Ch 30: Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Question 1

Carpels and stamens are reproductive organs; ______ and ______ are sterile. A carpel (megasporophyll) has an ovary at its base and a long, slender neck called the style. At the top of the style is a sticky structure called the ______ that captures pollen. Within the ovary are one or more ovules; the number depends on the species.

Answer 1

sepals and petals

stigma

Question 2

________ flowers have all four basic floral organs. Some species have incomplete flowers, lacking sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels.

Answer 2

Complete

Question 3

What is meant by the term ‘simple pistil’?

Answer 3

It means there is a single unfused carpel. There can be multiple unfused carpels/simple pistils.

Question 4

What are the 2 variations of fused carpels (compound pistils)?

Answer 4

multiple stigmas (one stigma from each carpel, with a single fused ovary)

Lobed stigma (one lobe from each carpel) – a cross section of a compound ovary would show one chamber from each carpel

Question 5

Are grasses considered incomplete or complete flowers?

Answer 5

incomplete – they lack petals

Question 6

Flowers also vary in size, shape, color, odor, organ arrangement, and time of opening. Some are borne singly, while others are arranged in showy clusters called _________.
These produce clusters of fruit called __________.

Answer 6

inflorescences

infructescences

Question 7

Since the reproductive success of wind-pollinated angiosperms does not depend on attracting ________, there has been no selective pressure favoring colorful or scented flowers. Accordingly, the flowers of wind-pollinated species are often small, green, and inconspicuous, and they produce neither nectar nor _____.

Answer 7

pollinators

scent

Question 8

What important pollinator is not actually native to North America?

Answer 8

honeybees - these are European or Asian

Question 9

Many bee-pollinated flowers, such as the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), have markings called “nectarguides” that help insects locate the nectaries; some of these markings are visible to human eyes only under ________ light.

Answer 9

ultraviolet

Question 10

In addition to carrying pollen on their bodies, bees can eat pollen and feed pollen to their young.

Answer 10

**

Question 11

Bees are attracted to bright colors, primarily ______ and ______. Red appears dull to them, but they can see ultraviolet radiation.

Answer 11

yellow and blue

Question 12

Bird-pollinated flowers, such as columbine flowers, are usually large and bright ____ or ____, but they have little odor since many birds do not have a well-developed sense of smell.

Answer 12

red or yellow

Question 13

Plants that are pollinated by bats tend to open __ _____. Many _____ are pollinated by bats.

Answer 13

at night

cacti

Question 14

In aggregate fruit, each small sphere is one _____. Every carpal becomes a ________. The hairy projections on the outside are the remnants of the stigma and the style.

Answer 14

ovary

fruitlet

Question 15

Pineapple is an example of a ________ fruit. Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower.
Pineapples grow from an _____________.

Answer 15

multiple

inflorescence

Question 16

Apples are an ________ fruit. The receptacle of the flower becomes the fleshy part of the fruit that we eat. The core of the apple is the ovary with the seeds.

Answer 16

accessory

Question 17

Bell pepper Facebook post –

Answer 17

“Male fruit” doesn’t make any sense. The fruit is the mature ovary.

Question 18

Wind is important for seed dispersal.
Some seeds and fruits are attached to umbrellalike ”parachutes” that are made of intricately branched hairs and often produced in puffy clusters. These dandelion ”seeds” (actually ________ fruits) are carried aloft by the slightest gust of wind.

Answer 18

one-seeded

Question 19

What are the different ways seeds can be dispersed?

Answer 19

by animals
by wind
by attaching to people/animals

Question 20

Inside the anther is a __________ (pollen sac), with microsporocytes (2n).

Answer 20

microsporangium

Question 21

Inside a flower’s ovule is the __________ (2n). By ______, both the anthers and the ovules produce microspores and megaspores (n).

Answer 21

megasporangium

meiosis

Question 22

The carpel is also known as a __________, and the stamen is also known as a __________.

Answer 22

megasporophyll

microsporophyll

Question 23

The anther (part of the stamen) makes a 2n _________, which produces by meiosis, a male gametophyte (n) in the pollen grain, which becomes a microspore (n). Microspores are in fact, microscopic.

Answer 23

microsporocyte

Question 24

In the female megasporangium (2n), 4 megaspores (n), are made, but only how many survive?

Answer 24

1

Question 25

Inside the megaspore, there are polar (2) ______, which are haploid, and an egg (n)

Answer 25

nuclei

Question 26

The nucleus of a developing endosperm is ________. It provides nutrition to the embryo, which is diploid.

Answer 26

triploid (3n)

Question 27

The seed coat is _______, and is from the mother. We refer to this process as ______ fertilization.

Answer 27

diploid (2n)

double

Question 28

Each pollen grain contains ___ sperm cells.
one sperm + one egg –> zygote (2n)
one sperm + 2 polar nuclei –> endosperm (3n)

This process is why we refer to it as double fertilization.

Answer 28

two

Question 29

Asexual reproduction may be known as ________ reproduction in plants. May also be known as budding, or fragmentation.

Answer 29

vegetative

Question 30

Review of stolons (Ch 28) – they are stems which can give rise to new plants (plantlets)

Answer 30

**

Question 31

Define apomixis (pertains to dandelions)

Answer 31

asexual production of seeds –

Question 32

Comparison of asexual and sexual reproduction:

sexual reprod produces genetically diverse offspring, but asexual does not.

Answer 32

Asexual – all of their own alleles are present in the offspring.
Sexual – only half of the alleles are present.

Question 33

offspring size/vigor is stronger in asexual reproduction, weed survival can be low in sexual reproduction, (but dormancy can be a +)

Answer 33

Asexual reprod – dispersal usually limited

Sexual reprod – higher dispersal, but seeds can be carried further distances.

Question 34

A pollinator is not needed in asexual reproduction, a pollinator is sometimes needed in sexual reproduction.

Answer 34

Asexual reproduction is the best strategy when environment is stable/ homogenous.

Sexual reproduction is the best strategy when the environment changes over time or space / heterogeneous.

Question 35

Grafting is the joining of one plant to another. What is one example of this being used?

Answer 35

Grapes – graft desirable fruit stock (stems) to disease-resistant root stock

Question 36

Grape species and strains vary in resistance to Phylloxera• Graft desired scion onto resistant rootstock

Answer 36

**

Question 37

What does totipotent mean?

Answer 37

Any kind of plant tissue can develop into any other kind of plant tissue (if supplied with the right hormones).

Question 38

Human modification of plants – Transgenic plants.

Answer 38

**

Question 39

What is the physical basis of the phototropic response?

Answer 39

The phototropic response is based on cell elongation.

Question 40

True or false? Auxin is asymmetrically distributed in shoots because the auxin on the side of the plant facing the source of light is destroyed.

Answer 40

False. Auxin is asymmetrically distributed in shoots because the auxin on the side of the plant facing the source of light moves to the side of the plant away from the light.

Question 41

Where does the majority of stem growth in a plant occur?

Answer 41

The majority of stem growth in a plant occurs at the apical meristem.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about hormones is true?

Hormones are produced at the sites where they are needed.
Hormones can function at very low concentrations.
Hormones are small inorganic molecules.
Hormones are produced only in plants.

Answer 42

Hormones can indeed function at very low concentrations.

Question 43

Which term describes the direction of auxin transport in a plant?

Bidirectional
Multidirectional
Polar
Circular

Answer 43

Auxin transport is polar; it always travels downward.

Question 44

How does auxin produce gravitropism in a plant that is placed on its side?

Answer 44

Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and inhibits elongation of cells in that region.

Question 45

How does auxin produce phototropism?

Answer 45

Auxin accumulates in (redistributed to) cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and stimulates their elongation.

Question 46

Regardless of where in the world a vineyard is located, in order for the winery to produce a Burgundy, it must use varietal grapes that originated in Burgundy, France. The most effective way for a new California grower to plant a vineyard to produce Burgundy is to….

a. ) transplant varietal Burgundy plants from France.
b. ) graft varietal Burgundy grape scions onto native (Californian) root stocks.
c. ) cross French Burgundy grapes with native American grapes.
d. ) plant seeds obtained from French varietal Burgundy grapes.
e. ) acquire a tissue culture of varietal Burgundy grapes from France.

Answer 46

b.) graft varietal Burgundy grape scions onto native (Californian) root stocks.

Question 47

What is endosperm?

Answer 47

via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo

Question 48

Fruits evolved primarily as structures specialized to _____.

Answer 48

disperse seeds

Question 49

Which of these represents the male gametophyte generation of an angiosperm?

An anther
Cells within a pollen grain
The ovule

Answer 49

cells within a pollen grain

Question 50

Which of these represents the female gametophyte generation of an angiosperm?

An embryo sac
An ovary
An ovule

Answer 50

The tiny embryo sac within the ovule of an angiosperm represents the female gametophyte generation.