Quiz on Seeds, and AMF (mini-exam 3 content)

Question 1

In a mature seed, the plumule is made up of what 3 structures?

Answer 1

epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem

p. 636

Question 2

Most seeds are durable enough to last _ ____ or ___ until conditions are favorable for germinating.

Answer 2

a year or two

p. 636

Question 3

Seed germination is initiated by imbibition. What is this?

Answer 3

uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed

p. 637

Question 4

What causes the hypocotyl to straighten?

Answer 4

exposure to light

p. 637

Question 5

Vegetative growth, including both primary and secondary growth, arises from the activity of ____________ cells.

Answer 5

meristematic

Question 6

What is a fruit?

Answer 6

the mature ovary of a flower

Question 7

The embryos of monocot have how many cotyledons?

Answer 7

1

Question 8

What type of plants have a specialized cotyledon called a scutellum?

Answer 8

grasses, including maize and wheat

p. 636

Question 9

The embryo of a grass seed in enclosed within 2 protective sheathes: a ________, which covers the young shoot, and a ________, which covers the young root. Both structures aid in soil penetration after germination.

Answer 9

coleoptile
coleorhiza

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Question 10

The term mycorrhizae means….

Answer 10

….”fungus roots”.

Question 11

What do the fungi get from the plant, and what does the plant get from the fungi?

Answer 11

The plant gets minerals, particularly phosphate ions, and the fungus gets carbohydrates, which the plant is better at synthesizing.

Question 12

Fungal hyphae extend from the mantle into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for water and _______ absorption. Hyphae also grow into the root cortex, forming an __________ network within the extracellular spaces that facilitates nutrient exchange.

Answer 12

mineral
apoplastic

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Question 13

Of the 10% of plant families that have species that form ectomycorrhizae, the majority are _____, including members of the pine, birch, and eucalyptus families.

Answer 13

woody

Question 14

Arbuscular mycorrhizae, or endomycorrhizae, are more common than ectomycorrhizae and are found in over __% of plant species, including most crops.

Answer 14

85%

Question 15

Garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, a native of Europe, has been introduced into the forests of the eastern half of the U.S., where it suppresses the growth of native species. How are these mustard plants unique?

Answer 15

They do not form mycorrhizal associations, and they slow the growth of other plant species by preventing the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.