixture has three components, one of which must be acetone
The mixture has at least three components, but acetone is not one of them
The mixture has at least three components, one of which might be acetone
The process by which a compound is chemically changed, producing a new compound that has properties more amenable to a particular analytical method:
Derivatization
Phase I metabolism
Phase II metabolism
Reduction
Sulfation
Derivatization
Silylation, acylation and alkylation:
Three basic types of derivatization used in ion-exchange chromatography separations
Three basic types of derivatization used in all chromatography separations
Three basic types of derivatization used in gas chromatography separations
Three basic types of derivatization used in liquid chromatography separations
Three basic types of derivatization used in ion chromatography separations
Three basic types of derivatization used in gas chromatography separations
To separate neutral drugs from alkaline drugs in an organic solvent after a simple extraction, the analyst would:
Filter the solvent
Employ a pH 7.5 buffer wash of the solvent
Evaporate the solvent to dryness
Extract the solvent with 0.1N HCl
Centrifuge to solvent
Extract the solvent with 0.1N HCl
The most effective method for distinguishing between d- and l- methamphetamine without using a chiral derivatizing agent is:
Liquid Chromatography
Mass spectrometry
Ultraviolet spectrophotometry
Gas chromatography
ELISA
ELISA
Drugs that tend to produce very low serum concentrations at therapeutic doses are:
Acidic drug (e.g., barbiturates)
Neutral drugs (e.g., meprobamate)
Volatile substances (e.g., ethanol)
Alkaline drugs (e.g., desipramine)
A and D
Alkaline drugs (e.g., desipramine)
How long approximately would it take for a person with a post-absorption blood alcohol concentration of 0.30% to metabolize all the alcohol in his body?
0.30% is not compatible with life
20 hours
2 hours
200 hours
7.5 hours
20 hours
After an acute dose of cocaine, brain concentrations of this neurotransmitter increase rapidly and then decrease to below normal concentrations:
Glutamate
Dopamine
GABA
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
This substance is the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana:
Cannabidiol
Cannabinol
11-OH-THC
Delta-9-carboxy THC
Delta-9 THC
Delta-9 THC
If the lipid solubility of a barbiturate is increased:
The potency of the drug and the duration of action decreases
The duration of action increases
The potency of the drug is decreased, but the duration of action increases
The potency of the drug is increased, but the duration of action decreases
The potency of the drug is decreased
The potency of the drug is increased, but the duration of action decreases
The degree of response in an immunoassay to a substance other than the analyte of interest:
Avidity
Cross-reactivity
Accuracy
Affinity
Efficiency
Cross-reactivity
The main diuretic effect of ethanol is due to:
The increase in the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone
The inhibition of the secretion of the diuretic hormone
The increase of the secretion of the diuretic hormone
The inhibition of the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone
None of the above
The inhibition of the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone
LSD is in this hallucinogen category:
Tryptamines
Ergolines
Beta-carbolines
Phenylalkylamines
Indolyalkylamines
Indolyalkylamines
The actions of PCP of this neurotransmitter system are thought to account for the main effects on behavior:
NMDA
Dopaminergic
Adrenergic
GABA
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
This effect is observed in approximately 50% of PCP intoxications:
Coma
Rhabdomyolysis
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Hyperthermia
Hypertension
Hypertension
This drug has some medicinal value, but with a high potential for abuse:
GHB
Cocaine
Marijuana
Morphine
PCP
Cocaine
This substance has been used as a marker for poppy seed ingestion:
Papaverine
Thebaine
Acetylcodeine
Morphine-3-glucuronide
6-acetylmorphine
Thebaine
This is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and has two subtypes:
GABA
Dopamine
Flumazenil
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
GABA
Conjugation with glucuronide acid:
Makes the analyte less polar
Makes the analyte more non-polar
Phase I metabolism
Creates more pharmacologic active metabolites
Phase II metabolism
Phase II metabolism
This drug is frequently used for detoxification and maintenance of opioid dependence persons:
Naloxone
Methadone
Clonazepam
Alprazolam
Naltrexone
Methadone
Carbon monoxide is:
Heavier than air
A smelly, dangerous gas
A cardiac sensitizer
Impossible to measure by gas chromatography
None of the above
None of the above
True/False: The metabolism of diazepam to nordiazepam is an example of an oxidative reaction.
True
True/False: If a weakly basic drug is given by intravenous injection, you may assume that it will not be found in the stomach.
False
True/False: Cyanide exhibits its toxic effects by producing the same type of hypoxia as carbon monoxide.
False
True/False: In medicine, the LD50 of a drug is always greater than its ED50.
True
True/False: Isopropyl alcohol is more toxic than methyl alcohol.
False
True/False: Aspirin is rapidly hydrolyzed in the blood to salicylate.
True
True/False: Acidic and neutral drugs generally produce higher serum concentrations at therapeutic dosages than do alkaline drugs.
True
True/False: The deposition of any toxic substance in bone renders it harmless.
False
True/False: Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbiturate.
True
True/False: Metabolites are generally more polar and exhibit greater water solubility than their parent substances.
True
When blood is unavailable and carboxyhemoglobin testing is required the next best specimen to use is:
Liver
Bile
Vitreous
Kidney
Spleen
Spleen
Under SAMHSA guidelines, a test result may be “Rejected for Testing” due to:
The presence of glutaraldehyde
A Fatal Flaw
Abnormal physical characteristics
Abnormal pH
Immunoassay interference
A Fatal Flaw
The apparent volume of distribution is:
The theoretical volume that would be necessary to contain the total amount of an administered drug at the same concentration that it is observed in the blood.
The theoretical volume that would be necessary to contain half the amount of an administered drug at the same concentration that it is observed in the blood.
The theoretical volume that would be necessary to contain half the amount of an administered drug at the same concentration that it is observed in the tissue.
The theoretical volume that would be necessary to contain the total amount of an administered drug at the same concentration that it is observed in the tissue.
The theoretical volume that would be necessary to contain the total amount of an administered drug at the same concentration that it is observed in the blood.
What organ is responsible for metabolism in the first pass effect?
Kidney
Liver
Spleen
Brain
Heart
Liver
This prolongs the persistence of a drug in the body and may lead to delayed toxicity:
Absorption
Bioavailability
Enterohepatic circulation
First pass metabolism
First order elimination
Enterohepatic circulation
If a drug is ___ % bound to plasma proteins, only 90% can exhibit biological activity.
15%
50%
95%
85%
10%
10%
The 3-o-methylation of morphine to produce codeine yields a drug that:
Has greater lipid solubility
Is a weaker narcotic analgesic
Is partially metabolized to morphine
All of the above
None of the above
All of the above
Cyanide produces toxicity by:
Displacement of oxygen from the body
Inhibition of rhodanase
Irritation of mucous membranes
Binding to the iron of methemoglobin
Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase
Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase
Hypertension, hyperthermia, delirium and convulsions would most likely be observed after overdosage with:
Alcohol
Diazepam
Morphine
Amphetamine
Pentobarbital
Amphetamine
The following is seen in severe salicylate poisoning:
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperpyrexia
Tinnitus
All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following statements is most correct?
Lead absorbed by the body tends to accumulate
Lead can be detected by the Fujiwara test
Any amount of lead in the body is considered serious
Tolerance to lead develops with continued exposure
Most cases of lead poisoning result from accidental ingestion of lead-containing drugs
Lead absorbed by the body tends to accumulate
This drug acts as a competitive GABA antagonist in humans:
Diazepam
GHB
Flumazenil
Zolpidem
Flurazepam
Flumazenil
GHB may only be detected a maximum of __ hours in blood and __ hours in urine.
8, 10
4, 12
4, 6
8, 12
2, 8
8, 12
In a patient with a blood barbiturate concentration of 30 mcg/mL, one would expect to observe:
Hypotension
Unable to determine without more information
Death
Coma
Respiratory depression
Unable to determine without more information
Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine and thioridazine are:
Dibenzoxazepines
Benzamides
Dihydroindoles
Phenothiazines
Thioxanthenes
Thioxanthenes
In people who smoke the carboxyhemoglobin concentration may be has high as:
2%
10%
4%
20%
15%
10%
The primary target organ of cyanide is:
The liver
The lungs
The bone marrow
The heart
The brain
The brain
The major pathway of detoxification of cyanide is by:
Binding to iron in the hemoglobin molecule
Enzymatic conversion to cyanogenic glycosides
Enzymatic conversion thiosulfate
Hydrolytic conversion to thiocyanate
Enzymatic conversion to thiocyanate
Enzymatic conversion to thiocyanate
This is a common sequel to long-term, high dose use of stimulants:
Convulsions
Hallucinations
Flashbacks
Lethargy
Progression from oral to intravenous drug use
Convulsions
This drug has been used to reduce the effects of alcohol withdrawal:
Clonazepam
Temazepam
Diazepam
Flumazenil
Lorazepam
Diazepam
In spectrophotometry, a linear relationship is usually apparent between:
Percent transmittance and analyte concentration
Absorbance and analyte concentration
Log %T and log C
All of the above
None of the above
Absorbance and analyte concentration
The first forensic toxicologist in the United States is believed to have been:
Morris
L. Umberger
M. Orfilla
R. Harger
A. Gettler
A. Gettler
The first text written on the subject of forensic toxicology was contributed by:
M. Orfilla
J. March
L. Umberger
A. Gettler
R. Harger
M. Orfilla
Clonazepam is relatively unstable in postmortem specimens due to:
The acidic pH of postmortem blood
The basic pH of postmortem blood
Thermal degradation only
Bacterial and thermal degradation
UV sensitivity
Bacterial and thermal degradation
The use of this technology for the analysis of ethanol in breath has become a mainstay in evidential breath-testing devices:
AAFS
Diode-array detection
Graphite furnace
UV-VIS spectrophotometry
IR
IR
The operation of this GC detector is uses a radioactive beta particle source to measure the degree of electron capture:
FID
PFPD
ECD
TCD
NPD
In this GC detector electrodes are placed adjacent to a flame fueled by hydrogen / air near the exit of the column, and when carbon containing compounds exit the column they are pyrolyzed by the flame:
PFPD
NPD
FID
ECD
TCD
FID
This GC detector is useful for analysis of drugs and pesticides containing phosphorous:
NPD
ECD
FID
PFPD
TCD
NPD
The Vd for a drug that is completely retained in the vascular compartment would be:
Low
High
Low
The Vd for a drug highly bound in peripheral tissues would be:
High
Low
High
Codeine is best assayed as a:
Neutral drug
Amphoteric drug
Acidic drug
Alkaline drug
None of the above
Alkaline drug
Which of the following drugs would exhibit its minimal solubility in water at pH 8.5:
Amphetamine
Morphine
Heroin
Salicylic acid
Codeine
Morphine
One of the most common methods for the analysis of ethanol in hospital laboratories uses:
Potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Alcohol hydrogenase
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
When the effects of ethanol are perceived to be greater when the blood ethanol concentration is ascending as opposed to descending:
Henry’s Law
Harbinger Effect
Widdemer Effect
Ulster’s Law
Mellanby Effect
Mellanby Effect
When ethanol concentration increases beyond 30%, irritation of the mucosa of the GI tract occurs. This affects gastric emptying:
Not at all
In individuals with gastric motility disorders
By increasing it
By delaying it
None of the above
By delaying it
The precision and accuracy in measurement of an analyte under a variety of analytical conditions:
Reproducibility
Variance
Robustness
Recovery efficiency
Stability
Robustness
The most common mass analyzers:
Ion trap
Collision Induced
Quadrupole
Magnetic Sector
Time-of-Flight
Quadrupole
In this type of assay, the labeled antigen in the reagent competes with unlabeled antigen in the patient sample for binding sites on the antibody.
Competitive
Non-competitive
Immunoassays
All of the above
None of the above
Competitive
What is the cross-reactivity (%) of 500 ng/mL fentanyl added to an assay where the apparent concentration of the target drug (morphine) is 100 ng/mL?
0.01%
20%
0.1%
100%
1%
20%
Enzyme activity of G6P-DH decreases when the attached drug is bound to antibody.
CEDIA
FPIA
ELISA
KIMS
EMIT
EMIT
A substance that stimulates an animal lymphocyte to produce an antibody that specifically binds to it.
Antibody
Hapten
Antigen
Antigenic determinant
Analyte
Antigen
Nordiazepam accumulates in plasma during administration of:
Nitrazepam
Temazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
Oxazepam
Flurazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
The respiratory clearance of carbon monoxide from blood under normal atmospheric conditions is approximately:
10% per hour
25% per hour
50% per hour
70% per hour
90% per hour
10% per hour
Decomposed postmortem blood samples can produce amines which often can produce false positive in this immunoassay.
Cocaine
Opiates
Oxycodone
Cannabinoids
Amphetamines
Amphetamines
The term used when several different precursor-product ion pairs are monitored:
Simultaneous reaction monitoring
Multiplied reaction monitoring
Selected reaction monitoring
Multiple reaction monitoring
Selected ion monitoring
Multiple reaction monitoring
Using a combination of __________ and __________ on the sets of diagonally opposed rods allows only ions of a single m/z value to pass through the analyzer.
Radio Frequency
Radio Frequency and DC voltages
AC and DC voltages
DC voltages
Radio Frequency and AC voltages
Radio Frequency and DC voltages
This drug has mixed agonist-antagonist properties:
Methadone
Tramadol
Buprenorphine
Codeine
Fentanyl
Buprenorphine
This is the carrier gas of choice to maximize sensitivity:
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Helium
Helium
The methamphetamine antibody binds methamphetamine in a sample more strongly than the labeled amphetamine. This is an example of:
Competitive binding
The Hook effect
Cooperative binding
Non-cooperative binding
Non-competitive binding
Cooperative binding
Half Life of 6MAM
0.6 hours
What are the metabolites of cocaine?
EME, Norcocaine, BE, Ethylcocaine, Methylecgonidine
Extraction pH of Cocaine
8-11
Half Life of BE
7.5 hours
Half Life of EME
3.6 hours
