Quiz 2 Flashcards
KNOW VOCAB WORDS:
Infection: Colonization: Communicable: Communicable period: Contact precautions / Infection control:
(more … scroll down)
Erythema Migrans:
Susceptibility (and Host Susceptibility):
iatrogenic: (how to remember)
Incubation Period:
(more below … scroll down)
Latent Infection:
Chronic Viral Infection:
Malaise: (how to remember)
Modes of transmission of an infection:
(more below … keep scrolling)
Nosocomial: (How to remember)
Portal of exit:
Portal of entry:
(more below … keep scrolling)
Prophylactic antibiotics: (how to remember)
Reservoir:
Standard precautions:
Transmission-based precautions:
Infection: An infection means that germs (bacteria, virus, parasite) not normally in body invade and multiply in/on body and make you sick (establishes a parasitic relationship with a host). You can get signs and symptoms (or not) like fever, pus, high WBC count, etc.
Colonization: If I colonize an area, I invade it, take over, and gather more people around me. This is what microorganisms (bacteria, virus, parasite) do when they colonize on/in tissues.
Communicable: Contagious. An infection or disease that can be transmitted from person to person by direct contact, or discharges from body
Communicable period: The period where you are contagious (if you have the infection) … period during which an infected person can transmit a pathogen to a susceptible host.
Contact precautions / Infection control: wash hands, wear PPE, dispose needles, clean and disinfect, cough/sneeze etiquite, waste disposal, safe sex, etc.
Erythema Migrans: Redness Migrating … rash spreading. Seen in early lyme disease, or from tick bite. Typically goes away.
Susceptibility: A susceptible individual is one who is at risk of becoming infected by a disease. Is the host susceptible to getting the infection? Impacted by person’s age, immune system strength, vaccines, hygiene, skin barrier, etc.
iatrogenic: Illness (infection) resulting from a medical exam or treatment (Dr or surgery or exam). It’s a side-affect the individual gets from the treatment they are receiving (remember: I aint letting you see my genitals)
Incubation Period: The period where infection gets incubated / grows. It sits in the resivoir and multiplies … and host (infected person) starts seeing s/s. Basically, the bacteria is getting incubated and multiplying.
Latent Infection: Latent means dormant. So a latent viral infection is an infection in cells that sits dormant or is not persistent / growing, but there. Can’t see s/s, but there is an infection there.
Chronic Viral Infection: Opposite of latent viral infection - it grows and spreads fast and is dangerous.
Malaise: A general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify. (remember: country of malaysia gives me discomfort and I can’t find it)
What are the modes of Transmission of an infection:
- Airborne (through air from cough/sneeze)
- Contact (direct = skin to skin, sex, kiss; indirect = food, needle)
- Droplet (cough or sneeze directly on to someone)
- Vehicle (food, water, IV, catheter)
- Vector (insect, animal)
Nosocomial: disease originating from the hospital (remember: No socializing in the hospital)
Portal of exit: A portal of exit is the site from where micro-organisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection. For example, a micro-organism may leave the reservoir through the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs, a door handle, toilet, sking, or in feces.
Portal of entry: how does it get in? A portal of entry is the site through which micro-organisms enter the susceptible host and cause disease/infection. Infectious agents enter the body through various portals, including the mucous membranes, the skin, airborne/breathed in, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts
Prophylactic Antibiotic: A prophylactic is a medication or a treatment designed and used to PREVENT a disease from occurring (ideally prior to getting it). You could use antibiotics before surgery or a dental procedure to prevent a bacterial infection … the increase in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. (remember: proactive antibiotics)
Reservoir: Where the infection, bacteria, virus grows and sits and flourishes/multiplies/incubated.
Standard precautions: Apply to everyone. Wash hands, wear gloves, cover mouth, vaccines, etc.
Transmission-based precautions: Apply to anyone with documented or suspected infection. So, hand hygiene (alcohol based rubs, soap and water, antiseptics for invasive), standard precautions, isolation precautions [contact precautions and group activities] - isolation, specific drugs, etc.
Describe signs and symptoms of a infectious disease.
*** Sign =
*** Symptom =
(SHE will try to trick you on exam by listing a symptom when she is really asking for a sign, etc.)
Are there specific s/s you’d see in specific body systems?
There are SO many, depending on where in body (which system) and which etiologic agent (infection, virus, bacteria, drugs, etc.)
Sign = objective, see, feel, measure Symptom = subjective, can't measure, Dr. can't see
Fever Chills Enlarged lymph nodes Sweating Temperature changes Inflammation Malaise (discomfort you can't identify) Pain Nausea/Vomiting Changes in blood composition Mental function decrease
YES: - Integumentary - Cardio-pulmonary - CNS - GI -
What is malaise:
how to remember
Malaise: General feeling of discomfort, illness or uneasiness without knowing what caused it; first indication of disease. A general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify. (remember: country of malaysia gives me discomfort and I can’t find it)
Why are older adults more susceptible to infectious diseases
- Their immune system is weak and not as strong
- Skin is more atrophic, so more easily damaged / ruptured / penetrated
- Decreased cough and gag reflexes make it difficult to remove secretions
- More dormant infections within them get reactivated with weak immune system
- Cells mutate over time = cancer. Then you get chemo and kill good cells like WBCs
- Fatigue which leads to loss of personal hygeine
- Fatigue and weaker muscles (as a result of no exercise) makes risk of falls and injury more, which increases chance for infections.
- Denture associated infections occur
1) Define infection:
2) Is an infection localized or systemic?
3) What are communicable diseases?
1) The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
*** Infection is a process where a bacteria/virus establishes a parasitic relationship with its host. This triggers an immune response, showing up in s/s.
2) Can be both or either.
3) Infections (viruses) that can spread from one person to another orally, through touch, blood, sex, airborne, etc. They are CONTAGIOUS diseases that can be spread.
What types of organisms can cause an infection
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Mycoplasmas
- Mycobacteria
- Fungi (yeasts and molds)
- Tapeworms
- Parasites
- Rickettsiae (how to remember … cricket … animal)
- Chlamydiae
- Protozoa
What is the chain of trasmission or chain or infection for the transmission of any infection?
All these steps are necessary - breaking a link in this chain causes infection to not spread:
1) Infectious disease: Any microorganism that can cause a disease such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or fungus. Reasons that the organism will cause an infection are virulence (ability to multiply and grow), invasiveness (ability to enter tissue), and pathogenicity (ability to cause disease, or disease can develop).
2) Reservoir: The place where the microorganism resides, thrives, and reproduces, i.e., food, water, toilet seat,
elevator buttons, human feces, door handle, respiratory tract, somewhere in body.
3) Portal of Exit: The place where the organism leaves the reservoir, such as the respiratory tract (nose, mouth), intestinal tract (rectum), genitals, urinary tract, or blood and other body fluids.
4) Mode of Transmission: The means by which an organism transfers from one carrier to another by either direct transmission (direct contact between infectious host and susceptible host) or indirect transmission (which involves an intermediate carrier like an environmental surface or piece of medical equipment). Airborne, droplet, direct, indirect, vehicle, vector.
5) Portal of Entry: The opening where an infectious disease enters the host’s body such as skin, mucus membranes, open wounds, breathing in, anus/mouth/nose, genitals, or tubes inserted in body cavities like urinary catheters or feeding tubes.
6) Susceptible Host: The person who is at risk for developing an infection from the disease. Several factors make a person more susceptible to disease including age (young people and elderly people generally are more at risk), immune system strength, unvaccinated people, underlying chronic diseases such as diabetes or asthma, conditions that weaken the immune system like HIV, certain types of medications, invasive devices like feeding tubes, and malnutrition.
Explain the 5 modes of transmission - how an infection can be passed from one host to another:
- Contact (direct: skin to skin, touch, kiss, sex, etc. OR indirect: like phone, toilet, handle, needle, or railing)
- Airborne (bacteria goes through air and breathed in)
- Droplet (someone sneezes or coughs on you)
- Vehicle (contaminated food or water, catheter)
- Vector (insect or animal with infection bites you)
With regards to a susceptible host for infection to go to and thrive, what are the 3 LINES OF DEFENSE:
First-line: Skin, hair, mucous membranes, cilia, coughing/gag reflex, gloves, tears, safe sex, saliva (these stop the invasion into the body)
Second-line: The inflammatory process (WBC’s that phagocytize foreign invader)
Third-line: The immune response (lymphocytes that produce ANTIBODIES)
1) Antigens vs. Antibodies:
2) So what are vaccines or immunizations:
1) Antigens: Any substance foreign to the body that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies to fight the antigen/intruder. Antigens can be bacteria, viruses, or fungi that cause infection and disease.
Antibodies are protiens created by the body to fight bacteria, viruses, antigens. Anitbodies are created to kill the antigens.
2) Vaccines work by preparing the body to fight specific infections/viruses/bacteria/illnesses. Each vaccine contains either a dead or a weakened germ / bacteria / virus (or parts of it) that causes a particular disease. The body practices fighting the disease/antigen by making antibodies that recognize specific parts of that germ/bacteria in the event you do actually get it later on.
What is a nosocomial infection
Examples:
Why would you get this?
Difference between iatrogenic and nosocomial?
Nosocomial: Hospital acquired infection. Originating or taking place in a hospital, acquired in a hospital.
Examples: urinary tract infections, respiratory pneumonia, catheter, trach, surgical site wound infections, gastrointestinal and skin infections.
Why? There are so many body fluids in hospital, so many infected bodily fluids, so many tubes, lack of sanitation, etc. It is an easy place to get infected.
Difference: nosocomial (hospital) or iatrogenic (doctor-induced)
What can be done to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases … CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION:
- Wash hands / wear mask / wear gloves
- Get vaccinated (immunizations)
- Use antibiotics
- Cover mouth when coughing/sneezing
- Stay home if you have contagious s/s
- Prepare and store food properly
- Clean and disinfect places at home/car/work
- Safe sex
- Educate people
- Proper disposal (waste and sewage)
- Don’t share personal items
How are infectious diseases diagnosed
- Blood sample
- Urine test
- Throat swab
- Stool sample
- Biopsy
- Scans (CT, xray, MRI)
Explain:
1) Prevelence vs. incidence:
2) Etiology and risk factors:
3) Pathogenesis:
4) Clinical manifestations:
5) Medical management:
1) Incidence is # of new cases IN A GIVEN AMOUNT OF TIME, prevalence is how prevalent it is in the population (percent of the population)
2) The cause or how the infection / disease came about.
3) The development of the disease
4) These are the s/s … either Dr. notices them (signs: rash, fever, coughing, rash), or patient tells Dr. about them (symptoms: pain, discomfort).
5) How a disease or infection is treated (intervention) by the Medical provider.
Know generally each of the infections listed below, whether they fall into BACTERIAL, VIRAL, or MISC. INFECTIONS category:
Bacterial Infections
- Clostridium difficile
- Staphylococcal infections
- Streptococcal infections
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Gas gangrene
- Ghonneria
- Pseudomonas
Viral Infections
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Herpes
- HIV
- Viral respiratory infections
Miscellaneous Infectious Diseases
- Infections with prostheses and implants
- Lyme disease (bacteria)
- Sexually transmitted diseases (HIV = virus)
- Infections in drug users (Hep C)
Bacteria:
CSSSGP
Virus:
HHHHHV (Like HIV)
Misc:
SILI
Explain each of the BACTERIAL INFECTIONS below:
Clostridium difficile: (how to remember)
Staphylococcal infections (Staph infection):
Streptococcal infections (strep throat):
A
B
Gas Gangrene:
Pseudomonas: (how to remember)
Clostridium Difficile: Infection of colon … diaharreah and inflammation of colon. You take an antibiotic to stop inflammation … but it causes inflammation of the colon by the bacteria called Clostridium difficile and is very life threatening. From nosocomial or community diarrhea. (Remember: difficulty in the colon). Transmitted through fecal-oral route.
Staph Infection: Infection on the SKIN (often in the nose) from skin to skin direct contact with other person close to you, or from recent hospital visit (nosocomial), catheter. Bacteria can’t go through intact skin, but can through weak/damaged skin.
Strep Throat: Strep throat, bacteria in the throat causing it to inflame, swell, tonsils swell, fever, etc. Mainly found in children, often from respiratory droplets (sneeze/cough) or through touch.
A = scarlet fever, cellulitis
B = pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis
Gas Gangrene: Death of body tissue from loss of blood and bacteria infection … usually following trauma, war, or surgery. Need to do a debridement (remove dead tissue)
Pseudomonas: Bacteria growing in moist area … often in humidifiers or catheters … often causing infections of respiratory tract. Respiratory tract infection (How to remember: pseudo = false. Mona. Mona utah uses false humidifiers to stay warm, and thus bacteria grows there.
Explain each of the VIRAL INFECTIONS below:
Bloodbourne: - Hepatitis A - Hepatitis B - Hepatitis C (how to remember A, B, C) (which of the Hep's have NO vaccine)? - Herpes - HIV - Viral respiratory infections
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Miscellaneous Infectious Diseases (SILI) - Infections with prostheses and implants - Lyme disease (how to remember) - Sexually transmitted diseases - Infections in drug users
Bloodbourne:
Hepatitis A: Infection from a contaminated person (same as B and C below), but typically passed via contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B: A virus that infects/attacks the liver, easily overcome with a vaccine, but can damage the liver. Passed when you contact another person’s blood or through anus/sex.
Hepatitis C: A virus that also infects the liver, passed through unclean needles/swabs .. passed from blood of infected person to you, and you may not even know (NO s/s).
(LIVER. A / Food, B / Sex, C / Needles … C you can’t see)
(Hep C has no vaccine)
- Herpes: A contagious virus around mouth or genitals from STD’s, causing genital / mouth pain. It is long term but not deadly. Associated with Epstien-Barr and Mono
- HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus - attacks a human immune system, so immune system won’t work properly. Spread by sexual contact. Never goes away.
- Viral respiratory infections: colds, flu, bronchitis that are VIRAL … viruses that spread. Also respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV).
______________________________
Miscellaneous Infectious Diseases (SILI)
- Infections with prostheses and implants: Prosthesis-related infection is a serious complication for patients after orthopedic joint replacement, which is currently difficult to treat with antibiotic therapy. Consequently, in most cases, removal of the infected prosthesis is the only solution to cure the infection.
- Lyme disease: Caused by a bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, that’s transmitted to humans through a bite from an infected black-legged or deer TICK. … Early signs and symptoms of Lyme disease include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle weakness. (remember: Lyme is Amanda Nelson = tick)
- Sexually transmitted diseases: An infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Having sex with someone infected.
- Infections in drug users: 9.2% of people older than 12 use drugs regularily. Huge risk for infection due to uncleaned needles.
1) How to tell Bacteria and Viruses apart?
2) Can viruses survive without a host?
Can bacteria survive without a host?
3) You would use antibiotics to fight viruses or bacteria?
4) T or F: antibiotics don’t effect viruses?
1) Viruses are much smaller: the largest of them are smaller than the smallest bacteria. All they have is a protein coat and a core of genetic material, either RNA or DNA. But Bacteria are pretty much full functioning independent cells that reproduce and have cell membranes. Unlike bacteria, viruses can’t survive without a HOST. They can only reproduce by attaching themselves to cells.
Most viruses lead to disease or infection, where not all bacteria do (you have TONS and TONS of bacteria in your body, and all around globe).
2) NO
YES
3) Bacteria (antiBiotics for Bacteria, B=B)
4) True
What is MRSA:
(How to remember)
Staph infections effect or are found on/in the _______
Staph infection (in skin or nose). A bacteria that is resistent to many different kinds of antibiotics. It is passed from touch, food, water, insects, saliva, etc.
(Mercy^2. have mercy - person beating you with a Staff. And it has NO mercy since it doesn’t respond to many antibiotics)
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is an infection caused by a type of Staphylococcus, or staph, bacteria that’s resistant to many different antibiotics. These bacteria naturally live in the nose and on the skin and generally don’t cause any harm. However, when they begin to multiply uncontrollably, a MRSA infection can occur. These infections typically occur when there’s a cut or break in your skin.
MRSA is very contagious and can be spread through direct contact with an infected person. It can also be contracted by coming into contact with an object or surface that an infected person has touched. Though a MRSA infection can be serious, it may be treated effectively with antibiotics.
SKIN
She doesn’t require us to memorize a bunch of numbers or lab values, so don’t worry.
ok
Alopecia =
How to remember
Hair loss (baldness). Happens when immune system is weak and wrongfully attacks hair cells/follicles.
Remember: my roommate Al was balding
T or F: communicable means contagious?
True. Yes, it means you communicate with another person, or transfer / transmit / contagious.
** What did she teach you about the difference between signs and symptoms:
Signs: Something you can see, touch, feel, and MEASURE. Signs are objective and CAN be measured.
Symptoms: The pain that a patients feels, which is subjective, and the Dr. can’t see, feel, or measure. You can NOT measure symptoms.
What is Cell-Mediated Immunity:
Would cell-mediated immunity increase or decrease with age?
Cells in an immune response that does not involve natural antibodies (or produced antibiotics), but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Basically the cells fight the infection themselves without the help of antibodies.
Decrease
Would dormant (latent) infections be reactivated more or less with age?
Would antibody response to vaccines be greater or worse with age?
Would an older patient be more or less prone to get a nosocomial infection?
More
Worse
More (infection from within/from hospital)
What are the 3 lines of defense in our body:
Of the 3, which are innate, which are adaptive?
First-line - outer protection / coverings
Second-line – inflammatory process (WBC’s)
Third-line – immune response (antibodies)
1) The first line of defense against infection are the SURFACE BARRIERS that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body (normal flora, skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, gloves, safe sex, PPE, etc.)
2) The second line of defense are the non-specific WBC’s / phagocytes and other internal mechanisms that comprise innate immunity (INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, leukocytes)
3) The third line of defense are the specific lymphocytes that produce ANTIBODIES as part of the adaptive IMMUNE RESPONSE (immune response of developing antibodies)
First two are innate, 3rd is adaptive (antibodies adapt to whatever the antigen / virus is in order to kill it).
What are flora
What are normal flora
(How to remember)
Flora: The normal flora are bacteria / microorganisms which are found in or on our bodies on a semi-permanent basis without causing disease. There are more bacteria living in or on our bodies than we have cells of our own. Cells of the resident flora outnumber a person’s own cells 10 to 1. (Remember bacteria are all throughout us, but viruses are invaders and are bad).
Microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi that are found on or in specific areas of the body.
Flora = green floral arrangements are made of cells all over the place … they are good for us. Bacteria is green)
What is a debridement
(How to remember)
When or for what would you do this?
Removal of dead tissue (Gangrene).
Remember: Dead bride … remove her.
From Gangrene or dead tissue in limb from trauma, war, injury.
1) What is Influenza (flu):
2) What is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV):
1) Influenza (flu) is a viral infection. People often use the term “flu” to describe any kind of mild illness, such as a cold or a stomach virus, that has symptoms like the flu. But the real flu is different. Flu symptoms are usually worse than a cold and last longer.
2) Respiratory syncytial virus infection, usually called RSV, is a lot like a bad cold. Its an infection in the lungs and respiratory tract. It causes respiratory tract infections. And like a cold, it is very common and very contagious. Most children have had it at least once by age 2.
What is the CDC:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal agency that conducts and supports health promotion, prevention and preparedness activities in the United States, with the goal of improving overall public health.
What is Pediculosis:
How to remember
Lice infestation.
Usually transmitted by direct contact. Manifested by a lot of itching. As a PT, if your child has lice, you should get checked to make sure you don’t have lice for safety of patients and co-workers.
(Remember: Pedifiles run around sneakily, like lice)
TDAP is a booster vaccine / shot for what:
TDAP: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough)
What is Borrelia burgdorferi
Bacteria from the tick causing Lyme disease.
Antibiotics are used for:
Bacteria infections … to fight foreign antigens
Differentiate between airborne and droplet.
Airborne means the micronism is so small that can be transmitted by air. LESS THAN 5 microns
Droplets are larger and thus gravity makes it fall to a surface and you pick it up there. MORE than 5 microns
If you get a papercut, which infection should you be worried about?
Staph infection … that is why we wear a bandaid so no infection can get in.
Remember in class how we filled out that LONG list of diseases. Review it.
You don’t need to memorize it, just know in general what is a bacteria, what is a virus, if vaccines are available, how they enter, etc. KNOW in general
ok
See below list
What do you do in an orthopedic outpatient setting to ensure infections don’t spread:
- Spray table down to disinfect
- Clean pillowcase, sheets, gown, shorts, etc.
- Wash hands (before and after each patient)
- Wear PPE (gloves, mask, hair net)
- Cover mouth when sneezing / coughing
- Clean equipment, therabands, weights, gait belts, wheelchairs, estim pads, ultrasound probe, etc.
- No food and water in treatment areas
What is Clostridium difficile
*** C diff is transmitted by what route?
C Diff: inflammation of colon (diarrhea) … see above flashcard.
** Fecal oral route … from feces to/through the mouth (like in hospital where nurse touches feces, then touches mouth, or setting when person’s bowels are weak like preschool or nursing home)
What are primary portals of entry of infections spreading?
Nose
Mouth
Eye
Fingers touch things and then you put it into mouth, nose, or eye
Based on what you know of Lyme Disease, what type of rash would you see?
Lyme disease is carried by?
What type of transmission would Lyme disease be?
West nile virus comes from what?
What type of transmission would West Nile virus be?
Bulls eye (Erythema Migrans)
Ticks (that bacteria b b mentioned above)
Vector
Mosquitoes
Vector
*** REMEMBER WITH PATHOLOGY CLASS, or any specific pathology classes … if someone is diagnosed with a muscularskeletal issue and you work on them and nothing improves with multiple interventions, could it be another issue outside the muscularskeletal system?
But you do NOT need to be an expert in all the possible infections, viruses, pathologies, and other system issues. REFER them to another Dr.
Yes, of course
OH GOOD :)
Disease –causing organisms of <5 microns are transported from an infected source to a susceptible host in this manner. Examples include tuberculosis, chickenpox and rubeola measles.
(How to remember)
Airborne transmission
Remember: chickens can fly through the air … briefly … so chicken pox, TB, and measles
Patchy hair loss affecting the scalp =
Alopecia
Single-celled micro-organisms with well-defined cell walls that can grow independently on artificial media without the need for other cells or host.
Bacteria
Itis =
Inflammation
An acute spreading inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues commonly caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria. Skin injuries such as cuts, insect bites, or surgical incisions are commonly the sites of the infection.
Cellulitis (inflammation from strep/staph … if it streaks it means it is getting into lymphatics)
T or F: Cellulitis is localized
True
Diarrhea or colon inflammation and common among preschoolers or nursing home residents is called:
Most common cause of health care-associated diarrhea worldwide; common among residents of long-term care facilities or persons in acute care hospitals because of high rates of antibiotic use.
C Diff
A sequence of events in which a pathogen exits a reservoir and is passed to and enters a susceptible host.
Chain of transmission
What makes you susceptible to getting a disease/infection
- Weak immune system
- Open wounds
- Age (older adults)
- Young infants before immune system is not fully developed
- Had vaccines / antibiotics or not
Infectious particles >5 microns can be spread by coughing or sneezing. These particles land within 3 feet of the source. What is this type of transmission?
droplets
Herpes Type4 associated with infectious mononucleosis
how to remember
Epstein Barr Virus
remember: Dr. Barr has herpes and mono
Nonliving object or material capable of carrying infections
How to remember
Fomite
Remember: You FOE, you aren’t even alive and causing MIGHTY havik
A painful infection of the hand affecting the distal phalanx of one or more fingers; caused by Herpes simplex virus, Type 1 or 2.
(how to remember)
Herpes 1 =
Herpes 2 =
Herpetic Whitlow
(Remember: Mr. whitlock did inappropriate things with distal finger … lead to herpes)
Cold sores herpes
Genital herpes
A virus spread through certain body fluids that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, often called T cells
HIV
CD4 = HIV
Induced inadvertently by a medical provider during the provision of health care (exam)
iatrogenic
A disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. Causes bulls eye rash.
Skin rash of this is called:
Lyme Disease
Erythema Migrans (bulls eye)
A bacterial infection caused by staph that is resistant to commonly used antibiotics
MRSA
A word used to describe healthcare-associated / hospital infections.
Nosocomial (or health care infectious)
An infectious organism that does not normally harm its host, but can cause disease when the host’s resistance is low
(How to remember)
Opportunistic pathogens
Remember: just waits for the right opportunity to ATTACK
A frequent cause of gram-negative infection, especially in patients with compromised host defense mechanisms. It is the most common pathogen isolated from patients who have been hospitalized longer than 1 week, and it is a frequent cause of healthcare-associated infections.
Pseudomonas
A common name for herpes zoster, a painful skin rash.The conditionis caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Older adults and individuals with a weakened immune system are at greatest risk for developingit.
(how to remember)
Shingles
remember: zosters are shingles … but you can NOT get shingles unless you’ve had chickenpox
*** SHE WILL try and trick you with this …
Objective evidence of a disease is a:
Subjective evidence of a disease is a:
SIGN
SYMPTOM
A set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (including rashes) and mucous membranes.
Standard precautions
Transmission of infectious organisms involving insects and/or animals that act as intermediaries between two or more hosts, e.g., Lyme disease, West Nile virus or Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
vectors
Ability of a microbe to cause a disease
Microbes ability to cause a disease / infection
Virulence
An infective agent that only has RNA/DNA and protein cover
An infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat that is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host
Virus
What is Polyuria
Is polyuria a sign of infectious disease?
Polyuria: producing a large amount of urine
NO
Period where infection/disease grows and multiplies
Incubation period
What a dentist or dr. might do to give patients antibiotics to help prevent a disease/infection?
Prophylactic antibiotics
CDC guidelines for all patients to keep them safe to not get infected.
standard precautions
C diff is trasmitted how?
fecal oral transmission
What is Impetigo:
A highly contagious skin infection that causes red sores on the face. Common among preschoolers.
Which mode of transmission is Influenza spread by?
how to remember
Droplet
this infection will DROP IN
Why would someone have to be Isolated?
Why would someone get Prophylactic antibiotics?
If they have the disease.
To help prevent a disease/infection BEFORE a surgery or something.
Go through this QUIZLET study guide
ok
https://quizlet.com/75121026/lecture-2-vocab-flash-cards/
Say if the bacteria or virus below is
1) Bacteria or a virus
2) Vaccine available or not
Cellulitis: Chicken pox: C Diff: Gangrene: Gonorrhea Hep A Hep B Hep C Herpes HIV Epstein-Barr Influenza Lyme Disease Malaria Meningitis Pneumonia Pseudomonas RSV Rheumatic fever Shingles Staph infections Strep throat TB
Cellulitis: Bacteria / No Chicken pox: Virus / Yes C Diff: Bacteria / No Gangrene: Bacteria / No Gonorrhea: Bacteria / No Hep A: Virus / Yes Hep B: Virus / Yes Hep C: Virus / No Herpes: Virus / No HIV: Virus / No Epstein-Barr: (herpes = virus) / No Influenza: Virus / Yes Lyme Disease: Bacteria / No Malaria: Parasite / No Meningitis: Viral/Bacteria/Fungal / Yes Pneumonia: Viral/Bacteria/Fungal / Yes Pseudomonas: Bacteria / No RSV: Virus / No Rheumatic fever: Bacteria / No Shingles: (herpes = virus) / Yes Staph infections: Bacteria / No Strep throat: Bacteria / No TB: Bacteria / Yes
Vaccines are typically given to fight ___________
Antibiotics are typically given to fight _____________
Viruses (BUT they can and are also given for some bacterial infections)
Bacteria
Bulls eye rash is for:
Butterfly rash is for:
Lyme disease
Lupus
A biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. Ittypically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
Vaccine
Transmission occurring when infectious organisms are transmitted through a common source, e.g., contaminated food, water or IV fluids
Vehicle
Explain Erythema migrans
Lyme disease rash; disease that is caused by certain ticks; 3 stages (flu-like symptoms; arthritis and stiffness; erosion of joints) and post infection syndrome (resembles fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome) if not treated
What is Host susceptibility
How likely an individual is to acquire a disease based on their lack of immunity to that disease; varies and is based on biologic and personal characteristics
Idiopathic means
how to remember
unsure of what caused the disease
Idiot = i don’t know how we got the pathology
What is a Rickettsiae
Animal pathogen that produces disease in human beings through a bite (tick, flea, etc.)
