Ch 28: Vascular Plant Structure and Growth

Question 1

The suffix (-phyll) refers to ______.

Answer 1

leaves

Question 2

-plasm

Answer 2

formed substance

Question 3

chloro-

Answer 3

green

Question 4

apic-

Answer 4

top, highest

Question 5

meso-

Answer 5

middle

Question 6

cortex

Answer 6

outer layer, bark

Question 7

scler-

Answer 7

tough, hard

Question 8

bio-

Answer 8

life

Question 9

co-

Answer 9

with or together

Question 10

endo-

Answer 10

inside, inner

Question 11

stoma

Answer 11

mouth or opening

Question 12

epi-

Answer 12

outside, outer

Question 13

-phyte

Answer 13

plant

Question 14

oo- or ov-

Answer 14

egg

Question 15

inter-

Answer 15

between

Question 16

-trop-

Answer 16

change, turn, move

Question 17

hypo-

Answer 17

below

Question 18

-fer

Answer 18

to bear, to carry

Question 19

peri-

Answer 19

around

Question 20

-gen-

Answer 20

to produce

Question 21

trans-

Answer 21

across

Question 22

cuti

Answer 22

skin

Question 23

neutr-

Answer 23

of neither gender or type

Question 24

_______ ______ is the method by which roots and shoots are elongated in all vascular plants.

Answer 24

PRIMARY GROWTH

Question 25

_______ ______ is the method by which woody plants grow in thickness. Only some plants do this.

Answer 25

SECONDARY GROWTH

Question 26

SECONDARY GROWTH is accomplished by two cylinders if dividing cells called ________ ________.

Answer 26

LATERAL meristems

Question 27

PRIMARY GROWTH is accomplished by groups of undifferentiated cells at the tips of the roots and shoots called ______ _________.

Answer 27

APICAL meristems

Question 28

The majority of growth in width is due to increases in the number of cells added by the ______ cambium.

Answer 28

VASCULAR

Question 29

Secondary growth produced by the ________ ________ is bidirectional due to cells being added to both sides of the cambium layer.

Answer 29

VASCULAR CAMBIUM

Question 30

The vascular cambium generates _____ cells to the inside and ______ cells to the outside.

Answer 30

xylem

phloem

Question 31

The majority of cells added during secondary growth are _____ CELLS.

Answer 31

XYLEM

Question 32

The tissue that is commonly referred to as “wood” in a woody plant is composed of _____ _____ formed from the vascular cambium.

Answer 32

XYLEM CELLS

Question 33

True or False: The oldest secondary vascular cells (xylem or phloem) are the farthest from the vascular cambium layer.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or False:
The vascular cambium and cork cambium start actively dividing only after primary growth in that area of a root or shoot has stopped.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

True or False:
Due to the single direction of growth produced by the cork cambium, the oldest cork cells are closest to the cork cambium.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

True or False:

The lateral meristems add to the thickness of roots and shoots, but the cambium layers do not increase in circumference.

Answer 36

False, cambium layers DO increase in circumference

Question 37

The apical meristem is a region of undifferentiated cells located at the tips of all roots and shoots. For instance, division of cells in the apical meristem add cells to the root, and as those cells grow, they increase the length of the root. Predict the result if the apical meristem cells from a shoot were removed and then grafted onto a mature region of a shoot.

Answer 37

The shoot region in which the apical meristem cells were removed will no longer be capable of growing in length. The mature region in which the apical meristem cells were grafted will form a new shoot.

Question 38

Which tissue(s) make(s) up the bark of the woody stem shown here?

Answer 38

Bark includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, the most recent periderm, and all the older layers of periderm.

Question 39

Roots are almost never photosynthetic; they starve unless __________, the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis, are imported from the shoot system. Conversely, the _____ system depends on the water and minerals that roots absorb from the soil.

Answer 39

photosynthates

shoot

p. 586

Question 40

A plant’s main vertical root is called the _______. In plants with taproots, the role of absorption is restricted largely to the tips of _______ _____.

Answer 40

taproot
lateral roots

p. 587

Question 41

Taxonomists split angiosperms into 2 major clades: ________ typically have a single cotyledon (seed leaf), whereas _________ typically have two.

Answer 41

monocots
eudicots

p. 585

Question 42

What is the key difference between the root systems of monocots and eudicots?

Answer 42

monocots have fibrous roots, and the primary root that emerges from the germinating seed dies early on and does not form a taproot.
eudicots usually have a taproot present.

p. 586-587

Question 43

In most plants, the absorption of water and minerals occurs primarily near the tips of elongating roots, where vast numbers of ____ _____ emerge and increase the surface area of the root enormously.

Answer 43

root hairs

p. 587

Question 44

What is an adventitious root?

Answer 44

This terms describes a plant organ that grows from an unusual source, such as roots arising from stems or leaves.

p. 587

Question 45

The aerial, adventitious roots of maize (corn) are prop roots, so named because they….

All roots of a mature maize plant are adventitious whether they emerge above or below ground.

Answer 45

….support tall, top-heavy plants.

p. 587

Question 46

All plant organs – roots, stems, and leaves – are composed of 3 fundamental tissues types:

Answer 46

dermal
vascular
ground

Question 47

Xylem’s role is to….

Answer 47

…conduct water and dissolved minerals upwards from the roots into the shoots.
↑

Question 48

Phloem’s role is to….

Answer 48

….transport sugars, the products of photosynthesis, from where they are made (usually the leaves), to where they are needed or stored – usually roots and sites of growth, such as developing leaves and fruits.

p. 590

Question 49

A leaf is made up of the ______ and the _____. The petiole connects the blade to the stem.

Answer 49

petiole and blade

Question 50

The flower is also known as a __________ shoot.

Answer 50

reproductive

Question 51

Most terrestrial plant roots also form _______ _______, symbiotic interactions with soil fungi that increase a plant’s ability to absorb minerals and nutrients.
They can also form symbiotic relationships with prokaryotes.

Answer 51

mycorrhizal associations

Question 52

Mangroves and cypress trees use their roots for gas exchange, forming ___________. By projecting above the water’s surface, they enable the root to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the thick waterlogged mud.

Answer 52

pneumatophores

Question 53

Strangler fig tree – rely on birds to scatter their seeds. The birds consume the seeds and drop their excrement elsewhere, which contain the seeds. These trees have ______ roots.

Answer 53

aerial

Question 54

When below ground, it’s called a rhizome, when above ground, it’s called a ______.
In strawberries, ______, (also known as runners) are elongated stems that produce daughter plants that are used to propagate. Plantlets grow from axillary buds along each runner.

Answer 54

stolon

stolons

Question 55

The spines of a cactus are actually _______ _______.

Since the spines are the leaves, in cacti, photosynthesis is performed by the ____.

Answer 55

modified leaves

stem

Question 56

Plantlets allow a plant to reproduce _______.

Answer 56

asexually

Question 57

The ___ _____ encloses and protects the apical bud until it’s time to grow.

Answer 57

bud scale

The apical bud is responsible for lengthening the twig.

Question 58

The ___ ____ is where the apical bud grew from one growing season (usually one year) ago.

Answer 58

bud scar

Question 59

Many plants have _______ growth, meaning that they grow throughout their life.

Answer 59

indeterminate

Question 60

The apical bud exerts _______ _______ over axillary buds. (It prevents them from making branches.)
The closer they are, the stronger the dominance. Branches tend to form farther away from apical buds.

Answer 60

apical dominance