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Py222 > quiz 9 > Flashcards

quiz 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three ways to code for three dimensions

A

1) up-down
2) left-right
3) depth

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2
Q

what is the difference between the three coding methods of three dimensions

A

left-right: harder to accomplish than up-down

depth: accomplished by several brain regions within the dorsal pathway that map out space generally; binocular disparity, motion and other cues are involved

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3
Q

what are frames of reference and the two types

A

we can understand the spatial location of an object with respect to multiple reference points

egocentric and allocentric

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4
Q

explain egocentric v. allocentric

A

egocentric: spatial location is made in reference to one’s self
allocentric: spatial location is made in reference to other objects

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5
Q

explain the single cell recordings in the monkey study

A
  • fixate eyes on the #2 (A), then move eyes to gaze fixation (B)
  • allocentric cells respond favorably to the same location in (A) and (B)
  • egocentric cells respond to different location if eyes moved
  • both cell types have been discovered with single cell recordings
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6
Q

explain brain damage and reference frame

A

patients with brain damage can have either reference frame damaged

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7
Q

what are categorical and metric spatial relationships and the evidence for them

A

categorical relationships

  • above v. below, left v. right, etc
  • left hemisphere

metric (coordinate) relationships

  • distance comparison
  • right hemisphere

evidence:

  • brain damaged patients (double dissociation)
  • neurologically intact patients, using visual field method
  • fMRI
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8
Q

where does motion perception in the brain take place

A
  • in the MT area (front of occipital lobe)

- microstimulation to neurons in MT cortex produces the perception of motion

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9
Q

explain the lesion experiment by Newsmen and Pare and how it relates to motion perception

A

look at direction dots are moving

  • normal monkeys can detect motion with coherence of 1 or 2%
  • monkeys with lesions in MT cortex cannot detect motion until the coherence is 10% to 20%
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10
Q

what is akinetopsia

A

cannot perceive motion in visual field

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11
Q

explain mental rotation

A
  • same/different task with 3D objects that are rotated versions of each other
  • more rotation required -> longer reaction time and more brain activity in the “Where” pathway
  • *this is evidence that perception and imagery are linked**
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12
Q

what is optic ataxia

A
  • inability to make visually guided movements, such as reaching and grasping an object
  • damage to superior parietal lobe
  • double dissociated with visual agnosia (“what” pathway in patients)
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13
Q

what does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) show us about optic ataxia

A

-disruption to superior parietal lobe, cannot make “on line” adjustments to movements, such as catching a frisbee

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14
Q

what are the two navigation tactics and the difference between the two

A

route-based strategy: directions/sequence of steps, landmarks

cognitive map strategy: mental map of the overall picture

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15
Q

what are three kinds of navigational disorders

A

egocentric disorientation, landmark agnosia, anterograde disorientation

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16
Q

what is egocentric disorientation

A
  • inability to represent objects in comparison to one’s self

- damage to posterior parietal lobe

17
Q

what is landmark agnosia

A
  • can’t recognize landmarks

- damage to lingual gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus (in temporal lobe)

18
Q

what is anterograde disorientation

A
  • unable to make new representations of environments, but can navigate through known environments
  • damage to hippocampal gyrus
19
Q

what are the two navigation type maps

A

track-up alignment: no matter what way you are going you are always facing forward (map rotates)

north-up alignment: north is always the top of the map- doesn’t rotate

20
Q

retinal image v space coding

A

retinal image is 2D and space coding is 3D, turns from 2D info to 3D info by the various ways we code for 3D information

-our eyes perceive two different things which allows us to see 3D, also allows us to see 3D movies because the glasses affect each thing our eyes see

21
Q

what are the key parts of the dorsal pathway

A
  • postcentral gyrus (anterior parietal lobe; concerned with somatosensation)
  • posterior parietal cortex (multisensory spatial cognition)
  • superior parietal lobe
  • inferior parietal lobe
  • intraparietal sulcus
  • area MT & MST (motion)
22
Q

what is binocular disparity

A

discrepancy between the images seen by each eye

-arises because the image that falls on each retina is slightly different since the eyes are in different locations

Py222 (18 decks)

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