Quiz 4 Flashcards
1) What is Fibromyalgia:
(how to remember)
1AA) Myalgia =
1A) What is etiology of fibromyalgia?
1B) s/s of fibromyalgia
2) How would a Dr. diagnosis this to determine someone has it?
3) Will symptoms ever go away?
4) What causes it?
5) BEST way to improve it?
1) A chronic disorder of widespread Musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas ALL OVER the body. IT IS WIDE SPREAD MUSCLE PAIN ALL OVER.
(remember: my muscle fibers are weak/fatigued)
1AA) Myalgia means pain of a muscle
1A) Might have etiology from no exercise / stretching, joint pain, nerve pain, etc. This can’t be cured. But you can get medications, stress therapy, sleep therapy, PT
1B) Patient will have muscle weakness all over, pain, fatigue, can’t sleep well, sensitivity to pain/cold, anxiety or mood swings
2) A Dr. tests 18 different spots on the body, and if they have pain in 11+, they will be diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Has to have 4 quadrant pain for 3+ months (basically all over the body)
3) They don’t really ever go away. Can’t really cure it.
4) Multi-factorial: diet, stress, genetics, environment, nerve issues, lack of exercise
5) EXERCISE. Other ways are e-stim or ultrasound.
1) Explain HIV / Aids:
1A) HIV and AIDS stand for what?
2) Does HIV always lead to AIDS?
3) Can you get rid of HIV?
(scroll down … see below)
- Incidence:
- Prevalence:
- Etiology / Risk factors:
- Pathogenesis:
- Clinical manifestations (s/s):
- Medical management:
- Implications for the PT:
1) HIV is a virus spread through certain body fluids (mainly by sexual contact … blood and semen) that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, often called T cells. Over time, HIV can destroy many of these CD4 cells which means that the body can’t fight off infections and disease. These special CD4 cells help the immune system fight off infections. Untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells (T cells) in the body. This damage to the immune system makes it harder and harder for the body to fight off infections and some other diseases … which could lead to AIDS.
HIV attacks certain cells in the immune system and prevents them from carrying out their proper immunity functions against microbes. When the immune system is sufficiently weakened, infected people catch atypical and severe infections. This is then called the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS.
1A)
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
2) Not always, but HIV can lead to AIDS if not treated. If you don’t treat HIV, you get AIDS and that basically means immune system just doesn’t work.
3) NO. Once you have HIV, you have it FOR LIFE.
- Incidence and Prevelence: AIDS is an EPIDEMIC with more people contracting it (but less people dying from it because of prevelence of ANTIRETROVIRAL drugs to help boost immune system). From America to especially Sub-Saharan Africa where it is prevalent. 33 million people world wide have AIDS. First cases in America was 1981. Most times you see it in men having sex with men and injection drug users.
- Etiology / Risk factors: AIDS comes from those with HIV (type 1), and you get HIV through exchange of body fluids (blood and semen) and having multiple partners. It isn’t contagious or passed in casual encounters, but typically through exchanging bodily fluids.
- Pathogenesis: HIV leads to breakdown of T4 (helper or CD4 cells) which regulate the immune response, and HIV destroys them.
- Clinical manifestations (s/s): Flu, LOWER CD4 count, fatigue, swollen lymph glands, weight loss, neurologic decline in advancing HIV
- Medical management: First is PREVENTION / EDUCATION about sexual activity, condoms, safe sex, etc. Second is SCREENING or HIV testing. THIRD, counseling, behavior counseling / change programs, exercise, etc. But most importantly you need to get antiretroviral drugs (ARV’s).
- Implications for the PT: Remember HIV is NOT contagious. Be sensitive. Be professional. Help treat muscle / movement weakness.
Compare and contrast:
Innate vs. acquired/adaptive immunity
Innate:
- Natural or within you. FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
- Can usually resolve most pathogens
- First line of defense: Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, cough
- Second line of defense: WBC’s, inflammatory response, NK cells, CD4’s
- Immediate response in few hours (but lower potency)
- Won’t remember past antigens, they work the same every time.
- NOT SPECIFIC, NO MEMORY **
Acquired / Adaptive:
- Developed ability of a person to defend itself against a pathogen
- 3rd line of defense
- An IMMUNE response because of an External or Environmental (not innate) immune response: vaccines, antibodies, breast milk
- Slower response over days/weeks (but higher potency)
- They are adaptive so they remember past antigens and fight them again and again
- Antigen specific
- SPECIFIC and MEMORY
*** As its name suggests, the innate immune system consists of cells and proteins that are always present and ready to mobilize and fight microbes at the site of infection. The main components of the innate immune system are 1) physical epithelial barriers, 2) phagocytic leukocytes, 3) dendritic cells, 4) a special type of lymphocyte called a natural killer (NK) cell, and 5) circulating plasma proteins.
The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is called into action against pathogens that are able to evade or overcome innate IMMUNE defenses. Components of the adaptive immune system are normally silent; however, when activated, these components “adapt” to the presence of infectious agents by activating, proliferating, and creating potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humoral immunity, mediated by ANTIBODIES produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.
What is immunity
If I’m immune to something, what does that mean?
Our ability to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized / specialized white blood cells.
The immune system in our bodies fights infections, bacteria, viruses, or other foreign toxins that invade us. We often resist bacteria and infections or toxins by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells within us.
If I’m immune: I can fight it, it doesn’t effect me, my body innately or adaptively kills pathogen, I have antibodies or WBC’s that can attack and kill it, I’m following standard precautions, my 3 lines of defense are working.
An example of when our immune system is bad:
- Organ transplant rejection
- Autoimmunities (see flashcard below … but examples are multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)
Would this be innate or adaptive / acquired immunity?
Nonspecific, doesn’t distinguish the foreign invader so it doesn’t remember the invader for future encounters. It won’t adapt.
Innate immunity.
Example of first line of defense:
Example of second line of defense:
Example of third line of defense:
1st: Skin, mucous membrane, tears, saliva, wax in ears, cough/sneeze
2nd: WBC’s (neutrophils, etc.), CD4’s, internal immune system, INFLAMMATORY response to cell injury/death
3rd: immune response … vaccines, antibodies, breast milk, etc.
Would neutrophils, phagocytes, WBC’s be innate or adaptive … and 1st or 2nd line of defense?
Innate
2nd line of defense
Would this be innate or adaptive / acquired immunity?
Characterized by specificity and memory by recognizing previous antigens and forming antibodies to recognize and stop foreign invader?
Adaptive / acquired immunity
SPECIFIC and MEMORY
Examples of adaptive / acquired immunities:
- Antibodies (externally injected or internally created)
- Vaccines
- Breast milk
1) What are the two types of adaptive immunities?
Explain each …
2)
A) Antibodies belong to humoral or cell-mediated?
B) T Lymphocytes belong to humoral or cell-mediated?
3)
Antibodies =
T Lymphocytes =
1) Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
Depending on the kind of foreign invasion, two different immune responses occur:
A) The humoral response (or antibody‐mediated response) involves B lymphocyte cells that recognize antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood (“humor” is a medieval term for body fluid) and creates ANITBODIES to tag antigen to have other cells kill it. (Antibodies recognize foreign antigen and kill it).
B) Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. (Cell adapts to phagocytize pathogen).
Antibodies = humoral
T Lymphocytes = cell-mediated
What is active vs. passive immunity
Active immunity: Your body naturally / directly responds to pathogen by creating its own antibodies to fight foreign toxin. This takes time for the body to create those antibodies, but when it does, those antibodies are in you for life.
Passive immunity: You get antibodies from outside your body. Whether from a mother’s milk, or vaccine, you get antibodies from somewhere else. This is immediate immune response, but won’t last forever because no memory cells are created … you just get effects till antibodies wear off.
Active and Passive immunity both have natural and artificial forms.
What is natural vs. artificial immunity:
An antibody the body naturally creates is an example of:
A mother’s breast milk is an example of:
A vaccine shot is an example of:
Natural: immunity develops due to natural events
Artificial: immunity develops due to medical intervention
Antibody: Natural active immunity
Breast Milk: Natural passive immunity
Vaccine: Artificial active immunity
- Passive natural: mother to fetus across placenta or through breast milk
- Passive artificial: inoculation of antibody or antitoxin
Internal vs. External Defense systems (with immunity):
Which is 1st line of defense, which is 2nd line of defense?
External (1st line of defense):
- Skin
- Mucous membrane
- Tears
- Saliva
- Nose hairs
- Cough reflex / sneeze
Internal (2nd and 3rd line of defense):
- Inflammation response
- WBC’s
- Phagocytic cells (WBCs, neutrophils, NK cells)
- Stomach acid
- Immune system response
- Antibodies
What is a pathogen
A foreign micro organism (bacteria, virus, fungi, infection, etc) that is not natural to human and our immune system fights or tries to destroy it.
Describe the immune response … and its 5 phases:
Accronym for 5 steps:
When the body gets a foreign invader, it sees the foreign antigen (protein on surface of cell) and whether recognized or not, it sends signals throughout body to fight it. If antigen is NOT part of your DNA or doesn’t recognize it, body will fight it.
First, your innate immune system will kick in. If somehow it already got through 1st line of defense, then your 2nd line will kick in. If the pathogen is recognized and antibodies are already circulating and produced (B cells), they will go tag foreign invader to tell other immune cells (T cells) to phagocytize and come kill it.
If your body doesn’t recognize it and you have no antibodies, body will create some antibodies naturally or get them unnaturally from external source.
The “tagged” foreign invader will first have WBC’s rush to it to phagocytize and kill it. Inflammation response kicks in. Histamines are released and prostaglandins.
Then your innate immune system kicks in (described above) and your acquired immune system also kicks in if it recognizes this foreign invader (thus body will already have antibodies produced). You also may have passive immunities / antibodies from vaccines that kick in.
Accronym: RAETM (Rate … raet your memory)
Recognition: ????
Amplification:
Effector:
Termination:
Memory:
1) Explain diff. between the B Lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes
2) (How to remember?)
3) Where do B-Lymphocytes originate from?
1) Lymphocytes are WBC’s.
B lymphocytes fight foreign bacteria/virus by creating ANTIBODIES that attach to a specific antigen on the foreign cell and “mark” it to be tagged and killed by other immune cells.
T lymphocytes will then ATTACK the “marked” anTigens directly and help control the immune response. The T “helper” cells go kill foreign cell, and T “suppressor” cells turn off immune response. They also release chemicals, known as cytokines, which control the entire immune response.
2) REMEMBER:
(B = B for antiBodies)
(T = TT for aTTack the Taged invader … helper/suppresor)
3) B-lymphocytes come from BONE MARROW (B for Bone marrow)
Describe changes that occur with aging that affect the immune system
As you get older, the immune system starts to break down and become disregulated. In other words - immune function declines and there is a reduced resistance to pathogens and increased risk of exposure and tumors, etc.
- Decreased resistance to pathogens
- Skin breaks down (ulcers or bacteria enter)
- WBC’s or phagocytes decrease
- Decrease in antibody production
- Increased incidence of tumors
- Increased falls / bruises … which requires more WBC’s
- Nutrition declines
- Bone/muscle weakness
- Lack of energy / fatigue
What other factors, in addition to aging, affect immunity
- Nutrition
- Enviornment pollution and germs exposure
- Exposure to chemicals and drugs (needles)
- Medications
- Stress
- Socioeconomic status
- Sleep deprivation
- Hormone swings/insufficiencies
- Trauma / Burns
- Sexual practices
- Following ‘standard precautions’ or not
How does exercise affect the immune system?
When would you do moderate and/or intense exercise during immunodeficiency period?
*** Depending on the intensity, exercise can enhance or suppress the immune system’s function. Exercise always helps!
So if you do moderate exercise, the immune system is enhanced. Moderate exercise limits heart disease, strengthens bones and muscles. Maybe it circulates blood more so WBCs get distributed, or increase body temp to kill (heat up) bacteria, and slows down the release of stress hormones. It produces endorphins.
But, intense exercise can be followed by impairment / weakness of immune system. It suppresses NK cells, lymphocytes.
1) What is Primary Immunodeficiency
2) Are primary or secondary immunodeficiencies more common?
- Incidence:
- Prevalence:
- Etiology / Risk factors:
- Pathogenesis:
- Clinical manifestations (s/s):
- Medical management:
- Implications for the PT:
1) Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PI) are a group of about 95 rare, inherited (GENETIC) chronic disorders in which part of the body’s immune system is missing or functions improperly. It effects one or more components of the immune system … like T cells, B cells, NK cells, phagocytic cells, etc.
Primary immunodeficiency disease: A disorder caused by a GENETIC or inherited flaw (genetic defect of cells in immune system) in the immune system that increases the susceptibility to infections. Primary immunodeficiency diseases are unlike secondary or acquired immune deficiency diseases, which are caused by infectious, chemical or radiological agents.
2) PI’s are NOT very common.
- Incidence: 95 inherited immunodeficiency disorders
- Prevalence:
- Etiology / Risk factors: GENETICALLY determined
- Pathogenesis:
- Clinical manifestations (s/s):
- Medical management:
- Implications for the PT: Book said we as PT’s rarely encounter these conditions.
What is Secondary Immunodeficiency
Examples:
A secondary immune deficiency disease occurs when the immune system is compromised due to an EXTERNAL or environmental factor (not genetic). Examples of these outside forces include HIV, chemotherapy, severe burns, malnutrition, chronic fatigue disease, hypersensitivity.
These are acquired (not genetic) and WAY more common than primary immunodeficiencies.
Examples Include:
- HIV
- Chronic fatique syndrome
- Hypersensitivities (allergies Type 1-4)
- Leukemia (Chemotherapy)
- Autoimmune diseases
- Hodgkin’s disease (Lymph cancer)
- Malnutrition
- Alcoholism
- Diabetes Mellitus (Genetic ?????)
- Cancer
What is the most common secondary immunodeficiency
HIV
Advanced HIV is:
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
What is Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFS)
What causes it:
Prevalence:
S/S:
Medical management:
Remission rate:
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating disorder characterized by extreme fatigue or tiredness that doesn’t go away with rest and can’t be explained by an underlying medical condition. Usually lasting 6+ months. It is an immunodeficiency so makes your immune system weak and not able to fight off pathogens.
Causes: The cause of chronic fatigue syndrome is UNKNOWN, although there are many theories — ranging from viral infections to psychological stress.
Prevalence: About 0.23-0.42% (higher in women, minorities, lower socioeconomic status, age 29-35).
S/S:
- loss of memory or concentration.
- feeling unrefreshed after a night’s sleep.
- chronic insomnia (and other sleep disorders)
- muscle pain.
- frequent headaches.
- forgetfulness
- multi-joint pain without redness or swelling.
Medical Management:
- Exercise
- Cognitive counseling
- Stress management
- Energy conservation
Total remission is 5-10%
What are Hypersensitivity Disorders (Type I - Type IV)
How do you remember the Type 1-4?
Allergies … overreaction to a foreign substance. Hypersensitivity is often referred to as an ALLERGIC response. It is just an excessively increased immune response to the presence of an antigen / allergen.
Hypersensitivity is when an otherwise healthy immune system has an undesirable exaggerated response to a foreign substance (or perceived foreign substance) that damages the body’s own cells. These are the same immune processes that are necessary to prevent infection, but they create problems when they are hyperactive or misguided.
TYPE 1-4 ABC's: Type I: Allergic, Anaphylactic, Atophy Type II: antiBody Type III: immune Complex Type IV: Delayed
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity. Hay fever, asthma, anaphylactic shock. IgE’s antibodies produced.
Type 2: Cytotoxic reactions to self-antigens or cross reaction. antiBodies
Type 3: Immune complex disease
Type 4: Delayed - Cell-mediated immunity
What is autoimmunity:
What is an autoimmune disease:
Examples of autoimmune diseases:
When immune system doesn’t work properly and attacks itself / your own body. (“AUTO” = SELF)
The healthy human body is equipped with a powerful set of tools for resisting the onslaught of invading microorganisms (such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites). Unfortunately, this set of tools, known as the immune system, sometimes goes awry and attacks the body itself. These misdirected immune responses are referred to as autoimmunity, which can be demonstrated by the presence of autoantibodies or T lymphocytes reactive with host antigens.
A disease in which the body’s immune system attacks healthy cells.
Example:
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic inflammatory disorder affecting many joints, including those in the hands and feet. Immune system attacks articular cartilage in joints.
Lupus
An inflammatory disease caused when the immune system attacks its own tissues.
Celiac disease
An immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
(how to remember: you are SILLY for just eating gluten)
Multiple sclerosis
A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves called myelin. This obviously causes nerve signals to be damaged or delayed.
4 examples of immunodeficiency diseases:
4 examples of autoimmune diseases:
Immunodeficiency:
1) HIV/AIDS
2) Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
3) Hypersensitivity Disorders
4) Cancer (chemo)
Autoimmune:
1) Rheumatoid arthritis
2) Lupus
3) Multiple sclerosis
4) Celiac disease
In order to be diagnosed with chronic fatigue disease, you have to have experienced chronic fatigue for how long?
Do men or women get chronic fatigue more?
Do minorities get it more or less
Duration of chronic fatigue (how long people on average have it)?
Average age of those with chronic disease
6+ months
WOMEN
MORE
3-9 years
29-35 years
What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
LUPUS: An inflammatory disease caused when the immune system attacks its own tissues (an autoimmune disease).
Lupus (SLE) can affect the joints, skin, KIDNEYS, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs.
More than 200,000 US cases per year. Usually among younger child-bearing women (few men get it)
Symptoms vary but can include fatigue, joint pain, rash, photosensitivity, and fever. These can periodically get worse (flare-up) and then improve.
Etiology: Not know. Genetic and hormone factors, stress, exposure to UV light, drugs.
s/s: musculoskeletal weakness, skin legions,
Medical Management: While there’s NO CURE for lupus, current treatments focus on improving quality of life through controlling symptoms and minimizing flare-ups. This begins with lifestyle modifications, including sun protection and diet. Further disease management includes medications, such as anti-inflammatories and steroids.
T or F: Autoimmune diseases can be organ specific or system specific?
True
Two autoimmune diseases that are systemic:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus)
Fibromyalgia
What are CD4 or T-cells?
They are tied to what immunodeficiency?
CD4 (T-4) cells are a type of lymphocyte (white blood cell). They are an important part of the immune system. CD4 cells are sometimes called T-cells.
HIV/AIDS
There are two main types of T-cells. What are they:
T-4 cells, also called CD4, are “helper” cells. They lead the attack against infections.
T-8 cells (CD8) are “suppressor” cells that end the immune response.
How can you treat HIV?
HIV treatment involves taking medicines that slow the progression of the virus in your body. HIV is a type of virus called a retrovirus, and the drugs used to treat it are called antiretrovirals (ARV). These drugs are always given in combination with other ARVs; this combination therapy is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). Many ART drugs have been used since the mid-1990s and are the reason why the annual number of deaths related to AIDS has dropped over the past two decades.
Although a cure for HIV does not yet exist, ART can keep you healthy for many years (allowing your immune system to actually work better), and greatly reduces your chance of transmitting HIV to your partner(s) if taken consistently and correctly. ART reduces the amount of virus (or viral load) in your blood and body fluids. ART is recommended for all people living with HIV, regardless of how long they’ve had the virus or how healthy they are.
Difference between Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome:
Fibromyalgia: muscle soreness and tingling and pain all over body. 11 of 18 spots, in all 4 quadrants, for 3+ months.
Chronic Fatigue: is unexplained extreme fatigue lasting 6+ months
What is Hodgkin’s disease:
(How to remember)
Briefly explain purpose of lymphatic system:
Main cells in lymph nodes:
Cancer of the part of the immune system - cancer in lymphatic system.
(Hodge is my pig who is FAT - cancer in lymPHATic system).
Purpose of Lymphatic System:
- The lymph system is part of the immune system, which helps fight infections and some other diseases. It also helps the flow of fluids in the body. Lymph nodes have lymphocytes which help kill foreign pathogens that get into bloodstream.
Main Cells:
- Lymphocytes (B cells produce antiBodies, and T cells aTTack the Tagged antigens and kill them and then suppress immune system).
*** SLE =
A women with SLE - most common s/s is:
50% of people with SLE have:
Is SLE systemic or not?
Lupus
A women with SLE would have BUTTERFLY RASH on face
Renal disease
Usually systemic (all over, effecting many systems throughout body)
1) What is Raynaud’s phenomenon
2) (how to remember)
3) What condition would you find this in someone?
1) A disease where smaller arteries that supply blood to the skin constrict excessively in response to cold, limiting blood supply to the affected area.
The fingers, toes, ears, and tip of the nose are commonly involved and feel numb and cool in response to cold temperatures or stress. It’s often accompanied by changes in the color of the skin.
1) (Remember: Ray would have his hands and face cold … and he is in same ward as Amanda)
3) Lupus (SLE)
What are contractures?
A condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints .. can’t do full ROM.
Will a good night sleep help your patient with chronic fatigue?
You get fatigued after an exam or a run, or even when you get any number of sicknesses, but what kind of fatigue is chronic fatigue?
NO. Those with chronic fatigue can get good nights sleep and still have this.
OVERWHELMING fatigue that doesn’t go away … that you’ve had for 6+ months.
T or F: With almost any immune deficiency, moderate exercise helps, but rigorous exercise is not helpful
TRUE
The MOST common musculoskeletal condition in the U.S. is:
And it effects mainly what demographic:
Fibromyalgia
90% are Women age 20-55 (ish)
We spent a lot of time in class talking about:
- Lupus (SLE)
- Chronic fatigue
- Fibromyalgia
Know a lot about these
ok
T or F: Lupus is system wide?
True
It is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that effects the ENTIRE body.
Does platelet aggregation increase or decrease with age?
INCREASE (seems counterintuitive, but they increase)
??? literature says decrease
*** Remember when you read a question about SIGNS and SYMPTOMS … what do you have to remember:
SIGNS are things you can measure
Is mono an autoimmune disease?
NO … it is from herpes, a virus (so immunodeficiency)
Fat accumulation with AIDS is called:
Lipodystrophy (LIPO means fat)
Lipodystrophy refers to the changes in body fat that affect some people with HIV. Lipodystrophy can include addition or reduction of fat, and probably has to do with the medication (ARV’s) patient is taking.
A substance that an antibody attacks
Antigen
Severe whole body allergic reaction
Anaphylactic
iatrogenic (or Iatrogenic) means
Is Radiation Therapy or appendectomy more likely to cause immunodeficiency?
Exam/Physician induced infection
Radiation … because that kills good WBC’s, where appendectomy just removes appendix.
Primary modality used for patients with fibromyalgia is:
Exercise
“Butterfly rash” and sunshine (UV light) is associated with what disease
Lupus
A form of cancer with people with AIDS
kaposi’s sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma causes lesions to grow in the skin, lymph nodes, internal organs, and mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and throat. It often affects people with immune deficiencies, such as HIV or AIDS.
Purple, red, or brown skin blotches are a common sign. Tumors also may develop in other areas of the body.
Treatment may include radiation or chemotherapy. Rarely, surgery may be needed.
Young child bearing women are often diagnosed with this autoimmune disease
LUPUS
SLE =
Lupus
Bulls eye rash =
Butterfly rash =
Lyme disease
Lupus
ARV =
ART =
Antiretroviral drugs used for HIV
Antiretroviral therapy
Large or swollen lymph nodes =
Adenopathy
Cell-mediated immunity
Cellular immunity or T-cell immunity: type of acquired immunity; some organisms hide inside cells where antibodies cannot reach them; more specific cells (t lymphocytes) recognize and destroy them on a cell to cell basis
Encephalopathy
How to remember
A broad term for any brain disease that alters brain function or structure.
Cephalon = brain
An exaggerated / inappropriate immune response to an allergen that results in tissue damage =
Hypersensitivity
Fat redistribution; found in individuals with HIV; important because can alter the gait of the individual
Lipodystrophy
What is Muscle wasting
Where would you see (in person with what immune disease)
Significant muscle atrophy and weakness
Often seen in stage 3 HIV/ AIDS
Opportunistic infection =
infections that take advantage of the opportunity offered by a weakened immune system; often seen in individuals with HIV; ex: tuberculosis and bacterial pneumonia
Can HIV be spread via Perinatal
YES - from mother to baby
Is fibromyalgia a disease?
NO, a syndrome
Disease transmitted by saliva:
Infectious mononucleosis, or mono
it’s termed the “kissing disease” since it is transmitted via saliva.
Symptoms include fatigue, fever, rash, and swollen glands. The elderly may not have typical symptoms.
Treatment involves rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain and fever-reducing medicines to ease symptoms.
Is mono herpes?
Yes … it is related to Epstein-Barr virus.
Kaposi’s sarcoma is what
How to remember?
Cancer with those with AIDS
Remember: Kaposi was the missionary who slept around on mission and got AIDS
Adenopathy =
How to remember
Large or swollen lymph nodes
Adam’s apple near lymph nodes
