Quiz 3 Flashcards
What is cancer:
What is differentiation with cancer:
What is Anaplastic / Anaplasia: (how to remember)
What is Atrophy:
What is Hypertrophy:
What is Hyperplasia:
What is Metaplasia:
What is Dysplasia:
What is Neoplasia / Neoplasm:
Tumor:
Benign:
Malignant:
Metastasize:
Situ: (how to remember)
Cancer: A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.
Differentiation: Normal cells have a distinct size, shape, function, and structure. But when they undergo changes … it is called differentiation. Well-differentiated cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cancer cells which look nothing like the normal tissue.
Anaplastic / Anaplacia = UNdifferentiated cells, or cells lose their identity and look nothing like the parent tissue. (ANA LOOKS NOTHING LIKE HER FATHER cause of plastic surgery). CANCEROUS CELLS
Atrophy: Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia: Increase in number of cells, resulting in a tissue increasing in mass.
Metaplasia: Substitution of one cell type with another in a tissue. One mature tissue type replaces another tissue type. It is early dysplasia. Ex: columnar epithelial cells change to squamous epithelial cells.
Dysplasia: Cell disorganization or Abnormal changes in cellular shape, size, and/or organization. Basically - abnormal cell growth (precursor to cancer). Dysplasia can reverse itself, or lead to cancer.
Neoplasia / Neoplasm: formation of a new tissue or abnormal growth of an existing tissue.
Tumor: The mass or area of the body that is bulging because of cell proliferation / neoplasm. They are abnormal growth of tissues that serve no purpose and harm tissue and take needed nutrients/blood.
Benign: Non-cancerous, remote or little or not cancerous yet. Can be removed, won’t grow back. But can lead to cancer.
Malignant: Bad and growing. Threat to life.
Metastasize: Spreading to other parts of body.
Situ: “In situ” is in the normal location. An in situ tumor is one that is confined to its site of origin and has not invaded neighboring tissue or gone elsewhere in the body. (remember: SIT - STAY)
1) Explain difference between GRADING and STAGING tumors
(how to remember)
2) Are stages and grades same for each different type of cancer?
3) What is the TNM System
The T =
The N =
The M =
1) GRADING is a way of classifying cancer CELLS. The pathologist gives the cancer a grade based on how different they look from normal cells (differentiation), how quickly they are growing and dividing, and how likely they are to spread. (How aggressive is the cancer?)
STAGING is a way of classifying the TUMOR. It is describing or classifying a cancer based on the extent of cancer in the body. The stage is often based on the size of the TUMOR, whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) from where it started to other parts of the body and where it has spread. Stages are based on specific factors for each type of cancer. Stage 0 = situ, Stage 1 = localized,
Stage 4 = metastasized. (TNM staging system – T = Tumor; N = node involvement and M = metastastic spread)
(Remember alphabetical. G before S, so grading before staging. C before T. Cells before Tumor)
The GRADE of a tumor is looking at microscopic features of the cancer and give a description of the tumor and indication of how quickly it is likely to grow and spread (prognosis). It defines the tumor and how malignant it is. IT IS ALL ABOUT HOW DIFFERENTIATED (4 ways) a cell is compared to parent cell. GX = grading can’t be accessed. G1 is well differentiated, and G4 is undifferentiated or anaplastic (cancerous).
The STAGE of a solid tumor refers to its SIZE or extent and whether or not it has SPREAD to other organs and tissues. Rate and Growth and Size of tumor. Stage 0, I, II, III, IV. Stage 1 is localized, Stage 4 is metastasized.
2) NO. They are specific to each cancer.
3) A system to tell us where in the body the cancer is, cell types, size of tumor, if it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of body, etc.
T = size and extent of the TUMOR N = Number of near by lymph NODES that have cancer M = Whether the cancer has METASTICIZED
Explain the TNM grading system:
Examples: T1N0MX or T3N1M0
Primary tumor (T)
TX: Main tumor cannot be measured.
T0: Main tumor cannot be found.
T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. T’s may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.
Regional lymph nodes (N)
NX: Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured.
N0: There is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes.
N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer. The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.
Distant metastasis (M)
MX: Metastasis cannot be measured.
M0: Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.
M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
_________________________
T: Primary Tumor
TX, T0, TIS, T1-4
N: Regional Lymph Nodes
NX, N0, N1-3
M: Distant Metastasis
MX, M0, M1
What is the difference between incidence and prevelence
Remember bath tub analogy? What is incidence, what is prevelance in the bath tub?
INCIDENCE IS NUMBER OF NEW CASES OVER A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD. PREVELANCE IS HOW MANY PEOPLE HAVE IT COMPARED TO TOTAL POPULATION.
The proportion of the population that has a disease at a point in time (prevalence) and the rate of new occurrence of new disease during a period of time (incidence)
Incidence is how many new / how much water added in a time, and prevelance is how much of the poplulation / how much water in the bathtub.
Is cancer higher (generally) among men or women?
Is death rate higher among men or women.
Does incidence of cancer vary among ethnic/race and types of cancer?
Is incidence rate going up or down?
Is survival rate going up or down?
Is incidence to survival rate for cancer going up or down?
Men. Obviously women get more breast and ovarian cancer, but in almost all other categories, men get cancer more.
Men.
Of course
Up (more people are getting cancer)
Up (more people are surviving)
Up (meaning more people who get cancer are LIVING)
What are some common risk factors for getting cancer:
If you have one of these risk factors, does it mean you’ll get cancer?
- Age
- Smoking / Tobacco
- Sun exposure
- Chemical or substance exposure, or alcohol
- Viruses / bacteria
- Sexual behaviors
- Stress / Depression
- Previous cancer
- Genetics or family history
- Occupation
- Diet and exercise (lifestyle)
- Geographic location / enviornment
- Gender
- Ethnicity (genetics)
NO
Is cancer contagious?
How does cancer develop?
No
Cancer is ultimately the result of cells get altered somehow and that uncontrollably grow and do not die. Normal cells in the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death. Programmed and planned cell death is called apoptosis (vs. unplanned cell death = necrosis), and when this process breaks down, cancer begins to form. So if smoking, chemical agent, radiation exposure, or just a fluke mutation changes a cell and then the DNA/chromosomes get altered and then replicated wrongfully … it just starts with one cell, and then that cell slowly (or quickly) grows and takes over a tissue with bad cells that don’t perform properly.
So basically when a healthy cell is damaged somehow (from risk factors above) and then copied and replicated over and over and doesn’t perform normal function it is designed to do.
Explain difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
What is metastasize?
How do they related to BEES
A BENIGN tumor is a tumor that does not invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body. It can be a precursor to cancer, but non-cancerous. Not really growing, spreading, or threatening.
A MALIGNANT tumor is a tumor that may invade its surrounding tissue and rapidly grow (or even metastasize and spread around the body). Its growing and spreading fast, dangerous.
Metastasize: spreading from original tumor site to another site on/in body.
A bee can sting and hurt, but usually it is not aggressive or life threatening and can easily be swatted away = BENIGN. OR, A killer bee that attacks and attacks and is hard to get rid of, and can kill you = MALIGNANT.
What is oncology?
Can dysplasia be reversible?
Early Dysplasia is called:
The suffix “oma” means:
The suffix “ology” means:
Study and treatment of tumors
Yes
Metaplasia
Tumor
Study of
5 major classifications of neoplasm:
(how to remember)
*** Of the 5, which ones can get benign conditions, which ones only have malignant?
Examples of benign and malignant tumors in each of the 5 classifications?
1) Epithilial Tissue (PACA: carcinomas, adenoma)
2) Connective and Muscle Tissue (FO: sarcomas, fibroma)
3) Nerve Tissue (NGR: neuroma fibroma)
4) Lymphoid Tissue (L: lymphomas)
5) Hematopoeitic Tissue (LMM)
(Remember: everyone carries neoplastic lymphoma heredity … E, C, N, L, H)
Benign: First 3
Malignant: All 5 get malignant, but last 2 only get malignant
See power point 3, slide # 3 (and later on there is a flashcard on this).
Define Etiology:
3 Examples of Etiology:
The cause or reasons you got a disease (how you got it).
1) Endogenous (genetic)
2) Exogenous (environmental or external)
- Examples of Carcinogens: viruses, chemical agents, chemotherapeutic drugs, cytotoxic drugs, hormones, alcohol, DIET, EXERCISE, etc. (sometimes controllable)
3) Combination of above factors
(Remember Endo means in, Exo means out)
Define Pathogenesis
What does “occult” mean (how to remember)
So “occult blood” or “occult cancer” means …
What is Tumor Angiogenesis
PATHOGENESIS: The development of a disease (how it developed after you got it).
Occult means “hidden” (Cults stay hidden)
You can’t see the blood in the stool/sample, the cancer was not seen, etc.
Tumors need O2 and nutrients from blood to survive and grow. So they can stimulate nearby normal cells to produce angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels). The resulting new blood vessels “feed” growing tumors with oxygen and nutrients, allowing the cancer cells to invade nearby tissue, to move throughout the body, and to form new colonies of cancer cells, called metastases
Metastasis =
What is the incidence of Metastases:
What are the 2 mechanisms of Metastases:
Can a metastases metastasize?
A cancer that spreads to a different part of the body from where it started.
Incidence: 30% of newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detected metastases. Another 30-40% have occult metastases.
Mechanism: 1) Tumor angiogenesis. 2) Or Cells break away, travel through body via blood or lymphatic system, become trapped in the capillaries of organs and spread.
Yes, even metastases can metastasize.
What is a Whipple Proceedure
How to remember?
Pancreaticoduodenectomy = Removal of head of pancreas and duodenum to remove cancerous tumor.
“Whip” the duodenum, which a duodenum is somewhat shaped like a whip.
Where are the clinical manifestations (s/s) of Metastases (where do they manifest)?:
Lungs Liver Bone CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Lymphatic System
Manifestations of cancers can be local or systemic. Explain
If you have a tumor/cancer in just a part of the liver (and that’s it), what type of treatment would you get? If it was all throughout all the bones, what treatment would you get?
Local is a localized cancer in a specific area.
Systemic means it has traveled and effected an entire body system.
Local treatment targets just that area (radiation)
Systemic treats entire body (chemotherapy)
What causes cancer pain?
Different types of cancer pain?
Pain is a major s/s of cancer.
Most cancer pain is caused by the tumor pressing on bones, nerves or other organs in the body. Sometimes pain is due to your cancer treatment (chemo) . For example, some chemotherapy drugs can cause numbness, tingling, fatigue, etc. Or you lose WBC’s and thus get fever or sick easier / more often. Or you lose RBC’s and get anemia and fatigued. Or it eats your bone cells. Or it weakens your muscles. Etc.
TYPES:
Acute pain: short time
Chronic pain: long time
Bone Pain (bone breaks down) Nerve Pain (tumor causes pressure on nerves) Soft Tissue Pain Phantom Pain Referred Pain
What is the role of the PT in cancer treatment?
What are the key considerations in prescribing exercise for a patient with cancer?
Primary prevention: educate patients about importance of good diet, exercise, no alcohol or tobacco use, getting screened, etc.
Restoring physical function, ROM, strength, movement after treatment
Stretches and exercises during chemo to help limit fatigue
Helping to walk or use arm after amputation
What is a carcinogen?
Etiologic agents that change cells to possibly lead to cancer.
Etiologic agents / Carcinogens: viruses, hormones, smoking, alcohol, drugs, radiation, viruses, etc.)
A tumor growing in the brain, for example, will naturally have cancer cells fall off and enter blood stream. Why don’t new metastases form all over the body then?
Once the bad cells enter the blood stream, the body does a great job of sending WBC’s to fight and kill those cancer cells. But, some can slip through the cracks.
What is the role of the PT in treating cancer pain?
- Soft tissue work (massage) … but could rupture tumor
- Estim or ultrasound … but could rupture and lead to further metastacizing
?? Not much research on this.
What is the role of PT’s in helping patients with cancer related fatigue (CRF):
- CRF is when a patient feels very tired / exhausted all the time (especially after chemotherapy), and limits their ADL’s.
- Perhaps if a physician hasn’t diagnosed it, and we see that there is just over all muscle fatigue (after doing MMT), refer to oncologist.
- Stretching, low key exercise, ROM mobilization of joints, soft tissue mobilization, home adaptations, bring in medical equipment for the home.
1) What are paraneoplastic syndromes
3) Incidence of Paraneoplastic syndrome:
4 and 5) Etiology and Pathogenesis of Paraneoplastic syndrome:
6) Clinical manifestations (s/s) of Paraneoplastic syndrome:
7) Medical Management of Paraneoplastic syndrome:
1) Paraneoplastic syndromes are s/s or the effects that are triggered by an altered immune system response to a neoplasm. In other words, the other s/s at a site distant from the tumor but tell you that you may have cancer. These syndromes occur alongside the cancer as a result of the activation of your immune system
3) 10-20% of all cancer clients had paraneoplastic syndromes
4 and 5) An immune reaction as a result of immune system over-working against antigens and cancer cells.
6) Skin changes, neural function loss, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, musculoskeletal weakness, fatigue, bad reflexes, hormone levels altered.
7)
How can cancer be prevented?
*** Test question about Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Explain each:
Besides genetic and uncontrollable environmental factors, many cancers can be avoided. Stop smoking, don’t drink alcohol, don’t do drugs, eat healthy and exercise, safe sex, etc. etc.
We can do more educating/training patients (population), get better medical facilities, and continued research, reduce businesses who produce unhealthy food options.
Primary: PREVENTION. Teach / educate patients (to not smoke, diet, exercise, etc.)
Secondary: SCREENING
Tertiary: MANAGING SYMPTOMS (medical, surgical, rehab), limiting complications, preventing disability associated with cancer treatment.
1) How is cancer diagnosed?
2) What is a biopsy?
3) What is a biopsy specimen?
4) What is a sentinel lymph node biopsy?
1) Cancer is nearly always diagnosed by an expert who has looked at cell or tissue samples under a microscope. In some cases, tests done on the cells’ proteins, DNA, and RNA can help tell doctors if there’s cancer. … The tissue sample is called the biopsy specimen. The testing process is sometimes referred to as pathology
2) The procedure (or test) that takes out a piece of the lump (tumor), or a sample, for testing in a lab.
3) The actual lump taken out of tumor to be examined to see if cancerous.
4) The sentinel nodes are the first few lymph nodes into which a tumor drains. Sentinel node biopsy involves injecting a dye that spreads to sentinel nodes so that the surgeon can locate the sentinel nodes during surgery. The sentinel nodes are removed and analyzed in a laboratory.
How do you know if a cancer is malignant or benign?
When a tumor is found, a piece of the tissue is removed and examined under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. It is done to determine if the tumor is noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Depending on the location of the tumor, the biopsy may be a simple procedure or a serious operation.
A benign tumor is not a malignant tumor, which is cancer. It does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body the way cancer can. … But benign tumors can be serious if they press on vital structures such as blood vessels or nerves. Therefore, sometimes they require treatment (surgery) and other times they do not.
A malignant tumor is cancer, and can invade neighboring tissue and organs through blood or lymph system (this is the system which helps fight infection). This is called metastasis and can start new or secondary cancers.
So benign tumors typically are not cancerous, and can stay or be removed. But typically are removed so it doesn’t become malignant. Dr’s take a sample / biopsy and based on differentiation and proliferation, they make a diagnosis and prognosis as to the stage and grade to determine what treatment is needed.
REFER TO FLASHCARD BELOW ABOUT 4 ways to tell if benign or malignant.
What are the major modalities or treatments for cancer, and explain each briefly:
- Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells (1). X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles are types of radiation used for cancer treatment. … Or a patient can have injected into them radioactive iodine, that travel in the blood to kill cancer cells. Dr.’s aim radiation at cancerous area and it kills good and bad cells. This is usually done in a targeted specific cancerous area.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy (chemo) is a type of treatment that includes a medication or combination of medications to treat cancer. The goal of chemo is to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. This means it may affect your ENTIRE BODY. Chemo medications attack rapidly growing cancer cells, but they can also affect healthy cells that grow rapidly. Side effects would be that WBC’s are killed, so you can’t fight infections and get very sick. Also RBC’s get killed, so you get anemia and fatigue quick due to lack of O2. Hair cells die.
- Biotherapy (Immunotherapy): Immunotherapy, also called biologic therapy, is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the body’s natural defenses to fight the cancer. It uses substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve or restore immune system function. … Helping the immune system work better at destroying cancer cells.
- Antiangiogenic Therapy: Tumors can’t survive without O2 and nutrients from blood. Angiogenesis means the growth of new blood vessels. Anti angiogenic drugs are treatments that stop tumors from growing their own blood vessels. If the drug is able to stop a cancer from growing blood vessels, it might slow the growth of the cancer or sometimes shrink it. Or you just cut off blood supply (through surgery) to tumor.
- Hormonal Therapy: Some hormones encourage the growth of some cancers, such as breast and prostate. But, in some cases, they may kill, slow or stop cancer cells from growing. Hormone therapy usually involves taking medications that prevent cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow.
- CAM Medicine: Complementary and Alternative Medicine includes practices such as massage, acupuncture, tai chi, and drinking green tea. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is the term for medical products and practices that are not part of standard medical care.
How are outcomes of cancer treatment defined:
- SURVIVAL
- Decrease in cancer
- Live better / longer lives … quality of life improves
What are key considerations in prescribing exercise for a patient with cancer?
Exercise plays a vital role in cancer prevention, and helping with the side effects of cancer treatment, and promoting improved health among cancer survivors.
Whether preventative (primary) or following cancer survival, patients need to do aerobic, flexibility, and strengthening exercises daily for improved health and limiting cancerous growths.
So those patients going through chemo, for example, will become fatigued. Proper exercise will provide strength and energy to reduce fatigue, allowing patient to do ADL’s.
Adrenaline during exercise helps circulate natural killer (NK) immune cells into tumors in the lung, liver, and skin, where they go to work to kill off and eliminate the cancerous cells. Exercise also reduces endorphins which help limit pain and make one feel better / more positive.
Exercise reduces risk of getting overweight, which leads to cancer. Studies prove over and over the link between being overweight and cancerous cell growth.
T or F: Undifferentiated = anaplastic
Early dysplasia is called:
Another name for tumors:
Is dysplasia reversible?
True
Metaplasia
Neoplasms
Yes
From the list below, which of the 5 classifications of neoplasms would this condition fall under:
1) Papilloma
2) Neuroma
3) Lymphoma
4) Fibroma or Firbrosarcoma
5) Leukemia
6) Osteoma or Osteosarcoma
7) Adenoma
8) Carcinoma
9) Glioma
10) Retinoblastoma
11) Multiple myeloma
1) Epithilial
2) Nerve
3) Lymphoid
4) Connective and muscle
5) Hematopoietic
6) Connective and muscle
7) Epithilial
8) Epithilial
9) Nerve
10) Nerve
11) Hematopoietic
E = PACA C/M = FO N = NGR L = L H = LMM
** REFER TO TABLE IN POWERPOINT
If a Dr. did a biopsy, and looked at a cancerous spot, what are the 4 ways he’d know whether it is benign or malignant:
Melanoma =
For melanoma, the ABCDE rule =
1) Symmetry (symetrical = benign, asymetrical = malignant)
2) Border (rounded border = benign, uneven edges = mal)
3) Color (one color = benign, 2+ colors = malignant)
4) Diameter (less than 6mm = benign, 6mm+ = malignant)
Melanoma = skin cancer
Remember theABCDE rule:
- Asymmetry (one half of the mole doesn’t match the other)
- Border irregularity
- Color that is not uniform
- Diameter greater than 6 mm — (about the size of a pencil eraser)
- Evolving size, shape or color
What is Actinic Keratosis
How to remember this
Solar Keratosis (skin cancer)
(Remember: Kara was hot and got scortched in the sun … skin cancer)
CARROTS = got scorched by the sun
What are the correlations between cancer and age:
Age is the biggest single risk factor for cancer. Risk increases significantly after age 50, and 60% of all cancer patients are age 66+
Over time, you naturally get exposed to etiologic carcinogens: sun, radiation, drugs, alcohol, sugar / overweight, etc. And with age, body’s ability to fight (WBC’s and immune system) become weaker.
What is Oncogenesis:
What are oncogenes:
Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
Small segments of genetic DNA (cancer causing genes)
What is the Somatic Mutation Theory:
This theory states that an important part of aging is determined by what happens to our genes after we inherit them. From the time of conception, our body’s cells are continually reproducing.
Each time a cell divides, there is a chance that some of the genes will be copied incorrectly. This is called mutation. Additionally, exposures to toxins, radiation or ultraviolet light can cause mutations in your body’s genes. The body can correct or destroy most of the mutations, but not all of them. Eventually, the mutated cells accumulate, copy themselves and cause problems in the body’s functioning related to aging.
What does Hx mean?
NED =
Medical history
No evidence of disease
What is hypercalcemia:
Too much calcium in the blood.
What is palliative vs. curative care:
Palliative Care: Care that affords relief, but not a cure.
Curative Care: Care that tends to overcome disease, and promote recovery.
Review the following possible prognosis’ for cancer treatment:
- Cure – no sign of disease 5 years after treatment
- Complete Remission – NED within 5 years of treatment
- Partial Remission – tumor ½ size after treatment
- Improvement – tumor reduced
- Advanced Disease – disease in >1 location
- Stable Disease – no change with treatment
- Refractory – resistance to treatment; continued progression; relapse
- Survival Rate - % alive for a given period of time after diagnosis
What is a Chromosome abberation
What is Carcinoma
What is SOB
What is NVR
Abberation: A chromosome abnormality (abberation = abnormal), disorder, anomaly, aberration, or MUTATION is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA
Carcinoma: a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs. Malignant neoplasm of skin.
SOB: Short of Breathe
NVR: Nausea and Vomitting
Here is a good description combining concepts of differentiation, benign/malignant, DEGREES of tumors, grading, etc.
So is 1 degree tumor or 3 degree tumor more dangerous?
Based on the microscopic appearance of cancer cells, pathologists commonly describe tumor grade by four DEGREES of severity: Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 (or 1 degree, 2 degree, 3 degree, etc.). The cells of Grade 1 tumors are often well-differentiated or low-grade tumors, and are generally considered the least aggressive in behavior (benign) and localized. Conversely, the cells of Grade 3 or Grade 4 tumors are usually poorly differentiated or undifferentiated high-grade tumors, and are generally the most aggressive in behavior (malignant) and metastasizing.
More dangerous is 3 degree tumor.
If you see Abdominal/RUQ pain, what does that mean?
What is Malaise:
What is Satiety / Sated:
What is osteolytic / osteolysis:
Lytic = (how to remember)
What is Endometrial cancer:
Pain in abdomen in right upper quadrant (RUQ) - so probably the LIVER.
Malaise: a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify
Satiety: the feeling or state of being satisfied (full).
Osteolytic/Osteolysis: The opposite of ossification. So the osteoclasts just tear down bone with no remodeling or regrowth. So osteoclasts eat bone away (and no repair).
Lytic = tearing down (lyce and ticks just tear down)
Endometrial cancer: cancer of the womb / lining the uterus.
Endometrial cancer or laryngeal cancer would be examples of local or systemic cancers?
Local
What is Tachycardia:
What is Tachypnea:
What is Brachycardia:
What is Brachypnea:
Rapid heart beat
Rapid breathing
Slowed heart beat
Slowed breathing
For exam:
- Know most common types of cancers
- Don’t need to memorize all the stats
T or F: Exercise improves fatigue. You feel so much better when you exercise. Remind your patient that you feel better and fatigue goes down when you exercise.
TRUE
Go through 3 power points:
- Lecture (3 and 3A)
- Nuggets and Pearls (3B)
ok
Grading of the tumor has to do with cell ________
differentiation
Review of staging and grading:
Grading
- Cell differentiation
- Defines the growth of tumor cells
- Degree of malignancy
Staging
- Specific for each type of cancer
- Rate of growth and extent of tumor
- Treatment planning
- Prognosis
Are these below primary, secondary, or tertiary preventions of diseases:
Mammogram
Smoking Prevention/Cessation Programs
Exercise while undergoing chemotherapy
Mammogram: Secondary
Smoking Prevention/Cessation Programs: Primary
Exercise while undergoing chemotherapy: Tertiary
Are all anaplasia cells malignant?
YES
Are the examples below primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention of a disease:
1) Don’t smoke, exercise, wear seat belt, education
2) Screening, monthly self breast exam
3) Limit impact of established disease
1) Primary
2) Secondary
3) Tertiary
Review these definitions:
1) Dysplasia
2) Metaplasia
3) Hyperplasia
4) Anaplasia
1) General term for disorganization of cells
2) Reversible and benign change from one cell type to another (first level of dysplasia)
3) Increase in the number of cells in tissue; benign or malignant
4) Loss of cellular differentiation (undifferentiated); malignant cells only (most advanced metaplasia)
***** Cancer has side effects (i.e. tumor on thyroid gland, which causes it to hyper-secret), but it can also have other side effects away from site of the cancer. These other side effects are called:
(*** she made big deal of this)
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Primary symptom of bone cancer / metastasis is:
PAIN
1 other area in body that a metastasis goes to the brain
Lungs
T or F: Incidence is new cases over a period of time
TRUE
Know about paraneoplastic syndrome
:)
Go through this QUIZLET guide
ok
https://quizlet.com/75164324/lecture-4-vocab-flash-cards/
Do well differentiated or undifferentiated (poorly differentiated) cancer cells look more like the original cell?
Well differentiated
GRADING CANCER:
- G1 grade is well differentiated cells or undifferentiated cells?
- G4 grade is well differentiated cells or undifferentiated cells?
- GX grade =
STAGING CANCER:
- Is stage 1 or stage 4 cancer localized?
- Is stage 1 or stage 4 cancer metastasized?
GRADING:
- G1 is well differentiated
- G4 is undifferentiated (anaplastic)
- GX = grading can’t be accessed / measured.
STAGING:
- Stage 1 is localized
- Stage 4 is metastasized
Is apoptosis or necrosis PLANNED death of cells?
Which one is normal and happens often in our body?
Apoptosis (apocolypse - we know and plan for it). Necrosis (unplanned cell death)
Normal: Apoptosis
T or F: If you get radiation treatment for a cancer, it targets the entire body?
False. Chemo targets entire body, radiation targets specific area.
REVIEW:
Differentation
Anaplastic
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia
Tumors
Cancer development
Diff: process of normal cells undergoing physical and structural changes as they develop into different tissues
Ana: undifferentiated cells that lack similarity to other tissues; cells that you can’t tell where they came from
Dys: abnormal cell disorganization
Meta: early cell dysplasia (disorganization)
Hyper: increase in cell number causing an increased tissue mass
Tumors: neoplasms; abnormal growths of new tissue that serve no useful purpose; they harm the host organism by competing for vital blood supply and nutrients
–> 2 types: benign or malignant; primary or secondary
Cancer: Hyperplasia –> metaplasia -> dysplasia -> carcinoma in situ -> invasive carcinoma -> metastic carcinoma
What is Leukemia/multiple myeloma
What is a neuroma
Malignant tumor of BLOOD
Benign neoplasm of nervous tissue
REVIEW:
Benign epithelial neoplasms:
benign CT/ muscle neoplasms:
benign nerve neoplasm:
malignant epithelial neoplasms
malignant CT/ muscle neoplasm
malignant nerve neoplasm
malignant lymphoid neoplasm
malignant hematopoietic neoplasm
Benign epithelial neoplasm
papilloma
adenoma
benign CT/ muscle neoplasms
fibroma
osteoma
benign nerve neoplasm
neuroma
malignant epithelial neoplasms
carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
malignant CT/ muscle neoplasm
fibrosarcoma
osteosarcoma
malignant nerve neoplasm
glioma
retinoblastoma
malignant lymphoid neoplasm
lymphoma
malignant hematopoietic neoplasm
leukemia
multiple myeloma
*** SHE WILL ASK A QUESTION ABOUT THIS:
What are paraneoplastic syndromes
When tumors produce signs and symptoms at a DISTANT site from the tumor or its metastasized sites; the remote effects of malignancy.
Stage 0 = Stage 1 = Stage 2 = Stage 3 = Stage 4 =
0 = In situ 1 = Localized 2 = Early localized advancement 3 = Late localized advancement 4 = Metastasized
