Ch 28: Vascular Plant Structure and Growth Flashcards
The suffix (-phyll) refers to ______.
leaves
-plasm
formed substance
chloro-
green
apic-
top, highest
meso-
middle
cortex
outer layer, bark
scler-
tough, hard
bio-
life
co-
with or together
endo-
inside, inner
stoma
mouth or opening
epi-
outside, outer
-phyte
plant
oo- or ov-
egg
inter-
between
-trop-
change, turn, move
hypo-
below
-fer
to bear, to carry
peri-
around
-gen-
to produce
trans-
across
cuti
skin
neutr-
of neither gender or type
_______ ______ is the method by which roots and shoots are elongated in all vascular plants.
PRIMARY GROWTH
_______ ______ is the method by which woody plants grow in thickness. Only some plants do this.
SECONDARY GROWTH
SECONDARY GROWTH is accomplished by two cylinders if dividing cells called ________ ________.
LATERAL meristems
PRIMARY GROWTH is accomplished by groups of undifferentiated cells at the tips of the roots and shoots called ______ _________.
APICAL meristems
The majority of growth in width is due to increases in the number of cells added by the ______ cambium.
VASCULAR
Secondary growth produced by the ________ ________ is bidirectional due to cells being added to both sides of the cambium layer.
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
The vascular cambium generates _____ cells to the inside and ______ cells to the outside.
xylem
phloem
The majority of cells added during secondary growth are _____ CELLS.
XYLEM
The tissue that is commonly referred to as “wood” in a woody plant is composed of _____ _____ formed from the vascular cambium.
XYLEM CELLS
True or False: The oldest secondary vascular cells (xylem or phloem) are the farthest from the vascular cambium layer.
True
True or False:
The vascular cambium and cork cambium start actively dividing only after primary growth in that area of a root or shoot has stopped.
True
True or False:
Due to the single direction of growth produced by the cork cambium, the oldest cork cells are closest to the cork cambium.
False
True or False:
The lateral meristems add to the thickness of roots and shoots, but the cambium layers do not increase in circumference.
False, cambium layers DO increase in circumference
The apical meristem is a region of undifferentiated cells located at the tips of all roots and shoots. For instance, division of cells in the apical meristem add cells to the root, and as those cells grow, they increase the length of the root. Predict the result if the apical meristem cells from a shoot were removed and then grafted onto a mature region of a shoot.
The shoot region in which the apical meristem cells were removed will no longer be capable of growing in length. The mature region in which the apical meristem cells were grafted will form a new shoot.
Which tissue(s) make(s) up the bark of the woody stem shown here?
Bark includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, the most recent periderm, and all the older layers of periderm.
Roots are almost never photosynthetic; they starve unless __________, the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis, are imported from the shoot system. Conversely, the _____ system depends on the water and minerals that roots absorb from the soil.
photosynthates
shoot
p. 586
A plant’s main vertical root is called the _______. In plants with taproots, the role of absorption is restricted largely to the tips of _______ _____.
taproot
lateral roots
p. 587
Taxonomists split angiosperms into 2 major clades: ________ typically have a single cotyledon (seed leaf), whereas _________ typically have two.
monocots
eudicots
p. 585
What is the key difference between the root systems of monocots and eudicots?
monocots have fibrous roots, and the primary root that emerges from the germinating seed dies early on and does not form a taproot.
eudicots usually have a taproot present.
p. 586-587
In most plants, the absorption of water and minerals occurs primarily near the tips of elongating roots, where vast numbers of ____ _____ emerge and increase the surface area of the root enormously.
root hairs
p. 587
What is an adventitious root?
This terms describes a plant organ that grows from an unusual source, such as roots arising from stems or leaves.
p. 587
The aerial, adventitious roots of maize (corn) are prop roots, so named because they….
All roots of a mature maize plant are adventitious whether they emerge above or below ground.
….support tall, top-heavy plants.
p. 587
All plant organs – roots, stems, and leaves – are composed of 3 fundamental tissues types:
dermal
vascular
ground
Xylem’s role is to….
…conduct water and dissolved minerals upwards from the roots into the shoots.
↑
Phloem’s role is to….
….transport sugars, the products of photosynthesis, from where they are made (usually the leaves), to where they are needed or stored – usually roots and sites of growth, such as developing leaves and fruits.
p. 590
A leaf is made up of the ______ and the _____. The petiole connects the blade to the stem.
petiole and blade
The flower is also known as a __________ shoot.
reproductive
Most terrestrial plant roots also form _______ _______, symbiotic interactions with soil fungi that increase a plant’s ability to absorb minerals and nutrients.
They can also form symbiotic relationships with prokaryotes.
mycorrhizal associations
Mangroves and cypress trees use their roots for gas exchange, forming ___________. By projecting above the water’s surface, they enable the root to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the thick waterlogged mud.
pneumatophores
Strangler fig tree – rely on birds to scatter their seeds. The birds consume the seeds and drop their excrement elsewhere, which contain the seeds. These trees have ______ roots.
aerial
When below ground, it’s called a rhizome, when above ground, it’s called a ______.
In strawberries, ______, (also known as runners) are elongated stems that produce daughter plants that are used to propagate. Plantlets grow from axillary buds along each runner.
stolon
stolons
The spines of a cactus are actually _______ _______.
Since the spines are the leaves, in cacti, photosynthesis is performed by the ____.
modified leaves
stem
Plantlets allow a plant to reproduce _______.
asexually
The ___ _____ encloses and protects the apical bud until it’s time to grow.
bud scale
The apical bud is responsible for lengthening the twig.
The ___ ____ is where the apical bud grew from one growing season (usually one year) ago.
bud scar
Many plants have _______ growth, meaning that they grow throughout their life.
indeterminate
The apical bud exerts _______ _______ over axillary buds. (It prevents them from making branches.)
The closer they are, the stronger the dominance. Branches tend to form farther away from apical buds.
apical dominance
