Quiz 8 Flashcards
- In comparison to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, Maslow’s theories offer
b) a more positive perspective on human nature.
Largely because of the efforts of Carl Rogers, which of the following has reemerged as a useful construct for understanding personality?
a) The self
- According to Rogers, the best way to understand an individual is through
a) his or her inner subjective experiences.
- The needs associated with metamotivation are called
d) being needs, or B-needs.
- Which of the following would be an example of a B-need?
d) The need to use one’s talents
Binod lives in a town where he can rely on a stable source of food, but he and the other residents experience frequent attacks by criminals and military forces. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, Binod is most likely focused on meeting ______ needs.
c) safety
Maya lives in a part of the world where food is scarce and she can’t be sure where her next meal is coming from. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, Maya is likely to be focused on meeting her _________ needs.
b) physiological
In Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs are tended to immediately after physiological needs have been met?
c) Safety needs
In addition to his original hierarchy, Maslow proposed a smaller, independent hierarchy consisting of needs related to
a) knowing and understanding.
- Maslow defined a self-actualized person as an individual who
c) is self-fulfilled and doing the best that he or she is capable of doing.
Kumar is functioning at the self-actualizing level of Maslow’s needs hierarchy. According to Maslow, Kumar is motivated by ________ needs.
c) being
The dimension of trust is reflected in which of the following characteristics of self-actualizers?
c) Resistance to conformity
What is the nature of the philosophical sense of humor?
d) It pokes fun at people’s shared human pretensions.
Nicole is a music lover who, after attending a concert, tells her friends the following: “When I was at the concert, the world seemed to be complete and I was one with it. Life seems different now than it was before the concert. It was really a meaningful experience for me.” Maslow would state that Nicole
b) had a peak experience.
A peak experience entails a
b) loss or transcendence of self.
Maslow identified many specific historical figures as self-actualized individuals; his list included
c) the Dalai Lama.
- Socially speaking, self-actualizers tend to have
a) some close friends.
- What did Maslow find to be true about the self-actualizers he studied?
b) They focused on ends rather than means.
- According to Maslow, the number of self-actualized individuals in the population is
a) probably less than one percent.
- Third force is a term referring to the personality theories of
b) Maslow.
- In the traditional cultures of Japan and China, it is believed that personality is best rooted in
c) being able to define oneself in terms of the group.
The self-determination theory of Edward Deci and Richard Ryan is most closely related to the personality theories of
a) Maslow.
- Carl Rogers pioneered constructive techniques for working with
c) interracial and multicultural groups.
In Rogers’s theory, the ________ refers to the person as a whole, whereas the ________ refers to the person as he or she is perceived.
d) organism; self
Rogers suggested that an organism is involved in a process of moving forward, known as
b) actualization.
According to Rogers, ____________ subconsciously guide(s) an individual toward productive growth experiences in the absence of conflicting external rules and societal values.
d) the organismic valuing process
In his day-to-day life, Deron’s behavior is influenced by many external rules and societal values. According to Rogers, these external rules and societal values are likely to conflict with Deron’s ________, which can inhibit self-actualization.
c) organismic valuing process
Rogers contended that people use the defenses of ________ and ________ when their experiences appear to be inconsistent with their self-structure.
d) denial; perceptual distortion
- A state of congruence exists when
a) the self-concept and the organism largely coincide.
- Michelle is living in what Rogers would call a state of congruence. This means that
c) Michelle’s perception of herself and her actual experience of her life match.
Tony is a sixteen-year-old boy who sees himself as multifaceted, with talents and interest in many areas such as music, art, writing, sports, and business. His parents, however, view him solely as a musician and refuse to acknowledge his other interests and talents. According to Rogers, this situation increases the likelihood that Tony will
d) experience incongruence.
According to Rogers, maladjustment is a possible consequence of
a) incongruence
Which of the following is the best example of a parental response that conveys unconditional positive regard to a girl who spilled her milk?
b) “That was a mistake. Try to be more careful next time.”
- According to Rogers, for young children to develop a strong feeling of self-worth, they need
b) positive regard.
Which of these statements by Peter’s parent best exemplifies a condition of worth?
c) “If you quit the soccer team, I won’t love you as much.”
- One characteristic Rogers attributed to the fully functioning person is
b) creativity.
Which term would LEAST likely be associated with the brand of therapy developed by Rogers?
b) Creative therapy
- According to Rogers, the three attitudes that are necessary and sufficient to produce therapeutic change are empathy, acceptance, and
b) genuineness.
Rogers identified three specific attitudes important to his brand of therapy. He also argued that
Rogers identified three specific attitudes important to his brand of therapy. He also argued that
The current movement toward positive psychology is most closely related to the personality theories of
d) Rogers.
The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths Manual
The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths Manual
- According to positive psychologists, _____ is an optimal state of intrinsic motivation and a state of oneness with the activity and situation at hand.
c) flow
- Seligman describes five building flocks, PERMA, of a fulfilling life: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, ________, and Accomplishment.
c) Meaning
- Which of the following has been criticized on ethical concerns because resiliency can be a virtue or a vice depending on the circumstances?
c) The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program
Rogers used a technique in which a patient would be given one hundred cards containing descriptive words or phrases and asked to arrange them in piles according to the degree to which they reflected the patient’s personality. What is the name of this technique?
b) The Q-Sort
Which of the following is most likely to be a title for a research study in the field of positive psychology?
“What Makes a Marriage Work?”
According to recent research in the field of positive psychology (e.g., Baird 2004), an individual born and raised in Japan is more likely to experience _____ as a key element of satisfaction than is an individual born and raised in the United States.
a) meeting social and family standards
Dr. Sanders is a practicing psychologist whose approach to her clients emphasizes their spiritual experience. She tries to help clients transcend their daily lives by achieving a stronger connection to others and to religious experiences. Dr. Sanders’s orientation is best described as
d) transpersonal.
Transpersonal psychology seeks to establish itself as an academic discipline. Which of the following best describes its status?
b) It has not been granted formal status by the American Psychological Association.
Which of the following would Martin Seligman be LEAST likely to suggest as a way for people increase their happiness?
c) Finally admit to a lie for which you blamed someone else in order to cover up your own mistake.
