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Py222 > quiz 11 > Flashcards

quiz 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages of memory

A

1) encoding
- acquisition (perception)
- consolidation (moving perceived info to memory)
2) storage: where memory is kept
3) retrieval: reproducing info

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2
Q

where is brain damage in amnesia

A

in the hippocampus

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3
Q

how did patient H.M. contribute to amnesia research

A

had epilepsy, doctors removed hippocampus to help epilepsy, but ended up giving him amnesia
-this is how we know what we know about amnesia

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4
Q

what is Korsakoff’s amnesia

A
  • causes severe anterograde amnesia
  • damage to the mammillary bodies associated with chronic alcoholism
  • confabulation (making things up) is a common system
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5
Q

what are the two types of amnesia

A

anterograde and retrograde

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6
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A
  • inability to learn new explicit info after brain injury
  • can’t form new long-term declarative memories
  • able to recall some old memories, but usually accompanied by some retrograde amnesia as well
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7
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A
  • inability to retrieve explicit information acquired before brain injury
  • can’t remember old declarative memories
  • often temporally graded
  • pure form (without anterograde) rare
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8
Q

what did patient H.M. have

A

anterograde amnesia and temporally graded retrograde amnesia

  • no new memories
  • no memory for 11 years prior to surgery
  • intact remote memory (childhood)
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9
Q

explain H.M. memory chart

A

on paper

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10
Q

what areas of the brain are responsible /associated with memory

A
  • hippocampus
  • parahippocampal, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices
  • amygdala
  • mammillary bodies
  • medial temporal lobe (MTL)
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11
Q

give some examples of how implicit memory is spared in amnesia

A

motor and cognitive

  • mirror reading
  • tower of hanoi

priming intact
-word stem completion

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12
Q

explain the mirror reading study

A

groups of Korsokoff’s amnesics and normal patients

methods

  • experiment included 50% repeated words across 4 days
  • non repeated words: implicit
  • repeated words: explicit and implicit

results

  • for new words, normals and amnesics improved about the same (implicit only)
  • for old words, normals were better than amnesics (implicit and explicit)
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13
Q

explain how priming is one example of implicit memory

A
  • a previous encounter with information facilitates later performance on the same information
  • facilitation in the processing of a stimulus as a function of a recent encounter with the same stimulus
  • can occur even if there is no conscious recollection of having encountered the information before

participants with amnesia can also do visual priming with images

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14
Q

explain word fragment completion

A

1) view list of words
2) complete word fragments (some on list, some not)

results:
-amnesics show normal priming (complete more words on list than words not), but poor recognition memory (don’t know they saw the words)

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15
Q

what parts of the brain does word stem completion activate

A

explicit: hippocampus and frontal lobe activity
implicit: posterior visual area activity

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16
Q

what hippocampal regions are involved in memory

A
  • sensory areas are involved in memory for that type of info (IT cortex for visual objects)
  • sensory regions are also involved in repetition priming
  • basal ganglia: skill and habit learning
17
Q

explain the amygdala and memory

A
  • amygdala is involved in emotional memories
  • also involved in “fear conditioning”
  • also modulates consolidation process in hippocampus during retention phase
18
Q

what are the different kinds of memory

A

declarative/explicit, non-declarative/implicit, episodic, semantic and procedural

19
Q

what is declarative/explicit memory

A

conscious, know the source

20
Q

what is non-declarative/implicit memory

A

nonconscious, don’t know the source

21
Q

what is episodic memory

A

conscious, memory for stuff that happened at certain time

ex. what you did before class

22
Q

what is semantic memory

A

knowledge (conscious memory), cannot pinpoint where you learned it, but you know it

ex. who is the current president?

23
Q

what is procedural memory

A

implicit, learning how to do things

ex. playing the piano

24
Q

what is Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • no cure, degenerative, terminal
  • most common form of dementia
  • leading cause of death
  • progression usually starts in hippocampus; covers full brain

-symptoms: memory loss, language/speech difficulty, impaired judgement, later on: perceptual and motor difficulty

25
Q

how is Alzheimer’s different than amnesia

A

slower progressing (not one traumatic event), covers full brain, and affects other things (not just memory)

26
Q

what causes Alzheimer’s

A

amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

-neurons stop functioning and lose connections

Py222 (18 decks)

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