Quiz 8

Question 1

1. In comparison to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, Maslow’s theories offer

Answer 1

b) a more positive perspective on human nature.

Question 2

Largely because of the efforts of Carl Rogers, which of the following has reemerged as a useful construct for understanding personality?

Answer 2

a) The self

Question 3

3. According to Rogers, the best way to understand an individual is through

Answer 3

a) his or her inner subjective experiences.

Question 4

4. The needs associated with metamotivation are called

Answer 4

d) being needs, or B-needs.

Question 5

5. Which of the following would be an example of a B-need?

Answer 5

d) The need to use one’s talents

Question 6

Binod lives in a town where he can rely on a stable source of food, but he and the other residents experience frequent attacks by criminals and military forces. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, Binod is most likely focused on meeting ______ needs.

Answer 6

c) safety

Question 7

Maya lives in a part of the world where food is scarce and she can’t be sure where her next meal is coming from. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, Maya is likely to be focused on meeting her _________ needs.

Answer 7

b) physiological

Question 8

In Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs are tended to immediately after physiological needs have been met?

Answer 8

c) Safety needs

Question 9

In addition to his original hierarchy, Maslow proposed a smaller, independent hierarchy consisting of needs related to

Answer 9

a) knowing and understanding.

Question 10

10. Maslow defined a self-actualized person as an individual who

Answer 10

c) is self-fulfilled and doing the best that he or she is capable of doing.

Question 11

Kumar is functioning at the self-actualizing level of Maslow’s needs hierarchy. According to Maslow, Kumar is motivated by ________ needs.

Answer 11

c) being

Question 12

The dimension of trust is reflected in which of the following characteristics of self-actualizers?

Answer 12

c) Resistance to conformity

Question 13

What is the nature of the philosophical sense of humor?

Answer 13

d) It pokes fun at people’s shared human pretensions.

Question 14

Nicole is a music lover who, after attending a concert, tells her friends the following: “When I was at the concert, the world seemed to be complete and I was one with it. Life seems different now than it was before the concert. It was really a meaningful experience for me.” Maslow would state that Nicole

Answer 14

b) had a peak experience.

Question 15

A peak experience entails a

Answer 15

b) loss or transcendence of self.

Question 16

Maslow identified many specific historical figures as self-actualized individuals; his list included

Answer 16

c) the Dalai Lama.

Question 17

17. Socially speaking, self-actualizers tend to have

Answer 17

a) some close friends.

Question 18

18. What did Maslow find to be true about the self-actualizers he studied?

Answer 18

b) They focused on ends rather than means.

Question 19

19. According to Maslow, the number of self-actualized individuals in the population is

Answer 19

a) probably less than one percent.

Question 20

20. Third force is a term referring to the personality theories of

Answer 20

b) Maslow.

Question 21

21. In the traditional cultures of Japan and China, it is believed that personality is best rooted in

Answer 21

c) being able to define oneself in terms of the group.

Question 22

The self-determination theory of Edward Deci and Richard Ryan is most closely related to the personality theories of

Answer 22

a) Maslow.

Question 23

23. Carl Rogers pioneered constructive techniques for working with

Answer 23

c) interracial and multicultural groups.

Question 24

In Rogers’s theory, the ________ refers to the person as a whole, whereas the ________ refers to the person as he or she is perceived.

Answer 24

d) organism; self

Question 25

Rogers suggested that an organism is involved in a process of moving forward, known as

Answer 25

b) actualization.

Question 26

According to Rogers, ____________ subconsciously guide(s) an individual toward productive growth experiences in the absence of conflicting external rules and societal values.

Answer 26

d) the organismic valuing process

Question 27

In his day-to-day life, Deron’s behavior is influenced by many external rules and societal values. According to Rogers, these external rules and societal values are likely to conflict with Deron’s ________, which can inhibit self-actualization.

Answer 27

c) organismic valuing process

Question 28

Rogers contended that people use the defenses of ________ and ________ when their experiences appear to be inconsistent with their self-structure.

Answer 28

d) denial; perceptual distortion

Question 29

29. A state of congruence exists when

Answer 29

a) the self-concept and the organism largely coincide.

Question 30

30. Michelle is living in what Rogers would call a state of congruence. This means that

Answer 30

c) Michelle’s perception of herself and her actual experience of her life match.

Question 31

Tony is a sixteen-year-old boy who sees himself as multifaceted, with talents and interest in many areas such as music, art, writing, sports, and business. His parents, however, view him solely as a musician and refuse to acknowledge his other interests and talents. According to Rogers, this situation increases the likelihood that Tony will

Answer 31

d) experience incongruence.

Question 32

According to Rogers, maladjustment is a possible consequence of

Answer 32

a) incongruence

Question 33

Which of the following is the best example of a parental response that conveys unconditional positive regard to a girl who spilled her milk?

Answer 33

b) “That was a mistake. Try to be more careful next time.”

Question 34

34. According to Rogers, for young children to develop a strong feeling of self-worth, they need

Answer 34

b) positive regard.

Question 35

Which of these statements by Peter’s parent best exemplifies a condition of worth?

Answer 35

c) “If you quit the soccer team, I won’t love you as much.”

Question 36

36. One characteristic Rogers attributed to the fully functioning person is

Answer 36

b) creativity.

Question 37

Which term would LEAST likely be associated with the brand of therapy developed by Rogers?

Answer 37

b) Creative therapy

Question 38

38. According to Rogers, the three attitudes that are necessary and sufficient to produce therapeutic change are empathy, acceptance, and

Answer 38

b) genuineness.

Question 39

Rogers identified three specific attitudes important to his brand of therapy. He also argued that

Answer 39

Rogers identified three specific attitudes important to his brand of therapy. He also argued that

Question 40

The current movement toward positive psychology is most closely related to the personality theories of

Answer 40

d) Rogers.

Question 41

The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths Manual

Answer 41

The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths Manual

Question 42

42. According to positive psychologists, _____ is an optimal state of intrinsic motivation and a state of oneness with the activity and situation at hand.

Answer 42

c) flow

Question 43

43. Seligman describes five building flocks, PERMA, of a fulfilling life: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, ________, and Accomplishment.

Answer 43

c) Meaning

Question 44

44. Which of the following has been criticized on ethical concerns because resiliency can be a virtue or a vice depending on the circumstances?

Answer 44

c) The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program

Question 45

Rogers used a technique in which a patient would be given one hundred cards containing descriptive words or phrases and asked to arrange them in piles according to the degree to which they reflected the patient’s personality. What is the name of this technique?

Answer 45

b) The Q-Sort

Question 46

Which of the following is most likely to be a title for a research study in the field of positive psychology?

Answer 46

“What Makes a Marriage Work?”

Question 47

According to recent research in the field of positive psychology (e.g., Baird 2004), an individual born and raised in Japan is more likely to experience _____ as a key element of satisfaction than is an individual born and raised in the United States.

Answer 47

a) meeting social and family standards

Question 48

Dr. Sanders is a practicing psychologist whose approach to her clients emphasizes their spiritual experience. She tries to help clients transcend their daily lives by achieving a stronger connection to others and to religious experiences. Dr. Sanders’s orientation is best described as

Answer 48

d) transpersonal.

Question 49

Transpersonal psychology seeks to establish itself as an academic discipline. Which of the following best describes its status?

Answer 49

b) It has not been granted formal status by the American Psychological Association.

Question 50

Which of the following would Martin Seligman be LEAST likely to suggest as a way for people increase their happiness?

Answer 50

c) Finally admit to a lie for which you blamed someone else in order to cover up your own mistake.