Quiz 6 Flashcards
Two groups of organs of digestion and their functions
Primary – the organs through which food passes
Accessory – the organs that contribute to digestion but food does not pass through them
Primary organs of digestion: and the pathway of food through the body from top to bottom
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Duodenum (small intestine) Ileum (small intestine) Jejunum (small intestine) Ascending colon (large intestine) Transverse colon (large intestine) Descending colon (large intestine) Sigmoid colon (large intestine) - named for its S shape Rectum Anus
Organs that play a role in digestion but food does not pass through them
Accessory organs of digestion
Accessory organs of digestion, and their function
Liver - makes bile
Gallbladder - stores bile
Pancreas - makes digestive enzymes
What is bile?
Where is it created, where is it stored
A detergent, aids in digestion
Created in liver, stored in gallbladder
Mouth
- digestion begins in the mouth, and is both mechanical and chemical in nature
- mechanical because you chew your food (teeth)
- Chemical because there is an enzyme called salivary amylase that is released and creates carbohydrate digestion
Functions of saliva in the mouth
– make food softer
– Begin chemical digestion
– Kill bacteria
Sets of teeth:
- Deciduous – first appear at about six months “baby teeth/primary teeth”
- Permanent – first appear at about six years
Types of teeth
- Incisors – located at the front of the mouth, with a sharp biting surface. Used for cutting or shearing food into small chewable pieces
There are 8 incisors in both primary and permanent dentitions. - Canines – located at the corners of the dental arches, have a sharp, pointed biting surface. Their function is to grip and tear food.
There are four canine teeth in both primary and permanent dentitions. - Premolars – unlike incisors and canines have a flat biting surface, their function is to tear in crush food. (Grinding.) they are unique to the permanent dentition, which has 8 premolars
- Molars – largest of the teeth, have a large flat biting surface. The function of the molars are to crush chew and grind food. There are 8 molars in the primary dentition, and 12 in the permanent dentition.
Dental formula for children and adults (and example numbers.)
In the example what is the total number of deciduous teeth and permanent teeth in the mouth?
Children: 2 (incisors) - 1 (canine) - 0 (premolars) - 2 (molars)
Adults: 2 (incisors) - 1 (canine) - 2 (premolars) - 3 (molars)
This dental formula tells you how many of each of these are in 1/4 of your mouth.
So to get the total number of teeth in a persons mouth you have to multiply each number by four.
So multiplying by four, the number of deciduous teeth in this dental formula would be 20. The number of permanent teeth in this formula would be 32.
What is plaque, and why is that a problem?
– Plaque is a soft sticky film of sugar, bacteria, and other mouth debris that adheres to the teeth
Plaque can cause tooth decay and gum disease if not removed regularly through brushing and flossing.
Plaque is a problem because it can digest tooth enamel. Acid eats away at the tooth enamel, repeated attacks cause the enamel to break down eventually resulting in a cavity
The esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube about 10 inches in length
Connects the throat(pharynx) to the stomach
– It takes 4-8 seconds to move food (known as a bolus) through the esophagus.
The stomach
– The stomach is the part of the digestive tract in which most digestion of food occurs
It is a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal(or the digestive tract) that links the esophagus to the small intestine
-in the stomach you’ll find both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical is the churning of food. Chemical digestion is when enzymes are secreted and help digest the food.
Where is most food absorbed?
Why?
- in the small intestine
- because it is about 21 feet long and is adapted to absorption
Where do we produce the digestive juices that empty into the small intestine?
In the pancreas in the liver (accessory organs)
What are the functions of the large intestine?
– Absorb water
– Produce vitamins like B12 and vitamin K
Why are there bacteria in the large intestine?
To break down wastes and to produce vitamins
Two classes of vitamins
– Fat soluble: A, D, E, K
– water soluble: all the others
Can we take too many vitamins?
Yes, especially the fat-soluble. Because they remain in the body fat, and are not washed out like water soluble vitamins are.
Diseases and disorders of the digestive tract
– food poisoning
– Diverticulosis
– Anorexia
– Bulimia
Food poisoning
Most common type, symptoms, how long they last, when they appear
- most common type is salmonella, a bacterium. Invades intestinal wall.
– Symptoms include headache, muscle aches, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, chills, fever, and dehydration
– Symptoms last from 24 hours to 12 days - Symptoms appear 6 to 72 hours after ingestion
How is food poisoning spread?
- Contaminated chicken (most common)
- Contaminated eggs
- Feces: contaminated hands of food handlers
Diverticulosis
Who is most commonly affected
– is a condition in which there are abnormal saclike pouches in the intestinal wall; the pouches do not cause symptoms unless they have trapped food in bacteria have invaded. The condition is diverticulosis and the condition with infection of the abnormal pouches is diverticulitis. Together these are called diverticular disease.
- painless unless bacteria invade (diverticulosis)
- when bacteria invade it is called diverticulitis
- it is most common with low fiber diets, and usually affects those over 50 years of age
Foods to avoid with diverticulitis
– any food with seeds; tomatoes, cucumbers, corn, strawberries, nuts
Anorexia and bulimia statistics
90% who suffer are females
10% are males
Affects all socioeconomic groups
Factors that contribute to anorexia and bulimia
– A family that is tightly enmeshed
– Overprotective parents
– Rigid family values
– A family that avoids conflict at all costs
– Genetic, biochemical, psychological, cultural and environmental.
– There is a greater emphasis on a female’s appearance then a males appearance
What percentage of those with anorexia are men?
10%
Symptoms of anorexia
– Claiming to feel fat when they're not – Preoccupation with food and calories – Denial of hunger – Excessive exercising – Frequent weighing – Loss of menstrual period – Strange food related behavior – Weight loss of 25% below normal – Hair loss – Rigid – Perfectionists – Low self-esteem
What is bulimia?
Bulimia is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by a cycle of binging and compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting designed to compensate for the effects of binge eating.
Co-occurring conditions with bulimia:
– Self injury (cutting and Other forms of self harm without suicidal intention)
– Substance abuse
– Impulsivity (risky sexual behavior’s, shoplifting, etc.)
Symptoms of bulimia
– Normal weight – Constant concern with weight and body image – Low self-esteem – Poor impulse control – use of laxatives and diuretics – High carbohydrate intake – 5-10,000 calories/binge – Binging and purging – Sore throat – Dehydration – Irregular heart rhythms – Depression – anemia – G.I. disorders – Tooth damage
Effects of bulimia
– Cancer
– Oralpharyngeal trauma due to blunt instrument used to induce vomiting
What is syrup of ipecac?
What does that have to do with bulimia?
Is it dangerous, and why?
A chemical used to induce vomiting
It is often used to induce vomiting after binging
Yes it is dangerous, because it can accumulate in the heart and cause a lethal arrhythmia
What composes the cardiovascular system
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels: veins, arteries, capillaries
Pathway of blood:
O= oxygenated blood D= deoxygenated blood
Superior and inferior vena cava (D) > Right atrium (D) > Right ventricle (D) > Pulmonary arteries (D) > Lungs (oxygen will be picked up and carried back into the left side of the heart) > Pulmonary veins (O) > Left atrium (O) > Left ventricle (O) > Aorta (O) > Body
After blood goes out to the body the cycle is complete and begins again in the superior and inferior vena cava
Functions of the blood
– Carries oxygen to the tissues
– Carries hormones to the tissues
– Carries wastes from the cells
– Carries nutrients to the cells from the digestive tract
– Carries white blood cells to infections
– Distributes heat
– Maintains pH
Blood makes up what percent of the body’s weight?
8%
What makes up blood?
– Plasma: the liquid part of blood
– Formed elements: the solid parts of blood
Blood plasma
The liquid part of blood
– Yellow or straw colored, sticky
– Contains the formed elements?
– Contains over 100 different solutes including: hormones, wastes, ions, proteins(most abundant)
Formed elements from blood
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells; Carry oxygen
Leukocytes: white blood cells; fight infection
Thrombocytosis: platelets; clotting
Composition of blood in percentages
54% of blood is plasma
45% of blood is red blood cells
1% of blood is white blood cells and platelets
How can we measure the values of blood composition?
With a hematocrit
What is a hematocrit?
We separate the formed elements from the plasma and measure both
How is a hematocrit done?
- Draw blood
- Collect the blood in a capillary tube
- Place the capillary tube in a centrifuge and spin
- Spinning the tube at a high rate separates formed elements from the plasma— step 4 allows us to read the capillary tube and report % of red cells.
Sickle cell anemia
Gets its name from ?
- get its name because the red blood cells take on a sickle shape and do not function as they should
Genetic disorder and is carried as an autosomal recessive trait, if you have two parents who are unaffected they are known as carriers if they carry the gene for this trait but do not have it themselves.
- if these two parents marry and have children, they will have a one in four chance of having a child with sickle cell anemia, a 2 in 4 chance of having a Child who is a carrier but unaffected like themselves, and a one in four chance of having an unaffected child
Normal hematocrit values
The average: 45%
Females: 36–40%
Males: 40 –50%
Percent of red blood cells
Females have less bc they tend to eat less meat and have a menstrual cycle
Diseases of the blood
Causes?
– Anemias – Polycythemia – Leukemia – Mononucleosis – Hemophilia
Causes: genes, disease, side effects of medicines, and a lack of certain nutrients in your diet.
Anemia cause
Different anemias
Cause: too few red blood cells or abnormal hemoglobin
– Iron deficient
– B 12 deficient
– Hemorrhagic
– Sickle cell
Iron deficient anemia
Causes
Treatments, problems with treatments, solutions with problems with treatments
Causes: usually results from inadequate intake of iron containing foods, can also be due to poor iron absorption
Treatment: iron supplements
Problem with supplements: stomach irritation
Solution: take with largest meal