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Sociology for Healthcare Professionals > Quiz 7 > Flashcards

Quiz 7 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is sex?

A

natural or biological differences that distinguish males and females

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2
Q

What is gender?

A
  • Social distinction based on learned ideas about appearance, behavior, and mental/emotional characteristics
  • It is percieved/constructed
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3
Q

Born with ____ socialized into ____

A

• Born with sex, socialized into gender

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4
Q

Why is sex so important to sociology?

A
  • The role of biology
  • Sociobiology ¨
  • Cross-cultural and/or historical differences between men and women are too great for nature alone to explain behavior
  • Not nature versus nurture, but nature AND nurture
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5
Q

What is gender socialization?

A

How gender roles are learned through social agents such as schooling, the media, and family

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6
Q

What are gender roles?

A
  • sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as a male or female
  • positive and negative sanctions
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7
Q

What is doing gender?

A
  • Gender is something we create in interaction, not something we are
  • Everything is involved when we “do gender,” from our actions to our clothing, mannerisms, speech, and body language
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8
Q

What does the social construction of gender involve?

A

Gender is more than males and females, but should include masculinities and femininities as well

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9
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity?

A

Masculinity associated with heterosexual, highly educated, European American men of upper-class economic status as the dominant, socially acceptable form of masculinity

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10
Q

What is the functionalist perspective on gender?

A
  • Assumes that gender differences exist to fulfill necessary functions in society (e.g., promote social solidarity and integration)
  • Sex role theory (Talcott Parsons)
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11
Q

What is the sex role theory?

A
  • Sex role theory (Talcott Parsons): gender forms a complementary set of roles that links men and women to family units for carrying out various important tasks
  • Men – instrumental
  • Women – expressive
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12
Q

What is the conflict perspective on gender?

A
  • Men have more power than women
  • Conventional ideas about gender promote division
  • Men seek to protect their privilege
  • Women seek to challenge the status quo
  • Radical feminism
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13
Q

What is feminism?

A

An intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that men and women should be accorded equal opportunities and respect

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14
Q

What are the 3 historical waves of feminism?

A

Voting rights, employment and education, and diversity and the variety of identities

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of feminism?

A

Liberal, radical, black, and postmodern feminism

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16
Q

What is liberal feminism?

A
  • Believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources based on sex
  • Seeks solutions through legislation
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17
Q

What is radical feminism?

A
  • Believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life
  • End inequality by overthrowing patriarchy (dominance of men over women)
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18
Q

What is multicultural/ black feminism?

A
  • Highlights the multiple disadvantages of gender, class, and race that shape the experiences of nonwhite women
  • Gender equality rests on racial and class equalities
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19
Q

What is postmodern feminism?

A
  • Challenges the idea of a unitary basis of identity and experience shared by all women
  • Celebrates the “otherness” of different groups and individuals
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20
Q

What is gender stratification?

A
  • Systematic process by which people are divided into categories (based on sex) that are ranked on social worth
  • Education, work, pay, family, politics, sexual harassment
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21
Q

How are millions of men missing?

A
  • Missing from the job market

- Not working, not looking

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22
Q

What is gender segregation?

A

The concentration of men and women in different occupations

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23
Q

What is gender typing?

A

Women holding occupations of lower status and pay, such as secretarial and retail positions and men holding jobs of higher status and pay, such as managerial and professional positions

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24
Q

What act aimed to change working rights for women?

A
  • 1963 Equal Pay Act

- Aimed to reduce difference in earnings between men and women

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25
Q

Why are women entering male - dominated fields but the reverse is not true?

A
  • There is more of a stigma towards men moving into women’s fields
  • Constrained about cultural assumptions about manhood and womanhood
  • Manhood is more precarious than womanhood – hard to earn and easy to lose
26
Q

Where is the pay gap particularly bad?

A

among doctors

27
Q

Why is there a pay gap?

A
  • Women - motherhood penality
  • Men - fatherhood premium
  • When couples have children: fathers are more likely to get raises to support their families and women are less likely to get raises because they are expected to pull back and focus on childcare
  • Traditionally male dominated fields
28
Q

What is the human capital theory?

A

individuals make investments in their own “human capital” to increase their productivity and earnings

29
Q

What are sociological explanations for the gender pay gap?

A
  • Gender socialization
  • Women’s work devalued
  • Discouragement and discrimination
30
Q

What type of discrimination occurs in the workplace?

A
  • Comparable worth discrimination (institutional discrimination): when female typed jobs are paid less than similarly productive male-types jobs
  • Truck drivers vs nursing assistants, truck drivers make more
31
Q

What limits women/ helps men in reference to work and mobility?

A
  • The glass ceiling: a promotion barrier that prevents a woman’s upward mobility within an organization
  • The glass escalator: men who work in female dominated fields are more likely to be promoted
32
Q

What is sexuality?

A

Sexuality refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior

33
Q

What is the kinsey report?

A
  • 1950s/40s
  • First major investigation of sexual behavior in the US
  • Shocking- found fairly promiscuous behavior
  • Bias findings
34
Q

What happened in the 1960s in reference to sexuality?

A
  • sexual revolution
  • Sexual freedom
  • Invention of the pill separates sex from reproduction
  • Rejection of double standard
35
Q

What was the Laumann Study?

A
  • 1994 Survey of Americans
  • Major purpose to combat the transmission of AIDS
  • Found Americans relatively sexually conservative, but there are still gender differences
36
Q

What are the two types of sex education?

A
  • Abstinence-only

- Comprehensive-sex education

37
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

The inclination to be heterosexual, homosexual, asexual, or bisexual

38
Q

When did homosexuality emerge?

A

Mid 19th century

39
Q

What is homophobia?

A
  • a fear of or discrimination towards homosexuals or towards individuals
  • Individual beliefs and behaviors
40
Q

What is heterosexism?

A
  • anti-homosexual beliefs and practices embedded in social institutions
  • Hospital doesn’t recognize same sex couples
41
Q

What is the relationship between gender and health?

A
  • Women get sicker but men die quicker
  • Women live longer than men in every developed country
  • Women spend more years in poor health (self-perceived health worse)
42
Q

Why do women get sicker but men die quicker?

A
  • Biology
  • Differential exposure to hardship, stress, and access to resources
  • Gendered participation in health damaging behaviors
  • Gendered response to stress
43
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

The ways in which two or more identity categories (race, gender, class, S.O.) intersect to produce distinctive social experiences that are not reducible to their parts

44
Q

What is race?

A

A group of people who share a set of characteristics, usually physical ones and are said to share a common bloodline

45
Q

Race has _____

A
  • No genetic basis

- Greater genetic variation within a racial category than between racial categories

46
Q

How do notions of race vary?

A

across time and culture

47
Q

Race is _____

A

socially constructed

- Race categories emerge from history and socialization

48
Q

How has race arisen from history?

A
  • Race as we know it didn’t exist until the 1400s

- White explorers needed a way to describe the different people they encountered

49
Q

How is race socialized?

A

Peoples assignment to a race is many times arbitrary

50
Q

What is racialization?

A

the formation of a new racial identity

51
Q

What are historical efforts to explain races?

A
  • Many biased due to ethnocentrism
  • Social Darwinism
  • Eugenics
  • The one-drop rule
52
Q

What are the consequences of race?

A

predjudice, discrimination, stereotyping/scapegoating

53
Q

What are the 4 categories of racism?

A
  • All-weather Liberal – not prejudiced or discriminatory
  • Fair-weather liberal – discriminatory but not prejudiced
  • Timid bigot – prejudiced
  • Active bigot – prejudiced dricriminates
54
Q

What is prejudice?

A
  • Attitudes
  • Positive/negative thoughts and feeling about an ethnic or racial group
  • Belief that one group is superior to another
  • Resistant to change
55
Q

What is discrimination?

A
  • Actions

- Harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category

56
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

labeling people with fixed categories

57
Q

What are scapegoats?

A

undeservingly blamed for social/economic problems

58
Q

Racism is an _____

A

ideology

59
Q

What is racism?

A
  • Humans are divided into distinct bloodlines and or physical types
  • These bloodlines or physical traits are linked to distinct cultures, behaviors, personalities, and intellectual abilities
  • Certain groups are superior to others
60
Q

How is racism now?

A

no longer overt, covert racism

61
Q

What is institutional racism?

A

Racism so deeply ingrained that people don’t need to do anything for it to continue

Sociology for Healthcare Professionals (7 decks)

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