Ch 26: The Colonization of Land

Question 1

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No ___________ exhibit alternation of generations.

Answer 1

charophytes

Question 2

Homoplasies and shared derived traits/ancestral traits are ________ _________.

Answer 2

mutually exclusive

Question 3

The process of meiosis produces _______ cells.

Answer 3

haploid

These products of meiosis contain one complete set of chromosomes.

Question 4

Which of the following structures are haploid?

zygote
spores
sporophyte
egg
gametophyte

Answer 4

Spores, gametophytes, and eggs.

Spores, which are haploid, grow by mitosis to become haploid gametophytes. The gametophyte produces eggs by mitosis; eggs are also haploid.

Question 5

The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in _____; the sporophyte develops on the body of a gametophyte, where it lives for a briefer time than the gametophyte’s life span.
In ferns, the sporophyte is ________; the gametophyte is tiny and short-lived. Both mosses and ferns have swimming sperm that require moisture to reach an egg.

Answer 5

mosses

dominant

Question 6

The first fossilized spores that we have are likely ___ million years old.
The first sporophyte tissue appear in the fossil record ___ million years ago.
The first evidence of _________ appear 425 million years ago.

Answer 6

478
450
sporangia

Question 7

Rhizoids are not ____ _____; they do not take up water, nutrients, or minerals because they are not _________, but they do help to hold the plant in place.

Answer 7

true roots

vascular

Question 8

Challenges faced by plants moving from water to land:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (lack of water)
gravity
no water currents (for reproduction)
UV \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
nutrient absorption
temperature changes more dramatic

Answer 8

desiccation

radiation

Question 9

The lineage leading to fungi diverged from the lineage leading to plants more than ___ _______ years ago. In contrast, the fungal and animal lineages diverged more recently.

Answer 9

1.2 billion

Question 10

The fungi are more closely related to ________ than plants.

Answer 10

animals

Question 11

Fungi are _____________, but they do not ingest food, but rather they secrete digestive enzymes into the environment, and then absorb nutrients after the molecules are broken down.

Answer 11

heterotrophic

Question 12

Fossilized terrestrial fungi appear in the fossil record > ___ millions years ago.

Answer 12

460

Question 13

The mushroom is the reproductive structure, the ________ is the feeding structure.

Answer 13

mycelium

Question 14

What is the term for fungi that form an association which plants?

Answer 14

mycorrhizae

Question 15

The ___________ are the only present-day algae that share certain distinctive traits with plants, a fact that suggests that they are the closest living relatives of plants.

Answer 15

charophytes

Question 16

Several adaptations that facilitate survival and reproduction on dry land emerged after plants diverged from their algal relatives. Examples of such traits that are found in plants but not in the charophyte algae include the following:

Alternation of generations. This type of life cycle, consisting of multicellular forms that give rise to each other in turn, is described in Figure 26.6.

Walled spores produced in sporangia. The sporophyte stage of the plant life cycle has multicellular organs called sporangia (singular, sporangium) that produce spores (Figure 26.7). The polymer ____________ makes the walls of these spores resistant to harsh environments, enabling plant spores to be dispersed through dry air without harm.

Apical meristems. Plants also differ from their algal relatives in having apical meristems, localized regions of ____ ________ at the tips of roots and shoots (see Figure 28.16). Apical meristem cells can divide throughout the plant’s life, enabling its roots and shoots to elongate, thus increasing the plant’s exposure to environmental resources.

Answer 16

sporopollenin

cell division

Question 17

In the case of symbiosis between plants and fungi, note that the fungus goes into the cell wall, but does not pierce the ______ _________.

Answer 17

plasma membrane

Question 18

In the case of symbiosis between plants and fungi, the fungus benefits by getting _______ _________ (carbohydrates), and the plant gets improved delivery of nutrients (e.g. phosphate).

Answer 18

organic nutrients

Question 19

Not all fungi make _________.

Answer 19

mushrooms

Question 20

What advantages did plants have that colonized land?

Answer 20

more sunlight
more CO2
less competition

Question 21

One of the adaptations of plants to reduce desiccation, was formation of:
dependent embryos, being protected from environment.
Walled spores are resistant to drying – sporopollenin in walls.
Waxy outer coating of the plant called a cuticle, prevents evaporation of water from the surface of the plant into the environment.

Answer 21

cuticle

Question 22

Sporopollenin is a shared _________ trait of plants, because this feature is present in also in charophytes.

Answer 22

ancestral

Question 23

Guard cells and stomata

Some non-vascular plants LACK guard cells - stomata are always open.

Answer 23

j

Question 24

Some non-vascular plants do not have guard cells and their stomata are always open. What is the consequence of this situation?

Answer 24

These plants would be able to live only in damp environments because otherwise they’d lose too much water.

Question 25

What types of plants lack guard cells?

Answer 25

mosses and liverworts (?)

Question 26

Vascular tissue allows for long-distance transfer of materials.

xylem – transports water & minerals
phloem – transports sugar, nutrients

Answer 26

d

Question 27

Adaptations for water and nutrient transport include vascular tissue and roots.

Answer 27

d

Question 28

Nonvascular plants have root-like structures that anchor them in place, but these are not true roots, and they do not function as efficiently as a true root does.

Answer 28

d

Question 29

Vascular tissue also provides support, allows plant to grow taller.
Image: xylem cell walls stiffened with a material called ______.

Answer 29

lignin

Question 30

Taller plants have more access to ________, and are able to spread their spores/seeds farther.

Answer 30

sunlight

Question 31

Vascular plants have true leaves. Leaves increase the surface area that the plant has. This gives plant more access to sunlight, more surface area for gas exchange.

Answer 31

d

Question 32

Leaves provide plants an advantage when competing for light because they increase the surface area of the plant that can intercept the light. What is a disadvantage of having high surface area in the leaves?

Answer 32

High surface area increases water loss across the leaves.

Question 33

The most important adaptation is ______. (?)
Gymnosperms “naked” and “seed” –
Angiosperms are the flowering plants, “angio” means vessel, sperm means “seed”

Answer 33

seeds

Question 34

Megaspore – female gametophyte

Enclosed in the ovule (from sporophyte)

Answer 34

f

Question 35

Microspore – male gametophyte = pollen grain, produced by a male cone

Answer 35

f

Question 36

What are adaptations specific to seed plants?

Answer 36

microscopic gametophytes in seed plants – they are well-protected from desiccation and UV radiation and other threats, deep within the sporophyte tissue.

Question 37

Why are pollen, ovules, and seeds important?

Pollen is resistant to desiccation, other damage
Ovule: protected in sporophyte, surrounded by integument/ seed coat.
Developing embryo is inside a seed.

Answer 37

kk

Question 38

Big takeaway for seed plants:

Seed plants are no longer dependent on WATER for reproduction.

Answer 38

ll

Question 39

Seeds replaced ______ as the main mode of dispersal.

Answer 39

spores

Question 40

Spores are single-celled
Sporopollenin –> protects, but for a shorter period of time
They lack ______ ____.

Answer 40

stored food

Question 41

Seeds, in contrast, are _____-______.
Their tough outer covering can help the seed survive for days to years.
They contain stored food.

Answer 41

multi-celled

Question 42

Arrange the following categories of plants from most inclusive to least inclusive:

1. ) embryophytes
2. ) green plants
3. ) seedless vascular plants
4. ) ferns

Answer 42

2. ) green plants
3. ) embryophytes
4. ) seedless vascular plants
5. ) ferns

Question 43

What feature do bryophytes lack?

Answer 43

vascular tissue

Question 44

Which 3 groups of plants are considered bryophytes (nonvascular plants)?

Answer 44

liverworts
mosses
hornworts

(See Figure 26.18 on p. 538)

Question 45

What does the term embryophyte encompass?

Answer 45

This is the alternate name for plants that refers to their shared derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

glossary

Question 46

Seed plants include _______ and _______.

Answer 46

angiosperms and gymnosperms

Question 47

The term mycorrhizae means ______ ______.

Answer 47

fungus roots

p. 535

Question 48

Which event in the typical life cycle of sexually reproducing fungi involves transition from a haploid to a diploid stage?

Answer 48

karyogamy

Question 49

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the “embryophytes”?

Answer 49

plantae

Question 50

If a pollen grain germinates (begins growing), it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule. Living bryophytes are typically found in moist habitats because they have flagellated sperm that must swim through a film of water to fertilize an egg. The sperm of ferns and all other seedless vascular plants are also flagellated and must swim through a film of water to reach eggs.
In contrast, in _______ and _______ groups, the sperm no longer have to swim to reach the female gametophyte.

Answer 50

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 51

The sexual portion of a fungal life cycle typically occurs in two stages. First, the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia fuse, an event known as _______. Hours, days, or (in some fungi) even centuries may pass between _______ and the next stage in the sexual cycle, karyogamy. During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing _______ cells.

Answer 51

plasmogamy
plasmogamy

diploid

Question 52

Monilophytes are the ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns. Along with the lycophytes, these make up the _______ ________ _______. The lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts.

Answer 52

seedless vascular plants

Question 53

Xylem and phloem are found in the vascular plants, which include lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissue that distinguish all vascular plants from nonvascular plants.

Answer 53

j

Question 54

Of the major groups of fungi that are recognized by most mycologists, which includes species that produce mushrooms?

Answer 54

Basidiomycetes

Question 55

In contrast to plants, the cell walls of fungi are composed of ______. This material is identical to the that found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.

Answer 55

chitin

Question 56

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always produces _______.

Answer 56

spores

Question 57

The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into ______.

Answer 57

seeds

Question 58

The part of the flower that receives the pollen is the ______.

Answer 58

stigma

Remember, the sticky stigma

Question 59

During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the __________ to the __________.

Answer 59

anther
stigma

p. 544