Ch 33: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

All animals eat _____ _________. Microorganisms are also an unavoidable “supplement” in every animal’s diet.

Answer 1

other organisms

p. 698

Question 2

An adequate diet must satisfy what 3 nutritional needs?

Answer 2

1. ) chemical energy for cellular processes
2. ) building blocks for large organic molecules
3. ) essential nutrients

p. 699

Question 3

To build the complex molecules it needs to grow, maintain itself, and reproduce, an animal must obtain two types of organic molecules from its food: a source of organic ______ (such as sugar) and a source of organic _______ (such as protein).

Answer 3

carbon
nitrogen

p. 699

Question 4

What is the definition of an essential nutrient?

Answer 4

A substance that an organism requires but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules.

p. 699

Question 5

All organisms require a standard set of 20 amino acids to make a complete set of proteins. Plants and microorganisms normally can produce all 20. Most animals can synthesize about half of these amino acids. The remaining amino acids must be obtained from the animal’s food in prefabricated form and are therefore called ________ _____ _____. In many adult animals, including humans, _ of the 20 amino acids are required in the diet.

Answer 5

essential amino acids
8

p. 699

Question 6

Albert von Szent-Györgyi discovered vitamin _, and once quipped that “a vitamin is a substance that makes you ill if you don’t eat it”.

Answer 6

B

Question 7

How many B vitamins are there?

Answer 7

8

Question 8

Vitamin C is required for the production of _______ ______. Vitamin K is important in blood clotting. Vitamin E is an antioxidant and helps prevent damage to ___ ________. Vitamin A is incorporated into visual pigments of the eye, and vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone formation.

Answer 8

connective tissue

cell membranes

Question 9

Among humans, the most common type of malnutrition is _______ __________.

Answer 9

protein deficiency

p. 700

Question 10

Food processing involves 4 stages:

Answer 10

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

p. 700

Question 11

Rather than a gastrovascular cavity, animals with complex body plans have a digestive tube with two openings: a mouth and an anus. Such a tube is called a complete digestive tract, or more commonly, an ___________ _____. Digestive which happens in this tube is _____cellular.

Answer 11

alimentary canal
extracellular

p. 702

Question 12

Saliva contains a large amount of _______, which breaks down starch and glycogen. This is possibly because it release food particles stuck to teeth, thereby reducing the nutrients available to microorganisms living in the mouth. In other words, it benefits our dental health.

Answer 12

amylase

Question 13

Carbohydrate digestion is begun in the oral cavity/pharynx/esophagus by salivary amylase, and continued in the stomach. In the stomach, proteins are broken down into small polypeptides by _______.

Answer 13

pepsin

Question 14

The chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by _________ ____.

Answer 14

hydrochloric acid

p. 704

Question 15

Digested food provides animals with chemical energy to fuel metabolism and activity. In turn, the flow and transformation of energy in an animal—its _________—determine nutritional need. Energy extracted from nutrients is converted to ATP by cellular respiration and fermentation.

Answer 15

bioenergetics

Question 16

The sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time is called its _______ rate. Energy is measured in joules or in calories and kilocalories; 1  kcal=1, 000 cal= 4,184 J. (The unit Calorie, with a capital C, as used by many nutritionists, is actually a kilocalorie.) Because nearly all chemical energy used eventually appears as heat, metabolic rate can be measured by monitoring an animal’s rate of ____ ____.

Answer 16

metabolic

heat loss

Question 17

Some of the energy consumed by animals is lost to ____, lost in feces, and lost in _________ waste.

Answer 17

heat

nitrogenous

Question 18

The minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing __________ that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). BMR is measured under a “comfortable” temperature range—a range that requires no generation or shedding of heat above the minimum.

Answer 18

endotherm

Question 19

For ECTOtherms, we use the ….

Answer 19

….standard metabolic rate.

Question 20

The minimum metabolic rate of ectotherms is determined at a specific temperature because changes in the environmental temperature alter body temperature and therefore metabolic rate. The metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed _________ at rest at a particular temperature is called its standard metabolic rate (SMR).

Answer 20

ectotherm

Question 21

Comparisons of minimum metabolic rates confirm that endothermy and ectothermy have very different energy costs. The BMR per day for adult humans averages 1,600-1,800 kcal for males and 1,300-1,500 kcal for females. These BMRs are about equivalent to the rate of energy use by a 75-watt incandescent lightbulb. In contrast, the SMR of an American alligator is about __ kcal per day at 20°C (68°F), less than the energy used by a comparably sized adult human.

Answer 21

60!

Question 22

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectotherm, the least reliable indicator of an animal’s metabolic rate is:

a. The amount of food eaten in one day.
b. The amount of heat generated in one day.
c. The amount of oxygen used in mitochondria in one day.
d. The amount of carbon dioxide produced in one day.
e. The amount of water consumed in one day.

Answer 22

e. The amount of water consumed in one day.