Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is a spurious relationship?
when a third variable makes it appear like two variables are correlated
What is culture?
the values, beliefs, behavior and material objects that together form a people’s way of life
What are the two branches of culture?
material culture and non-material culture
What is material culture?
everything that is part of our constructed physical environment
What is non-material culture?
intangible ideas that guide our behavior
What is ideology?
a system of concepts and relationships; most abstract of all non-material culture
What are values?
abstract cultural beliefs; concepts of what is good, right, appropriate, worthwhile, and important (freedom)
What are beliefs?
concepts that people accept as true, concerning how the world operates
What are norms?
“rules” that specify behaviors appropriate and inappropriate to a particular social situation, developed out of values
What are the two types of norms?
mores and folkways
What are mores?
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance, against public nudity, not stealing food
What are folkways?
norma for routine or casual interaction, not strictly enforces, should dress up for a wedidng, how we eat
What are symbols?
something to which people attach meaning and that they then use to communicate, a way of organizing our experience $
What is language?
a system of symbols that can be put together in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
What is ethnocentrism?
arrogant perception, my culture is the standard by which all others should be measured
What is the opposite of ethnocentrism?
romanticization of other cultures
What is cultural relativism?
allows people to understand and judge cultural practices in context, behavior and way of thinking examined in its cultural context, in the values norms, beliefs, and history of that culture
What are the three ways culture changes?
maintenance, chance, diffusion
What is maintenance?
culture is learned and perpetuates over time (norms, values, customs)
What is change?
happens naturally over time in many societies, can be mandated by government, employers
What is diffusion?
process by which an idea, an invention, or some other cultural item is borrowed from a foreign source
What are the types of cultures within a society?
dominant, subcultures, countercultures
What is dominant culture?
the culture of the most powerful group in society
What are subcultures?
groups for whom values and norms of behavior differ from those of the dominant culture
What are countercultures?
groups that develop as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture
What are examples of subcultures?
environmentalists, military service people, sports nuts
What are institutionally complete subcultures?
groups that can exist completely within the subculture: schools, medical care
What are examples of countercultures?
amish, buddhist monks, militia groups
What is culture shock?
the strain that people from one culture feel when they must reorient themselves to the ways of a new culture
What does the intensity of culture shock depend on?
- extent to which the home and foreign cultures differ, level of preparedness
What is socialization?
Process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society
What is internalization?
Internalization: process by which we take as our own the norms, values, beliefs, and language that our socializers are trying to pass on. These become part of us
What is your social self?
part of self that has learned and internalized society’s expectations about what constitutes appropriate behavior and appearances
What is the looking glass self concept?
- a sense of self develops such that people see themselves reflected in others’ reactions to their appearance and behaviors
- your perception of yourself is created through social interaction
Who came up with the looking glass self theory?
Charles horton cooley
What is Mead’s theory on self?
by taking the role of another we become self aware
What are I and Me for mead?
I - spontaneous part of us
Me - the part that knows societal norms
What are the four stages of the development of the self?
Imitation stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other
What is the imitation stage?
talking twin babies, take the role of no one
What is the play stage?
assuming roles modeled on significant others, taking the role of one other in one situation
What is game stage?
being able to take the role of many others in one situation
What is generalized other stage?
being able to take the role of many others in many situations
Who socializes us?
groups or social contexts in which significant processes of socialization occur, primary groups and institutions
What are examples of primary groups that socialize us?
families and peers
What are parents supposed to do for children?
material support, emotional support and control/supervision
What are family class differences in socialization?
different values taught to children from different classes, obedience vs independence
