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BIO 125 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

4 different kinds of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers exterior surfaces or lines cavities or passageways and forms certain glands
– It’s function is: protection
-Location: within the skin and the digestive tract

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4
Q

Epithelium is named according to two characteristics

A

– By shape of cell

– By number of layers

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5
Q

And epithelial cell that is flattened is called

A

Squamous

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6
Q

An epithelial cell that is shaped as a cube is called

A

Cuboidal

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7
Q

And epithelial shape that is tall is called

A

Columnar

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8
Q

In an epithelial cell if there is only one cell layer it is said to be

A

Simple

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9
Q

And an epithelial cell, if there’s more than one cell layer it is said to be called

A

Stratified

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10
Q

Connective tissue

A

– Second type of tissue
-this tissue connects supports and binds other tissues or organs
– Includes: cartilage, blood, and bone
– Function: connect the parts of the body
– Location: blood vessels, skeletal system

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11
Q

Bone

A

– Function: support and protection, stores calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)
– Location: skeletal system

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12
Q

Blood

A

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances like nutrients and oxygen to the cells

  • transports metabolic waste from the body
  • Plasma: The liquid portion of blood; it is yellow in color
  • formed elements: the solid portion of blood; it is dark red
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13
Q

The formed elements (from blood)

A

Solid part of the blood:

  • Erythrocytes: red blood cells(RBC’s), carry oxygen
  • Leukocytes: white blood cells (WBC’s), fight infection
  • Thrombocytes: platelets, help blood to clot.
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14
Q

Three basic formed elements and blood:

A 
– Red blood cell
– White blood cell
– Platelet
(Normal blood)
In between those formed cells is the plasma
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15
Q

Three types of muscle tissue and its function

A
  1. Skeletal: connected to bones
  2. Cardiac: in the heart
  3. smooth: internal organs and blood vessels

Function of muscle tissue: movement

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16
Q

Two types of cells that compose nervous tissue, function of nervous tissue, location of nervous tissue

A
  1. Neurons: carry electrical impulses
  2. Neuroglial cells: support and nourish neurons

Function of nervous tissue: to carry electrical impulses throughout the body
Location of nervous tissue: brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

The integumentary system

A

Also known as the skin

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18
Q

Functions of skin*

A
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • cutaneous sensation
  • production of vitamin D
  • blood reservoir (stores extra blood)
  • excretion
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19
Q

Layers of skin from outside to inside:

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous layer -> fat
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20
Q

Sublayers of epidermis from outside to inside:

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
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21
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • deepest epidermal layer
  • composed of a single row of living cells
  • rapid cell division
  • 10-25% of these cells are melanocytes (melanin producing cells of the skin)
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22
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • just above stratum basale (sublayer)
  • cells with spiny projections
  • several layers of living cells
  • cell division is slower than basale
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23
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • just above Stratum Spinosum
  • thin (3-5 cell layers)
  • keratinocytes waterproof the skin here
  • living layer of cells
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24
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • 4th sublayer as you go up from the inside to the outside
  • a clear layer
  • dead cells
  • located only in thick skin (palms of hands and soles of feet.)
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25
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • outermost sublayer of the epidermis
  • 20-30 cell layers thick
  • makes up 3/4 of thickness of the epidermis
  • dead cells
  • protects
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26
Q

Dermis

A
  • Just below the epidermis
  • hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands
  • sensory receptors are here
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27
Q

Functions of hair

A
  • warmth; it prevents heat loss
  • allows you to detect insects on the skin
  • protection (physical injury, hair on head)
  • filter particles
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28
Q

How many hairs in the scalp

A

about 100,000

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29
Q

how many hairs in a man’s beard

A

30,000

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30
Q

where is hair located

A

all over the body except lips, nipples, parts of eternal genitalia, palms and soles.

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31
Q

rate of hair growth

A

2 mm/week

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32
Q

hair loss averages:

A

90 hairs/day

33
Q

Alopecia

A

-hair thinning or baldness

34
Q

Causes of hair loss:

A
  • high fever
  • surgery (anesthetics)
  • severe emotional trauma
  • certain drugs
  • excessive vitamin A
  • chemotherapy drugs
  • radiation
  • genetics
35
Q

Most important causes of hair loss:

A
  • poor nutrition (especially lack of enough protein)

- hormonal imbalances)

36
Q

Cancer

A
  • uncontrolled cell division

- over 100 different types of cancer

37
Q

causes of cancer

A
  • environmental
  • diet
  • heredity
  • viruses
  • idiopathic (unknown)
38
Q

7 warning signs of cancer

A

CAUTION

  • Changes in bowel or bladder habits
  • A sore throat that does not heal
  • Unusual bleeding or discharge
  • Thickening or lump in breast or somewhere else
  • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • Obvious change in wart or mole
  • Nagging cough or hoarseness
39
Q

Types of skin cancer

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • malignant melanoma
40
Q

melanocytes

A

(melanin producing cells of the skin)

-produces the pigment in your skin

41
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • The most common type of skin cancer
  • occurs most often on the sun exposed areas of the face
  • are shiny dome-shaped nodules
  • the basal layer is the most active mitotic layer
  • layer in which melanocytes are located
  • slow growing, seldom there is metastasis
42
Q

Metastasis

A

spreading of cancer cells to other areas of the body/beyond their original site

43
Q

in 99% of cases ____ is the cure for Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Surgery

44
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • layer is mitotic, but not as active as the basal layer.
  • originates in keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
  • occurs most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip
  • grows rapidly and will metastasize if not removed
45
Q

Keratinocyte

A

water-proofing cells in stratus spinosum

an epidermal cell that produces keratin.

46
Q

Malignant Melanoma

A
  • Most dangerous/deadly kind of skin cancer
  • orignates in the melanocytes located in basal layer
  • spreads rapidly
47
Q

ABCDE rule of Malignant Melanoma

A

A-Asymmetry: two halves of mole do not match
B-Border irregularity: edges are jagged
C-Color: color is not uniform
D-Diameter: The spot is larger than 6mm in diameter
E-Evolution: a mole that has gone through recent changes (in color or size)

48
Q

Most common procedure/surgery for Malignant Melanoma

A

MOHS surgery Mole is removed and they check the edges for cancerous cells, and if there are cancerous cells they go back in and cut them our

49
Q

Tumor

A

an abnormal mass of cells in normal tissue

50
Q

Benign Tumor

A

an abnormal mass that remains at original site

51
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer that originates in coverings f the body such as skin or linings

52
Q

Sarcoma

A

cancer that originates in the supportive tissue such as bone, cartilage or muscle

53
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of white blood cells

54
Q

Radiation Therapy

A

treatment of cancer using X-rays

55
Q

Chemotherapy

A

treatment of cancer using chemical agents

56
Q

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

A

A Sarcoma often seen in AIDs patients because of their compromised immune system

57
Q

Burns

A

Damage to the skin or deeper tissues caused by the sun, hot liquids, fire, electricity or chemicals.

58
Q

If you go to tanning beds when you are young your risk for developing melanoma is increased by ____%

A

75%

59
Q

1 person a/an _____ dies from melanoma

A

hour

60
Q

_ million Americans are treated for burns each year

______ Americans die each year from burns

A

2 million; 12,000

61
Q

2 Most important problems with Burns

A
  • Loss of body fluids

- Infection

62
Q

Loss of body fluids with burns

A
  • the first and most immediate prob with a burn, can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
  • if not stopped, renal shutdown and circulatory shock can occur (Occurs within the first 24 hours.)
63
Q

Rule of nines*

A
  • helps assess how much fluid was lost and how much is needed to replace it
  • allows you to estimate amount of surface area involved
64
Q

Rule of Nines percentages of body surface area

A 
Anterior Trunk-18%
Posterior Trunk- 18%
Each Leg-18%
Each Arm-9%
Head and Neck-9%
Perineum(genitals)-1%
65
Q

Infection with burns

A
  • Not an issue in the first 24 hours (area is sterile from high temp.)
  • After 24 hours, bacteria in the air invade the open wound
  • IV antibiotics are necessary
66
Q

First degree burn

A
  • involves only the epidermis
  • symptoms: redness, warmth, tenderness and pain. heals in 2-3 days. EX: sunburn
  • treatment: aloe plant
67
Q

Second degree burn

A
  • Involve the epidermis and the upper dermis
  • Symptoms: similar to first degree, but also include blisters. heals within 3-4 weeks. little to no scarring.
  • both 1st and second degree burns are called “partial thickness burns”
68
Q

Third degree burn

A
  • called a “full thickness burn” because it involves the entire thickness of the skin, both epidermis and the whole dermis (are destroyed)
  • Symptoms: burned area can be white, red, or black.
  • initially there is no edema
  • no pain
  • skin grafting is necessary
  • scarring occurs
69
Q

home remedies for burns

A
  • aloe
  • tea bags
  • tumeric
  • plantain leaves
  • honey
  • cold water
  • tea tree oil/ lavender oil
70
Q

edema

A

swelling

71
Q

Treatment for third degree burn involves

A

-the burned skin must be debrided
(removed)
-a living bandage temporarily covers the area

72
Q

What is a critical burn?

A
  • a 2nd degree burn that covers 30% or more of the body
  • a 3rd degree burn that covers 10% or more of the body
  • a 3rd degree burn to the feet, hands, or face (because it can affect walking, working, and breathing.)
  • a high voltage burn
73
Q

Treatments for more severe burns

A
  • IV Fluids
  • N-G tube
  • G-tube
  • Hyperalimentation
74
Q

Why are IV fluids imp for treatment of severe burns?

A

-the most immediate problem in someone who has had a critical burn is the loss of body fluids, IV fluids correct electrolyte imbalance, deliver medications and replace fluids the person has lost.

75
Q

N-G tube

A
  • Naso-gastric tube

- the tube goes through the nose and into the stomach to feed a person

76
Q

G-Tube

A
  • Gastric tube
  • Tube inserted through the abdomen and directly into the stomach to delivery nutrients/food
  • Burn patients need so many calories for tissue repair
  • used for children as well to receive the fluid and calories they need to grow.
77
Q

Hyperalimentation

A
  • procedure in which nutrients and vitamins/food that has already been broken down and are in liquid form are given through a vein
  • only given to patient who cannot get nutrients through the intestinal tract.
78
Q

How many calories a day will a burn patient need:

A

anywhere from 5,000 to 10,000 calories a day because they need additional calories for the repair process to occur
-problem is most of them have no appetite

BIO 125 (9 decks)

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