Quiz 9 - Vascular Disease and Hypertension

Question 1

A thrombus can develop when:

a. intravascular conditions promote coagulation.
b. the flow of blood in the vessels is slowed.
c. obstructions cause blood to pool.
d. all the above.

Answer 1

d. all the above.

Question 2

A 65-year-old female presents to the emergency department (ED) complaining of difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:

a. cerebral vessels.
b. renal arteries.
c. inferior vena cava.
d. aorta.

Answer 2

d. aorta.

Question 3

Most cases of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are diagnosed as ________ hypertension.

a. primary
b. secondary
c. congenital
d. acquired

Answer 3

a. primary

Question 4

Orthostatic hypotension refers to a sustained drop in blood pressure with:

a. exertion.
b. eating.
c. standing up
d. lying down.

Answer 4

c. standing up

Question 5

Resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel:

a. decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel.
b. increases as blood vessel diameter increases.
c. increases as blood viscosity increases.
d. is not a major factor in blood pressure of healthy individuals.

Answer 5

c. increases as blood viscosity increases.

Question 6

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease?

a. eating meat.
b. the geographic location of home.
c. exposure to infection.
d. cigarette smoking.

Answer 6

d. cigarette smoking.

Question 7

A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and oedema. He is predisposed to:

a. deep vein thrombosis.
b. skin hyperpigmentation.
c. stasis ulcers.
d. all the above.

Answer 7

a. deep vein thrombosis.

Question 8

Which is a possible cause of varicose veins?

a. gravitational forces on blood
b. long periods of standing
c. trauma to the saphenous veins
d. all the above

Answer 8

d. all the above

Question 9

Arteriosclerosis raises the systolic blood pressure by:

a. increasing arterial distensibility and vessel lumen radius.
b. increasing arterial distensibility and decreasing vessel lumen radius.
c. decreasing arterial distensibility and increasing vessel lumen radius
d. decreasing arterial distensibility and lumen diameter.

Answer 9

d. decreasing arterial distensibility and lumen diameter.

Question 10

Clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease include:

a. ischaemic stroke.
b. coronary artery disease.
c. peripheral vascular disease.
d. all the above.

Answer 10

d. all the above.

Question 11

A 52-year-old male is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He could be treated with a drug that acts by which of the following mechanisms?

a. stimulating the sympathetic nervous system
b. antidiuretic
c. diuretic
d. increasing tubular reabsorption of sodium ions

Answer 11

c. diuretic

Question 12

Which of the following ranges is classified as Stage 1 hypertension?

a. systolic pressure 120 to 139 mmHg and / or diastolic pressure 80 to 89 mmHg.
b. systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure < 80 mmHg.
c. systolic pressure 140 to 159 mmHg and / or diastolic pressure 90 – 99 mmHg.
d. systolic pressure > 180 mmHg and / or diastolic pressure > 105 mmHg.

Answer 12

c. systolic pressure 140 to 159 mmHg and / or diastolic pressure 90 – 99 mmHg.

Question 13

The commonest cause of a thrombus is:

a. arterial stasis, hypocoagulability and arterial wall injury.
b. myocardial infarction, failing heart and prolonged bed rest.
c. venous stasis, hypercoagulability and venous wall injury.
d. left ventricular failure and arterial wall injury.

Answer 13

c. venous stasis, hypercoagulability and venous wall injury.

Question 14

A 50-year-old obese male with hypertension and coronary artery disease visits a nutritionist for food counselling. He is told that foods which ____ LDL levels and ___ HDL levels should be avoided.

a. raise, raise
b. raise, lower
c. lower, lower
d. lower, raise

Answer 14

b. raise, lower

Question 15

Normal blood pressure for adults aged 18 years or older is:

a. systolic pressure < 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure < 90 mmHg.
b. systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure < 80 mmHg.
c. systolic pressure < 100 mmHg regardless of diastolic pressure.
d. systolic pressure > 90 mmHg and diastolic pressure > 60 mmHg.

Answer 15

b. systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure < 80 mmHg.

Question 16

A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:

a. left ventricle.
b. systemic arteries.
c. deep veins of the leg.
d. superficial veins of the arm.

Answer 16

c. deep veins of the leg.

Question 17

Foam cells in a fatty streak are:

a. deposited adipose cells.
b. injured neutrophils.
c. macrophages that ingest lipids.
d. lipid-laden mast cells.

Answer 17

c. macrophages that ingest lipids.

Question 18

In the vascular system, the arterial system is a _______ pressure system, whereas the venous system is a __________ pressure system.

a. high, low
b. low, high
c. small, large
d. large, small

Answer 18

a. high, low

Question 19

Damaged endothelium induces:

a. platelet aggregation and vasodilation.
b. platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.
c. phagocytic activity and vasodilation.
d. phagocytic activity and vasoconstriction

Answer 19

b. platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.

Question 20

A detached blood clot is called a(n):

a. thrombus.
b. embolus.
c. thromboembolus.
d. varicosity.

Answer 20

c. thromboembolus.

Question 21

Which of the following is a potential cause of the obstruction of a vessel by an embolus?

a. air bubbles
b. fat globules
c. bacterial aggregates
d. all the above

Answer 21

d. all the above

Question 22

Clinical manifestations of peripheral vascular disease include:

a. chest pain and hyperventilation.
b. cramping or burning leg pain that is relieved by rest.
c. dyspnea and syncope.
d. all the above.

Answer 22

b. cramping or burning leg pain that is relieved by rest.

Question 23

A 55-year-old female has undiagnosed hypertension. She presents to her GP complaining of impaired vision and chronic oedema. Lab tests reveal she also has renal insufficiency. The most likely cause for these findings is:

a. clotting and gangrene.
b. free-radical injury and cell toxicity.
c. end-organ damage.
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

Answer 23

c. end-organ damage.

Question 24

Acute orthostatic hypotension can be caused by:

a. starvation.
b. antihypertensive drugs.
c. dehydration.
d. all the above.

Answer 24

d. all the above.

Question 25

Increases in vascular reactivity and vascular wall thickness lead to:

a. increased total peripheral resistance.
b. hypotension.
c. hypertension.
d. both a. and c.

Answer 25

d. both a. and c.

Question 26

Peripheral vascular disease is most frequently associated with reduced circulation in:

a. the vital organs.
b. the central nervous system.
c. the lower limbs.
d. the upper limbs.

Answer 26

c. the lower limbs.

Question 27

Three factors that determine the resistance to blood flow in a vessel are:

a. blood viscosity, blood vessel radius and blood vessel length.
b. blood viscosity, blood vessel radius and blood vessel compliance.
c. blood pressure, blood vessel radius and blood velocity.
d. blood coagulability, blood vessel radius and blood vessel compliance.

Answer 27

a. blood viscosity, blood vessel radius and blood vessel length.

Question 28

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience?

a. headache and blurred vision.
b. nausea and vomiting.
c. chest pain and palpitations.
d. syncope and fainting.

Answer 28

d. syncope and fainting.

Question 29

Arterial blood pressure increases in response to all the following EXCEPT:

a. increasing stroke volume.
b. increasing heart rate.
c. rising blood volume.
d. falling blood volume.

Answer 29

d. falling blood volume.

Question 30

The commonest cause of an aneurysm in the descending aorta is:

a. atherosclerosis.
b. diabetes mellitus
c. Paget’s disease.
d. infection.

Answer 30

a. atherosclerosis.

Question 31

In arteriosclerosis, the diameter of the lumen of the occluded artery is:

a. decreased due to a thickened tunica intima layer.
b. decreased due to a thickened tunica media layer.
c. decreased due to a thickened tunica externa layer.
d. increased due to thinning of the tunica media layer.

Answer 31

a. decreased due to a thickened tunica intima layer.