QUIZ 11 Flashcards
(10 cards)
This is on Male/Female Reproductive and Genital Systems:
MALE REPRODUCTIVE:
1) What structures are associated with the male genital/reproductive system, and their function?
2) What changes occur in the genital/reproductive system as a man ages?
1)
- Testis (within scrotum): sperm and testoterome is produced
- Epididymis: carries sperm from testes to ductus deferens
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens): carries sperm from epididymis up to the seminal vesicle
- Seminal vesicles: Glands that produce fluid that is combined with semen (sperm) to help the sperm to “swim” to the eggs once inside the female. This fluid contains sugar to nourish the sperm, and chemicals to activate sperm. Sends sperm to ejaculatory duct.
- Prostate gland: Releases prostate fluid into semen and propels semen into urethral ejaculatory duct down to urethra (out of penis). Also closes off bladder’s urethral opening during ejaculation so no urine escapes into urethra. But mainly helps produce necessary fluid into semen to protect it. It can enlarge and cause urination problems.
- Urethra: tube that allows both urine and semen to exit body through penis.
- Penis
2)
- It can degenerate, which impacts sexual function
- Testes become smaller, impeding sperm production
- Prostate gland enlarges, potentially effecting urine flow
- Erectile dysfunction can happen (impotence)
- Libido occurs (lower sexual drive)
- Decreased production of male sex hormones (testosterome)
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS:
Testicular torsion:
Testicular cancer (seminoma):
Prostatitis:
*** Why is a prostate getting bigger so dangerous?
Prostate cancer:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
Orchitis:
(how to remember)
Orchidectomy:
Another term for Orchidectomy:
Epididymitis:
What type of medication would you take for any of these inflammations:
Cryptorchidism:
(how to remember)
Erectile dysfunction:
Another term for ED:
Libido:
Impotence:
Testicular Torsion: when a testical or spermatic cord rotates/twists within the scrotum. So the spermatic cord has it’s blood supply cut off. If you surgically fix it early, you can save the testical. If you wait too long, you may experience fertility issues.
Testicular Cancer (seminoma): cancer in testicles. Often felt by a lump in / around testes, or scrotum feeling heavy. Common among 15-35 yr olds. Staged by TNM classification system. 90% cure.
Prostatitis: Inflammation of prostate from bacterial infection (can be cured with antibiotics). Common among men 40+, and about 50% of men will experience this. Can lead to urethral opening of bladder to effect urine, and possibly a UTI (urinary tract infection).
** When the prostate gets bigger than normal, it may put pressure on the urethra and cause problems with urination. You may have trouble passing urine, and you may feel the need to urinate more often, sometimes even at night. The need to urinate can come on suddenly. In severe cases, you may not be able to pass urine. This can cause kidney damage if it is not treated promptly.
Prostate cancer: Cancer of prostate. Most common cancer in males. 2nd most common cause of male deaths. Risk factors are men age 50+, african american, family history, alcohol, high fat diet
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Age related ENLARGEMENT of prostate, but NOT malignant. 75% of men 50+ experience it. s/s of increased urine (especially at night)
Orchitis: Inflammation of one or both of the testicles. Possible that it is secondary to a UTI (Urinary tract infection).
(remember: orch’s are full of testosterome = testes)
Orchidectomy: Surgical removal of one or both testicles. (Remember … ORCHS)
Another term for Orchidectomy: Castration (a eunuch)
Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis. Could be from a UTI that is forced up ejaculatory ducts, through / down ductus deferens into epididymis. Could get from a STD
Type of Meds: Anti-inflammatory NSAID’s
Cryptorchidism: a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. Often happens in premature baby boys.
(remember: crypto = superman, and he ‘descends’
down)
Erectile dysfunction: Inability to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual satisfaction for both partners. Can’t get penile erection and ejaculation.
Another term: Impotence
Libido: Lower sex drive
Impotence: Inability for a man to have an erection (erectile dysfunction)
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ACCRONYMS:
BPH
DRE
PSA
TUIP
TURP
WHAT IS DIFFERENCE between TUIP/TURP?
ED
BPH: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (see above). **An ENLARGED PROSTATE
DRE: Digital rectal examination
PSA: Prostate specific antigen
TUIP: Transurethral Incision of the Prostate. Before removing the prostate completely, you can make incisions at the top of the prostate and bottom of the bladder to relieve pressure on urethra so it can function properly again.
TURP: Transurethral resection (surgical removal) of the prostate. (A surgery to treat urinary problems from an enlarged prostate).
Incision to relieve pressure vs. removal or prostate.
ED: Erectile Dysfunction (see above)
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE:
1) What structures are associated with the female genital/reproductive system, and their function?
2) What changes occur in the genital/reproductive system as a woman ages?
- Differentiate between perimenopause and menopause.
- s/s of perimenopause
2A) What is hormone replacement therapy (HRT):
3) Discuss special implications that are important for a physical therapist working with a woman who is post-menopause.
4) Describe effects of exercise on the female reproductive system.
- Effects of too much and too little exercise
1)
- Vagina: The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse, serves as a conduit for menstrual flow from the uterus during monthly cycle, and during childbirth the baby passes through the vagina (birth canal).
- Cervix: It is the lower most part of the uterus and is made up of strong muscles. The function of the cervix is to allow flow of menstrual blood from the uterus into the vagina, and direct the sperm up into the uterus during intercourse. The opening of the cervical canal is normally very narrow.
- Uterus: It is the ‘womb’ - so it receives the fertilized ovum from the fallopian tubes and nurtures it (the baby grows in the uterus). Otherwise, if no egg is fertilized, monthly the uterus will shed the lining of the uterus (endometrial lining), eggs, blood, and dispose of all of it outside the body from the vagina. If an egg is fertilized in the uterus however, the baby then grows in the uterus (and body won’t shed it’s uterus lining … thus no period while pregnant).
- Fallopian/Uterine Tubes: Connect ovaries to the uterus. The primary function of the uterine tubes is to transport sperm toward the egg, which is released by the ovary, and to then allow passage of the fertilized egg back to the uterus for implantation. So this tube is where the fertilization of the egg and sperm happen.
- Ovaries: The ovaries have two main reproductive functions in the body. They produce oocytes (eggs) for fertilization and they produce the reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
2)
- Changes/fluctuations in the menstrual cycle
- Menopause eventually (around 40+ where no egg is released to become fertilized).
- Increased body temp (heat flashes)
- Anxiety, depression, mood swings
- Reproductive hormone (estrogen) production decreases
PERImenopause: It usually starts in a woman’s 40s, but can start in her 30s or even earlier. Perimenopause is when monthly cycles become inconsistent (fluctuate in time and length), and these fluctuations last up until menopause (which is defined as when no cycle occurs for 12 months), the point when the ovaries stop releasing eggs. It is gradual decline in ovarian function with reduced estrogen levels. In the last 1 to 2 years of perimenopause, this drop in estrogen speeds up. At this stage, many women have menopause symptoms.
Menopause: Typically when a woman is 40-50, they stop producing hormones (reduced estrogen levels) and stop releasing eggs for fertilization. Menopause is identified by when its been 12 months since your last menstration. Basically a woman’s period stops.
s/s of PERImenopause:
- Changing/Fluctuations of periods - length of cycle, duration of period.
- Hot flushes.
- Night sweats.
- Insomnia.
- Fatigue – tiredness or a loss of zest.
- Anxiety, mood swings, irritability and depression.
- A feeling of being invisible and a loss of confidence.
- Decreased libido or sex drive.
2A) HRT is treatment with female hormones (estrogens) with the aim of alleviating menopausal symptoms
3)
- Knowing the age of a woman, and where they are in menopause cycle.
- Referring out to get help with anxiety or depression
- HELP THEM WITH EXERCISE … which can help minimize the effects of menopause and decreased estrogen levels (which are: increased weight and depression).
4)
- Increases cardiovascular fitness
- Reduces body fat
- Aids in maintaining muscle mass
- Helps improve bone density
- Helps reduce depression and anxiety
TOO MUCH: might have negative effects on reproduction (not able to get pregnant). TOO LITTLE: excess fat, infertile, miscarriage, DM,
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE:
Disorders of the uterus and fallopian tubes:
1) Endometriosis:
2) Uterine Fibroids
3) Endometrial Carcinoma (Uterine Cancer)
4) Cervical Cancer
- What is HPV (and how to remember)
- How is Cervical cancer detected?
5) Ectopic Pregnancy
- Another name:
___________________
Disorders of the ovaries:
1) Ovarian Cystic Disease (PCOS):
2) Ovarian Cancer:
3) Ovarian Varices:
_______________
Disorders of Pelvic floor disorders:
1) Pelvic inflammatory disease:
2) Pelvic organ prolapse
- Cystocele
- Rectocele
- Uterine Prolapse
- CELE means what:
3) Urinary incontinence
4) Fecal incontinence
5) Pelvic Floor Dysfunction:
_______________
Disorders of breast disease:
1) Benign Breast Disease:
2) Breast Cancer:
- Early detection screens are:
- These should start at what age:
- Staging of Breast Cancer:
- Removal of breast tissue =
3) How common is breast cancer?
4) T or F: Breast cancer staging is done at the time of diagnosis?
5) How can Dr’s know if a pt has breast cancer (what is a proceedure they can do)?
6) Treatments for breast cancer
7) Would a premenapausal woman or menapausal woman be hormone receptor negative?
8) What is BCS
9) What is difference between ALND and SLND
- What is ALNB or SLNB
10) What is a Lumpectomy vs. a Mastectomy?
- Which has a higher risk of recurrence?
- Which one needs reconstruction after?
11) PT’s role in pts after a mastectomy
12) What is the TRAM flap procedure?
- Is it good or bad?
13) What are ‘radiation’ options
14) Is exercise safe during or after chemo treatment?
- Why do it?
- What do we need to be careful about
Endometriosis: The endometrium is the internal lining of the uterus … so this is when it grows OUTSIDE the uterus. Normally during the monthly cycle, the endometrial tissue will be sluffed off with the blood, eggs, etc. and that exits the vagina during menstration. But in this case, it goes into the pelvic cavity or intestines and/or up into ovaries, fallopian tubes, etc.
Uterine Fibroids: Noncancerous growths (benign TUMORS) in the uterus that can develop during a woman’s childbearing years. Basically benign tumors in uterus. Usually asymptomatic.
Endometrial Carcinoma: Uterine Cancer. Cancer of the internal lining of the uterus.
Cervical Cancer: Tumor in cervix of a woman’s uterus.
- Human papillomavirus infection (human people virus = STD): MOST COMMONLY TRANSMITTED STD in U.S. It is getting warts from a sexually transmitted disease.
- PAP Smear Test (test to see if cancer is growing in cervix)
Ectopic Pregnancy: Where the fertilized egg implants OUTside the uterus. Usually in fallopian tubes.
Tubal pregnancy (fallopian/uterine ‘tube’)
_______________
1) Ovarian Cystic Disease: Polycystic ovarian syndrome … A solid or fluid-filled sac or pocket (cyst) within or on the surface of an ovary. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs.
2) Ovarian Cancer: Cancer of ovaries. 2nd most common urogenital cancer in women.
3) Ovarian Varices: Dilated ovarian veins (usually in women who’ve had children). Ovarian vein compresses the ureter (the tube that brings the urine from the kidney to the bladder). This causes chronic or colicky abdominal pain, back pain and/or pelvic pain
_______________
Pelvic inflammatory disease: Infection of a female’s upper genital tract. It usually occurs when SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED bacteria spread from the vagina to the womb (uterus), fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Common symptoms include pelvic pain and fever. There may be vaginal discharge. Usually no s/s. Can take antibiotics.
Pelvic organ prolapse: Occurs when a pelvic organ-such as your bladder-drops (prolapses) from its normal place in your lower belly and pushes against the walls of your vagina. This can happen when the muscles that hold your pelvic organs in place get weak or stretched from childbirth or surgery
- Cystocele: herniation … urinary bladder descends down into vagina
- Rectocele: herniation … rectum descends down into vagina
- Uterine Prolapse: herniation … uterus down into vagina
- CELE means HERNIA
Urinary incontinence: The loss of bladder control — is a common and often embarrassing problem. The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to having an urge to urinate that’s so sudden and strong you don’t get to a toilet in time
Fecal incontinence: Inability to control your bowel movements, causing stool (feces) to leak unexpectedly from your rectum. Also called bowel or anal incontinence, fecal incontinence can range from occasional leakage of a small quantity of stool while passing gas to a complete loss of bowel control.
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: Weakness in pelvic floor muscles could lead to a prolapse (lowering/herniation) of organs and pelvic floor pain, incontience, prolapses, etc.
_______________
1) Benign Breast Disease: Noncancerous changes that give a breast a lumpy or ropelike texture. The condition is likely due to hormone changes during the menstrual cycle that affect breast tissue. Symptoms include a change in breast texture, pain or tenderness, and lumpiness.
2) Breast Cancer: Cancer of breast, most common cancer among women. Found by feeling lumps in breast (or bloody discharge from nipple, or changes in shape of breast)
- Mammograms
- 30
- Stage I: tumor < 2cm
- Stage II: tumor is 2-5 cm
- Stage III: tumor is > 5cm
- Stage IV: tumor is fixed to chest wall and axillary region nodes are inflammed, UE edema
- Masectomy
3) Increasing incidence (250,000+ per year), and 2.8million survivors a year.
4) TRUE
5) Lymph node dissection. Axillary or Sentinel (sentinel usually first).
6) Lumpectomy or Masectomy followed by Chemo, radiation, hormone therapy
7) Menapausal. If you have menapause, you don’t produce hormones, so you’d be hormone receptor negative.
8) Breast Conserving Surgery (to try to NOT have to do a masectomy)
9) Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (removes at least 6 lymph nodes), and Sentinal Lymph Node Discection (determine which are the closest/1st nodes, and remove 3 or so).
- Axillary lymph node biopsy, Sentinel lymph node biopsy
10) Lumpectomy is removal of only the tumor and a small amount of breast tissue (vs. mastectomy is removal of all the breast tissue).
- Lumpectomy
- Mastectomy
11) Mobility of shoulder / thorax, scar mobilization, myofascial release
12) Taking a portion of the transverse abdominis (thoracic rectus abdominis muscle) muscle (or Latissimus dorsi) flap of muscle to place in the place of where the breast was.
- Probably bad in that you lose A LOT of mobility taking that muscle to transplant into breast area.
13) External radiation (4-7 weeks) or internal, or even intraoperative
14) YES
- Improves QOL (quality of life), ROM, improves physical function and strength, reduces fatigue
- Monitor BP, HR, RR, SpO2, Dyspnea, blood lab values, …. and just ensure exercise equipment is CLEAN since their immune system will be weak. IN SHORT … BE CAUTIOUS, but STILL EXERCISE.
BELOW ARE JEAPORDY ?’s and ANSWERS:
1) Herniation of the urinary bladder into the vagina
2) Bulging of the uterus into the vagina
3) Term for a variety of conditions of the female upper genital tract (ex: endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic peritonitis)
4) Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with breast cancer
5) Class of drugs prescribed to women to prevent osteoporosis, heart disease and modify the symptoms of menopause
6) General feebleness, weakness, and weight loss associated with the metastatic spread of cancer.
7) A term used to describe the physiologic reverse of puberty in a woman.
8) Procedure that results in removal of part/all of the uterus … so it is surgical menopause.
9) A systemic metabolic disease marked by the presence of multiple ovarian cysts
10) Most common type of breast cancer
11) Estrogen-dependent disorder defined by the presense of the lining of the uterus outside the uterus
- Would a post-menapausal woman get endometriosis?
12) A side effect of SLNB and ALNB sometimes referred to as ‘cording’
13) Painful menstruation
14) Paraneoplastic s/s or syndrome often associated with gynecologic cancer. Someone with ovarian or uterine cancer might show this syndrome (s/s):
15) Benign tumor of the uterus
1) Cystecele
2) Uterine prolapse
3) Pelvic Inflammatory disease (many conditions)
4) Stiff person’s syndrome
5) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
6) Cachectia (wasting away)
7) Perimenapause (leads into menapause)
8) Hysterectomy
9) Polycystic ovarian syndrome
10) Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (70-80% of breast cancers)
11) Endometriosis
- NO, they don’t have period or estrogen any more
12) Axillary web syndrome (scars/adhesions in axillary region from the surgery)
13) Dysmenorrhea
14) Gait disturbance (loss of balance)
15) Uterine Fibroids
What is ATAXIA
Loss of balance or bodily movements
CLASSROOM ACTIVITY FOR MALE REPRODUCTIVE:
1) Surgical removal of one or both testes
2) A twist of the spermatic cord cutting off blood supply
3) An enlarged prostate
4) Inflammation of one or both testes
5) Undescended testicle(s)
6) A form of cancer that develops in the prostate
7) Inflammation of the tube that connects the testicle with the vas deferens
8) A form of cancer that develops in the testes
- What age range does this normally happen
9) Impotence
10) Inflammation of the prostate gland
1) Orchidectomy
2) Testicular Torsion
3) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
4) Orchitis
5) Cryptorchidism
6) Prostate Cancer
7) Epididymitis
8) Testicular cancer
- 15-35 yrs old
9) Erectile Dysfunction
10) Prostatitis
1) Is prostate cancer common?
- Common among who?
2) What are s/s of someone having prostate cancer?
3) What are treatment options for prostate cancer?
1) VERY common
- Older men
2) Urinary issues and difficulty (can’t maintain a steady stream, or stopping urination, painful urination).
3) Radiation, prostatectomy (removal of prostate), chemo, TUIP, TURP, etc.
What is multiparity?
A woman who has had multiple children.
