quiz 14

Question 1

what is Alexia or Acquired Dyslexia

Answer 1

• the ability to read is lost due to brain damage
• often read letter by letter
• developmental dyslexia is different, similar symptoms but present in childhood and not due to brain damage
• damage due to angular gyrus-ventral part of parietal lobe near sylvian fissure

Question 2

what is agraphia

Answer 2

• the ability to write is lost due to brain damage

- damage to angular gyrus

Question 3

explain alexia and agraphia

Answer 3

usually co-occur, caused by damage to same brain region

• sometimes there is one without the other-they are doubly dissociable
• in alexia without agraphia, one can write a sentence and then not be able to read that same sentence

Question 4

what are the two routes in reading

Answer 4

phonological and direct

they are doubly dissociable

Question 5

what is the phonological route

Answer 5

sounding out the words

• how we learn new words we have not seen before, and non-words such as “glimay”
• phonological dyslexia: selective damage to phonological route; must memorize all words and cannot sound out new ones

Question 6

what is the direct route

Answer 6

directly read previously memorized words

• the only way we can read irregular words like “yacht”
• surface alexia: selective damage to “direct” route; cannot read irregular words and can confuse homophones (beat and beet); often misspell words

Question 7

what is deep dyslexia

Answer 7

similar to phonological dyslexia with additional problems

• one symptoms is semantic paralexias (reading “forest” as “woods” & difficulty with abstract words like “sympathy” and “faith”)
• due to over reliance on right hemisphere for language

Question 8

what is writing evidence for two routes

Answer 8

• phonological agraphia: can manually or orally spell regular and irregular words, but cannot spell non-words
• lexical agraphia: reasonable spelling for any regular word and non-words, but cannot spell irregular words

Question 9

what is acquired surface alexia

Answer 9

damage to lexical-semantic route (Direct route) and reliance on grapheme-phoneme conversion

• able to read non-words
• frequency x regularity interaction
• regularization errors (yacht read as “yachted”)

Question 10

explain brain imaging of reading

Answer 10

• MEG signal at about 150 ms after presentation; localized to left inferior occipitotemporal region
• fMRI: “visual word form area” (VWFA) is more active for words than non-words
• *there is considerable overlap of networks**
• *what we use and when depends on the language (ex. Italian is more regular than English so direct route not needed)**

Question 11

explain Kana and Kanji

Answer 11

Kana: phonological mapping (phonological route)
Kanji: symbol not related to phonology (direct route)
-brain damage can cause impairment in Kana and not Kanji, or vice versa

Question 12

explain intact patients in Kana and Kanji

Answer 12

• fMRI of Kana is slightly more dorsal route, angular gyrus
• fMRI of Kanji is more ventral route including VWFA
• similar findings in stimulation of epilepsy patients in brain surgery; however, there is still much overlap in brain regions

Question 13

how is the right hemisphere used in language

Answer 13

• prosody- tone/ inflection of voice as well as timing
• narrative-following overall story
• inference- filling in blanks, figuring out connotations
• jokes, humor and idioms

Question 14

explain music and language

Answer 14

• aphasia can occur without amusia, and vice versa; however, aphasia occurs in 80% of cases of amusia
• spatial aspects of music engage right hemisphere more often
• pitch processing occurs in right hemisphere
• musical structure / syntax may rely on same syntax regions as language

Question 15

explain musical syntax

Answer 15

• ERP component “ERAN” responds to unexpected musical chord
• comes out of Broca’s area, but bilaterally (both sides)
• much like the P600