Quiz 2 - Cellular Injury/Neoplasia

Question 1

A 50-year old male discovers a mass growing in his mouth. A biopsy reveals that the mass is benign. Which of the following treatments would most likely be recommended?

a. surgical removal
b. hormonal therapy
c. radiation.
d. no treatment.

Answer 1

a. surgical removal

Question 2

Gastrointestinal alterations, such as nausea and mucosal erosions, are common side effects of chemotherapy treatment because:

a. chemotherapy slows gastric secretions.
b. chemotherapy agents target rapidly dividing cells such as those in the oral and intestinal linings.
c. chemotherapy is usually administered orally.
d. chemotherapy agents stimulate the pathogenic gastrointestinal flora to release toxins.

Answer 2

b. chemotherapy agents target rapidly dividing cells such as those in the oral and intestinal linings.

Question 3

In distinguishing ageing from diseases:

a. it is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.
b. it is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.
c. disease, unlike ageing, has a genetic component.
d. ageing is a pathological process.

Answer 3

a. it is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.

Question 4

Which feature is characteristic of a malignant tumour?

a. grows slowly
b. has a well-defined capsule
c. invades local tissues and structures
d. cells are well-differentiated

Answer 4

c. invades local tissues and structures

Question 5

Common sites of metastasis are:

a. liver, bone, lungs and brain.
b. kidney, pancreas, bladder and brain.
c. liver, stomach, pancreas and colon.
d. liver, stomach, lungs and brain.

Answer 5

a. liver, bone, lungs and brain.

Question 6

Metastasis is:

a. an alteration in normal cellular growth.
b. growth of benign or malignant neoplastic cells.
c. the ability to establish a secondary neoplasm at a new site.
d. benign.

Answer 6

c. the ability to establish a secondary neoplasm at a new site.

Question 7

What is the probable cause of hydropic swelling in the early stages of cell injury?

a. fat inclusions
b. loss of genetic integrity
c. hydrolytic enzyme activation
d. Na+-K+ pump fails to remove intracellular Na+

Answer 7

d. Na+-K+ pump fails to remove intracellular Na+

Question 8

What microorganism is responsible for ‘gas gangrene’ where bubbles of toxic gas bubbles form within infected tissues?

a. Streptococcus
b. Staphylococcus
c. Clostridium
d. Mycobacterium

Answer 8

c. Clostridium

Question 9

A 90-year old woman presents at the emergency department with a blackened, wrinkled toe. There is a line of inflammatory reaction between the blackened area and the healthy tissue. The mostly likely diagnosis is:

a. caseous necrosis.
b. fat gangrene.
c. dry gangrene.
d. liquefactive necrosis.

Answer 9

c. dry gangrene.

Question 10

Cell death results when the injury to the cell is too severe or prolonged to allow cell adaptation or repair.

True
False

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Benign tumours are called cancers.

True
False

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Which feature is characteristic of a benign tumour?

a. grows slowly
b. has a well-defined capsule
c. cells are well-differentiated
d. all the above

Answer 12

d. all the above

Question 13

Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because:

a. debris is not digested by hydrolases.
b. of protein denaturation.
c. the brain is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.
d. ischaemia results in chemical injury.

Answer 13

c. the brain is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.

Question 14

Cellular dissolution caused by lipases is associated with:

a. coagulative necrosis.
b. liquefactive necrosis.
c. fat necrosis.
d. caseous necrosis.

Answer 14

c. fat necrosis

Question 15

A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Testing reveals the cancer cells have spread to local lymph nodes. This cancer would be stage:

a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
d. 4.

Answer 15

c. 3.

Question 16

A 30-year old female is diagnosed with breast cancer. Histological analysis of her tumour biopsy shows the cells to be generally well differentiated. This tumour would be graded:

a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
d. 4.

Answer 16

a. 1.

Question 17

Apoptosis is a process in which cells program themselves to:

a. atrophy.
b. die.
c. regenerate.
d. age.

Answer 17

b. die.

Question 18

A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, areas of lung tissue were soft and granular like clumped cheese. Which of the following processes is likely to have occurred?

a. coagulative necrosis
b. liquefactive necrosis
c. caseous necrosis
d. autolysis

Answer 18

c. caseous necrosis

Question 19

A 25-year-old female develops a tumour of the breast glandular tissue. This type of tumour is classified as:

a. carcinoma.
b. adenocarcinoma.
c. sarcoma.
d. lymphoma.

Answer 19

b. adenocarcinoma.

Question 20

The best explanation for higher rates of cancer in older populations is:

a. ageing cells are more susceptible to mutation.
b. the development of cancer requires several mutations over time.
c. older individuals have higher rates of tobacco use.
d. the elderly show increased rates of apoptosis.

Answer 20

b. the development of cancer requires several mutations over time.

Question 21

During hydropic swelling, there is a shift of extracellular water into the cells associated with:

a. fat inclusions.
b. loss of genetic integrity.
c. hydrolytic enzyme activation.
d. increasing intracellular Na+.

Answer 21

d. increasing intracellular Na+.

Question 22

Which of the following is the most significant cause of complications and death in cancer patients?

a. anaemia
b. leucopenia
c. thrombocytopenia
d. infection

Answer 22

d. infection

Question 23

A 50-year-old female is suffering from anorexia, anaemia, severe tissue wasting and weight loss. She was previously diagnosed with cancer. Which of the following describes her clinical manifestations?

a. fatigue
b. cachexia
c. paraneoplastic syndrome
d. acute phase response

Answer 23

b. cachexia

Question 24

Progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles is referred to as:

a. adaptation.
b. pathological calcification.
c. apoptosis.
d. necrosis.

Answer 24

d. necrosis.

Question 25

Oncogenes are:

a. genes that suppress the development of cancer.
b. environmental factors that cause cancer.
c. genes that promote the development of cancer.
d. medications that promote the development of cancer.

Answer 25

c. genes that promote the development of cancer.

Question 26

Key features of cancer cells include:

a. insensitivity to anti-growth signals.
b. evasion of apoptosis.
c. uncontrolled proliferation
d. all the above.

Answer 26

d. all the above.

Question 27

Membrane bound cell fragments formed during the process of apoptosis are removed by:

a. phagocytosis.
b. pinocytosis.
c. exocytosis.
d. osmosis.

Answer 27

a. phagocytosis.

Question 28

How do cancer cells spread to distant sites from the primary tumour?

a. via vascular pathways
b. via lymphatic pathways
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

Answer 28

c. both a. and b.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a malignant tumour?

a. adenocarcinoma
b. adenoma
c. osteosarcoma
d. neuroblastoma

Answer 29

b. adenoma

Question 30

What types of infiltrations can develop in hepatocytes because of increased lipid accumulation?

a. lysozomes
b. fat filled vacuoles
c. fat filled peroxisomes
d. nuclei

Answer 30

b. fat filled vacuoles

Question 31

Angiogenesis is essential for metastatic cancer growth since it allows for the delivery of:

a. neural signals.
b. nutrients.
c. chemotherapeutic drugs.
d. inflammatory cells.

Answer 31

b. nutrients.

Question 32

A 45-year old female was recently diagnosed with hepatic cancer. She reports a history of intravenous drug use and of jaundice. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer?

a. herpes virus.
b. rubella virus.
c. human papillomavirus.
d. hepatitis B virus.

Answer 32

d. hepatitis B virus.

Question 33

The ends of chromosomes repaired in cancer cells allowing for continued proliferation are called:

a. cancer-specific genes.
b. cancer-chromosome genes.
c. telomeres.
d. telomerases.

Answer 33

c. telomeres.

Question 34

Necrosis occurs due to:

a. normal physiological processes.
b. programmed cellular events in the cell.
c. pathophysiological process.
d. maintaining homeostasis.

Answer 34

c. pathophysiological process.

Question 35

A 28-year old woman elects to undergo a double mastectomy after learning she is positive for a BRCA1 mutation, increasing her susceptibility to breast cancer. BRCA1 is an example of a:

a. oncogene.
b. DNA repair gene.
c. epidermal growth factor gene.
d. tumour-suppressor gene.

Answer 35

d. tumour-suppressor gene.

Question 36

The term karyolysis refers to:

a. the dissolving of the nucleus due to enzymes.
b. liquefactive necrosis.
c. shrinkage of the nucleus.
d. fat necrosis.

Answer 36

a. the dissolving of the nucleus due to enzymes.

Question 37

A 50-year-old male develops melanoma. One potential reason for development of this condition is:

a. exposure to UV radiation.
b. metastasis.
c. high alcohol consumption.
d. an enlarged prostate.

Answer 37

a. exposure to UV radiation.