Quiz 8 Flashcards
ESOPHAGUS:
- Hiatal hernia
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
- Scleroderma Esophagus
- Neoplasm
- Esophageal Varices
- Transesophageal fistulas (congenital)
- G-tube
STOMACH:
- Gastritis
- Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Gastric Cancer
- Pyloric Stenosis (congenital)
INTESTINES:
- Malabsorption Syndrome
- Intestinal Ischemia
- Bacterial Infections
- Foodborne Illnesses
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Crohn’s disease
- Ulcerative colitis
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
- Diverticular Disease
- Neoplasms
- Intestinal Polyps
- Benign Tumors
- Malignant tumors
- Obstructive Disease:
- Organic Obstructive Disease
- Mechanical Obstruction
- Adhesions
- Intussusception
- Volvulus
- Hernia - Functional Obstruction
- Paralytic ileus
- Ogilvie’s syndrome - Congenital Conditions
- Stenosis and atresia
- Meckel’s diverticulum
APPENDIX:
- Appendicitis
PERITONEUM:
- Peritonitis
- What test can you do to see if someone has
peritonitis?
RECTUM:
- Rectal fissure
- Hemorrhoids
- Rectal Abscesses
- Rectal Fistulas
ESOPHAGUS:
Hiatal hernia: A condition in which part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm (through hiatus) into esophogus.
GERD: condition where STOMACH ACID, food, or water moves back from the stomach into the esophagus. It causes discomfort and may lead to precancerous changes in the lining of the esophagus. Another name is esophagitis (inflammation of esophagus).
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome: you get a TEAR in the inner lining where the ESOPHAGUS MEETS the STOMACH. Most tears heal within 7 to 10 days without treatment, but Mallory-Weiss tears can cause significant BLEEDING. So … it’s bleeding from a laceration in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus. (Not congenital)
Scleroderma Esophagus: Scleroderma means hard scarring of the skin.
Food travels from the mouth and throat into the stomach through a tube called the esophagus. Normally, the lower esophageal sphincter, or valve, acts as a gate, which opens to allow food to enter the stomach and then closes promptly to prevent food from coming back up. In systemic scleroderma, the gate does not close properly and the result is a backwash of acid and a burning sensation (heartburn) as food and acid return into the esophagus. The acid may also injure the lining of the lower portion of the esophagus, causing scarring and a narrowing (stricture) of the tube. So it causes dysphagia (difficulty swallowing).
Neoplasm: A cancerous tumor (malignant or benign).
Esophageal Varices: Extremely dilated veins in lower esophagus .. happens if blood flow from liver (portal vein) is blocked.
Transesophageal fistula: is an ABNORMAL CONNECTION (called a “fistula”) between two organs … the esophagus and the trachea. TEF is a common congenital abnormality, but when occurring late in life is usually the result of surgical procedures such as a laryngectomy.
G-Tube: A tube inserted through the abdomen that delivers nutrition directly to the stomach (feeding tube, but into stomach / colon).
STOMACH:
Gastritis: is an INFLAMMATION, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the STOMACH.
Peptic Ulcer Disease: A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine (GI tract somewhere or all over .. could be a gastric ulcer, esophageal ulcer, duodenal ulcer, etc.).
Gastric Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the stomach.
Pyloric Stenosis: A condition in which the opening between the stomach and small intestine thickens/hardens.
INTESTINES:
Malabsorption Syndrome: Where small intestines can not absorb nutrients from foods.
Intestinal Ischemia: inadequate blood flow to the small intestine.
Bacterial Infections: Infections from a outside / unrecognized / foreign bacteria.
Foodborne Illnesses: Illness caused by food contaminated with bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ongoing inflammation of all or part of the digestive tract. Includes Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Very serious and can’t be cured.
Crohn’s Disease: Inflammatory disease of any or all of digestive GI organs from some bacteria. Can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition. It can be life threatening (and there is no real cure). Characterized by diseased areas interspersed with normal areas of the intestines (“SKIP” areas); periods of exacerbation and remission.
Ulcerative Colitis: Inflammatory disease of just the colon. long-lasting inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your colon and rectum. It is inflammation as well (like Crohn’s disease), but continuous throughout colon WITHOUT “skips.” Manifested by bloody stools.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Very common. An intestinal disorder causing pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. Short term, not as serious. We all get it.
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis: Inflammation of the colon caused by the BACTERIA Clostridium difficile colitis (C-DIFF). Results in DIARRHEA. Because it is c-diff, it can be contagious and transferred. (Often it is from NOSOCOMIAL issue).
………………….
Diverticular Disease: A condition in which small, BULGING POUCHES develop in the digestive tract.
Intestinal Polyps: Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that most often look like small, flat bumps or tiny mushroomlike stalks. Most polyps are small and less than half an inch wide. Polyps in the colon are the most common, but it’s also possible to develop polyps in places that include: ear canal. cervix.
Intussusception: Where intestine telescopes over itself. (A mechanical obstruction).
Volvulus: An obstruction due to TWISTING or KNOTTING of the gastrointestinal tract. (Remember Volvo is that twisted car company). (A mechanical obstruction).
Hernia: A hernia occurs when an internal organ or fatty tissue squeezes through a weak spot in a surrounding muscle, tissue, skin area. Could be umbilical area, groin, inguinal area, etc.
Ogilvie’s syndrome: is the acute DILATION of the colon in the ABSENCE of any MECHANICAL obstruction in severely ill patients. (Remember: Olivia wants to be a mechanic WITHOUT putting in the work).
Stenosis and atresia: Absense (atresia) or narrowing (stenosis) of any body cavity. It is congenital and would need to be corrected after birth. It could be anus, colon, esophogus, etc.
Meckel’s diverticulum: common congenital malformation of the GI tract; an OUTPOUCHING of the bowel located at the ILEUM of the small intestine near the ileocecal valve (to CECUM); a failure of destruction of the vitelline duct, an embryonic communication between the midgut and the yolk sac. (Remember: McBurrys Point is in same location. M = M. McBurry close to Meckel’s).
APPENDIX:
Appendicitis: A condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus, causing pain. The appendix can swell in response to any infection in the body. Pain felt around the naval area.
PERITONEUM:
Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneal lining / membrane lining the abdominal wall and cavity and covering the abdominal organs. Usually due to a bacterial or fungal infection.
- REBOUND TENDERNESS TEST
RECTUM:
Rectal Fissure: A small TEAR in the lining of the anus. From an injury or large/hard bowel movement, and causes blood in stools and pain during bowel movement.
Hemorrhoids: Swollen and inflamed lumps around anus from VEINS in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding. Typically come from strain during pregnancy or bowel movements. The VEINS around your anus tend to stretch under pressure and may BULGE or swell. SWOLLEN VEINS (hemorrhoids) can develop from increased pressure in the lower rectum due to: straining during bowel movements.
Rectal Abscesses: An infected CAVITY of a collection of PUS in the tissue around the anus and rectum.
Rectal Fistulas: A small tunnel that tracks from an opening inside the anal canal to an outside opening in the skin near the anus. But, a fistula can also occur without an abscess.
Anorexia
Anorexia-cachexia
Valsalva
Achalasia
Dysphagia:
Odynophagia
Phasia:
Melena:
Hematochezia:
Hematemesis
Celiac Disease
Botulism
Barrett esophagus
Anorexia: An eating disorder causing people to obsess about weight and what they eat, so they lose weight.
Anorexia-Cachexia: Many patients with advanced CANCER undergo a WASTING syndrome associated with CANCER. It is a syndrome manifested by weight loss, loss of appetite (anorexia), skeletal muscle wasting, and reduced adipose tissue.
Valsalva: The Valsalva maneuver is where you try to exhale forcibly with a closed glottis (windpipe) so that no air goes out through the mouth, nose (or anus). It causes internal pressure to increase and tighten.
Achalasia: is a rare disorder that makes it difficult for food and liquid to pass into your stomach. Achalasia occurs when NERVES in the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus) become DAMAGED. As a result, the esophagus loses the ability to squeeze food down, and the muscular valve between the esophagus and stomach (lower esophageal sphincter) doesn’t fully relax — making it difficult for food to pass into your stomach. There is no cure. A FEELING OF BEING FULL resulting from failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing.
Dysphagia: DIFFICULTY swallowing
Odynophagia: PAINFUL swallowing. Pain can be felt in your mouth, throat, or esophagus. You may experience painful swallowing when drinking or eating food.
Phasia: suffix for eating / swallowing
Melena: Passing black/DARK sticky tarry STOOLS (stools have blood in them). (Remember: Melania trump … hard, black, poop on Trump)
Hematochezia: is the passage of fresh BLOOD through the anus, usually in or with STOOLS. (Remember: hema = blood. Chezia sounds like old gezer, and old people have blood in their stools).
Hematemesis: vomitting blood
(Remember: hema = blood. temesis is to peices, so
vomit up the peices).
Celiac Disease: A serious autoimmune disorder that can occur in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of GLUTEN leads to damage in the small intestine. (An immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye).
Botulism: A bacterium (clostridium botulinum) growing on improperly sterilized canned meats and other preserved FOODS. Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness that attacks the body’s nerves. The disease begins with weakness, blurred vision, feeling tired, and trouble speaking. If you get it from meats it is FOOD POISENING.
Barrett esophagus: Damage to the lower portion of the esophogus from LONG-TERM exposure to GERD. It is thought to be caused by long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which causes stomach contents to back up into the esophagus.
Trousseau sign
Chvostek sign
Colectomy
Colostomy
Colonoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
Neoadjuvant therapy
Adjuvant therapy
Angiogenesis
Pinch-an-inch test
McBurney point
Rebound tenderness
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Trousseau sign: sign of patient with low calcium levels (hypocalcemia). Put BP CUFF around arm and in a few minutes the WRIST and MCP, PIP, and DIP will flex and become hypersensitive (I watched little video of it with the guy with tatoos).
Chvostek sign: sign of existing NERVE hyperexcitability (tetany) seen in hypocalcemia. It refers to an abnormal reaction to the stimulation of the FACIAL NERVE.
Colectomy: surgical REMOVAL or CUT out all or part of the colon.
Colostomy: where part of colon is brought to surface through a stoma to an ostomy BAG for fecal material to be removed through the bag.
Colonoscopy: Surgery to cut and OPEN up the colon
Sigmoidoscopy: surgery in the sigmoid colon part of large intestine
Neoadjuvant Therapy: Treatment given PRIOR as a FIRST STEP to shrink a tumor BEFORE the main treatment, which is usually surgery, is given. Examples of neoadjuvant therapy include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. It is a type of induction therapy.
Adjuvant Therapy: ADD ON or additional treatment AFTER the primary treatment.
Angiogenesis: development of new blood vessels
Pinch-an-inch test: Basically that you ideally should NOT be able to pinch an inch of fat anywhere on your body to be in good health.
McBurney Point: Where the APPENDIX is located (roughly). It is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel). This point roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum.
Rebound Tenderness: During a physical exam, the Dr. will push fingers into abdomen, and if NO pain is felt going in, but pain IS felt going OUT. It is indicative of PERITONITIS. It refers to pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure to the abdomen.
Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Stomach cancer
What changes occur in the gastrointestinal system with aging?
- Constipation
- Incontenence
- Tooth / oral decay
- Decreased taste buds
- Diminished sense of smell
- Salivary secretion decreases
- Visceral organs lose tone
- Decrease in blood flow / nutrient absorption … slower DIGESTION
- Proteins and fats absorbed and metabolized more slowly
1) Describe the signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal system health conditions.
2) What implications do these have for a physical therapist?
3) What is Kehr’s sign:
1)
- Nausea, vomitting
- Diahrrea (poor absorption of water)
- Anorexia (diminished appetite for food)
- Constipation (from meds, improper diet, other disease, stress, lack of exercise)
- Incontenence
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- Heartburn (burning sensation of esophogus felt in region of heart … it is reflux when acid from stomach moves up esophogus (regurgitate up).
- Abdominal pain (mechanical pain from stretching or pain to organ wall, inflammatory pain, ischemic pain from dimished blood flow, or referred pain)
- GI Bleeding
- Fecal Incontenence
- Nausea
- Vomitting
- Diahrrea
- Malaise
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Pallor (pale)
- Dizziness
2)
- Get them up and moving and restore functional strength and movement
- Don’t pull tubes out, be careful with lines/tubes
- Don’t put gait belt around any tubes
- Look for integ scarring, swelling, bruising, etc.
- Help with muscle weakness, atrophy
- Decreased K+ production, so more muscle cramping
- Retrain / strengthen pelvic floor muscles
- Referred pain issues MORE common
3) Pain in left shoulder due to air or blood in abdominal cavity.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease vs. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: ONGOING inflammation of all or part of the digestive tract. Very serious and long term. Subsets are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A common intestinal disorder causing pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. Short term, not as serious. Most people get it.
They ARE different though. IBS does NOT cause inflammation, ulcers, or other damage to the bowels. It is not long term, very common amongst most people. IBS is much less serious, not long-term … it is just a spastic colon/bowel.
Malaise:
Malaise: a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify.
What is TPN:
Total Parenteral Nutrition
Feeding someone intravenously. Nutrition given by IV fluids and completely bypass the GI system … nutrients given to pt directly into the blood.
What is a G-Tube
Gastronomy Tube: Flexible tube through stoma of abdominal wall for feeding or medication … AND to drain fluid in abdomen.
“On contact precautions”
Contact isolation precautions for very sick patients —used for infections, diseases, or germs that are spread by touching the patient or items in the room (examples: MRSA, VRE, c-diff, diarrheal illnesses, open wounds, RSV).
Healthcare workers should: Wear a gown, mask, and gloves while in the patient’s room.
- pt can NOT leave the room to play. Can’t go play with other kids.
- staff must wear glove/gown when entering pt’s room (and wear gloves all the time with the pt).
- Bed is a cage so pt can’t leave.
1) What is an occult blood test?
2) If an occult blood test was positive, what will pt experience:
3) T or F: diarrhea is a common s/s of colon cancer
4) what are s/s of colon cancer
5)
- Where might colon cancer metastasize
- What are s/s that it is metastasizing there
6) What are risk factors of colon cancer
7) What is a
- colectomy
- colostomy
- colonoscopy
7A) What is a stoma
8) If a relative got diagnosed with colon cancer at age 40, you should get checked when?
9) What is an ileostomy
1) Test to determine if there is blood in stool (but you can’t see the blood in the stool).
2) Anemia, diarrhea
3) True
4)
- Anemia
- Blood in stool
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
5)
- Liver and Lungs
- SOB, decreased endurance
6)
- Family (immediate family) with colon cancer
- History of smoking
7)
- REMOVE a section of the colon
- Put a BAG at end to allow waste to exit externally
You can attach attach both ends of colon (rather than colostomy).
- Surgery to OPEN the colon
7A) The opening area where fecal matter comes out into an ostomy bag.
8) 10 years before their age of diagnosis (so if they were 40, you should get checked at age 30)
9) Where the ostomy BAG is in small intestine rather than the large (colon)
- a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
- abnormal functioning of the smooth muscle of the esophagus common in people with progressive systemic sclerosis
- inflammation of the lining of the stomach
- alteration in the ability of the intestine to absorb nutrients adequately into the bloodstream
- a chronic, lifelong inflammatory bowel disease that usually affects the intestines; characterized by diseased areas interspersed with normal areas of the intestines (“skip” areas); periods of exacerbation and remission
- group of symptoms representing the most common disorder of the GI system; often referred to as spastic colon; no inflammation present
- anything that reduces the size of the gastric outlet, preventing the normal flow of chyme and delaying gastric emptying; may result from organic disease, mechanical or functional problems
- a torsion of a loop of intestine twisted on its mesentery, kinking the bowel and interrupting the blood supply; a mechanical obstructive condition
- a condition in which there are symptoms of intestinal blockage without any physical signs of a blockage; a functional obstruction without mechanical cause
- inflammation of the vermiform appendix
- a collection of pus in the area of the rectum or anus; an abnormal channel to the body’s surface in the area of the rectum or anus
- a condition in which the stomach contents (food, acid, or liquid) leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus
- dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower esophagus
- a mucosal eruption of an area of the gastrointestinal tract, e.g., the stomach or the duodenum
- the result of a variety of disorders that cause insufficient blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract
- a chronic inflammatory disease of mucosa and submucosa of the colon in a continuous manner without skips
- presence of outpouchings in the wall of the colon or small intestine; a condition in which the mucosa and submucosa herniated through the muscular layers of the colon to form outpouchings containing feces; may or may not be complicated by inflammation
- fibrous scars formed after abdominal surgery; the most common cause of small and large intestine obstruction
- a protrusion of a part of an organ or tissue in the groin, abdomen, and navel through a weakness in the connective tissue structure normally containing it
- partial or complete obstruction anywhere in the intestine from a narrowed organ tube (or part of organ missing).
- inflammation of the serous membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavity
- varicose veins beneath the mucous membranes lining the lowest part of the rectum and anus
- mucosal laceration of the lower end of the esophagus accompanied by bleeding; commonly caused by severe retching and vomiting
- congenital defect; occurs when the esophagus fails to develop as a continuous passage and abnormal communication between the lower portion of the esophagus and trachea occurs
- an obstruction / narrowing of the sphincter at the distal opening of the STOMACH into the duodenum
- foodborne bacterial infection often referred to as “food poisoning”
- damage of the colonic mucosa caused by suppression of the normal GI tract flora (associated with c-diff)
- a growth or mass protruding into the intestinal lumen from any area of mucous membrane
- a condition in which a portion of the bowel telescopes into adjacent (usually distant) bowel
- a neurogenic or muscular impairment of peristalsis that can cause functional intestinal obstruction
- common congenital malformation of the GI tract; an outpouching of the bowel located at the ileum of the small intestine near the ileocecal valve; a failure of destruction of the vitelline duct, an embryonic communication between the midgut and the yolk sac
- an ulceration or tear of the lining of the anal canal, usually on the posterior wall
1) Hiatal hernia
2) Scleroderma esophagus
3) Gastritis
4) Malabsorption syndrome
5) Crohn’s disease
6) Irritable Bowel Syndrome
7) Organic Obstructive Disease
8) Volvulus
9) Ogilvie’s syndrome
10) Appendicitis
11) Rectal abscesses and fistulas
12) GERD
13) Esophageal varices
14) Peptic ulcer disease
15) Intestinal ischemia
16) Ulcerative colitis
17) Diverticular disease
18) Adhesions
19) Hernia
20) Stenosis and atresia
21) Peritonitis
22) Hemorrhoids
23) Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
24) Transesophageal Fistulas
25) Pyloric stenosis
26) Botulism
27) Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
28) Intestinal Polyp
29) Intussusception
30) Paralytic ileus
31) Meckel’s Diverticulum
32) Rectal Fissure
JEAPORDY ?’s:
Chronic GI blood loss sometimes associated with use of NSAID’s can result in which problem
Disease characterized by granulomatous legions (an inflammatory bowel disease)
Characterized by the abscense of fissures and fistulas (an inflammatory bowel disease)
(Esophagus) Dilated veins in the lower third of the esophagus
Hemorrhoids are found where
(stomach) Inflammation of the lining of the stomach
(esophogus) Condition associated with an increased risk for development of esophageal carcinoma
(s/s) Maroon (red) - colored stools
(s/s) Black, tarry stools
(stomach) Most common type of peptic ulcer
Is Mallory-Weiss Syndrom congenital? Is Tracheoesophageal fistula? Is Pyloric stenosis? Is Phenylkentonuria?
How is ulcerative colitis characterized that is different than Crohn’s disease?
Third leading cause of cancer death in American women and men combined
(s/s) A feeling of fullness resulting from failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing.
(esophogus) Patients with nocturnal reflux associated with GERD should be advised to sleep
A hallmark of irritable bowel syndrome is abdominal pain, and how is this pain alleviated?
Long-term GERD issues:
Iron deficiency
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
Esophageal varices
Anus / rectum area from hard bowel movement
Gastritis
Barrett’s esophogus
Hematochezia
Melena
Duodenal ulcers
The only one that is NOT congenital is Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Bloody stools. Crohn’s has “skips” or random places throughout colon, ulcerative colitis does not.
Colorectal cancer (if cancer is in sphincters, it could be rectal. If specific part of colon, it would be colon cancer. But big umbrella term is colorectal cancer).
Achalasia
LEFT side lying (so there is no regurgitation)
Relieved by defecation
Barretts syndrome
1) What is a fistula?
2) Food poisoning bacteria
3) Pain in left shoulder due to air or blood in abdominal cavity:
1) Abnormal connection between organs (like between the esophagus and trachea)
2) Botulism
3) Kehr’s sign
