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BIO 125 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Symptoms of a panic attack last for:

A

20-30 minutes

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2
Q

Approximately _____% of the population are subject to panic attacks, but at least ___% have had one.

A

2-5%; 30%

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3
Q

_____% of people who have panic disorders suffer from __________.

A

60%; depression

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4
Q

People who have panic attacks ____________________ from their friends.

A

Shut themselves off

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5
Q

Symptoms of a panic attack

A 
Rapid heart rate
Dizziness from hyperventilating
Cannot catch breath
Blurred vision 
Increased sweating
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6
Q

Treatment for panic disorders

A

CBT

Medications

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7
Q

What does CBT aim to achieve?

A

The gradual return, for short periods of time, to whatever caused their problem.

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8
Q

What medications are used for treatment of panic disorders?

A

Tricyclics

Benzodiazepines (addictive.)

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9
Q

What are obsessions?

A

Unwanted thoughts or worries that run through a person’s mind repeatedly.

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10
Q

What are compulsions?

A

Repetitive, purposeful behaviors.
(Cleaning, checking, repeating.)
Often take the form of rituals which patients are compelled to perform.

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11
Q

What are rituals?

A

Learned behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Can be time consuming if someone spends more than 1 hour a day performing them.

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12
Q

Two parts of the brain involved in OCD.

A

Orbital Frontal Cortex

Basal Ganglia

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13
Q

What neurotransmitter does not function properly in those with OCD?

A

Serotonin

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14
Q

_____________ Americans suffer from OCD

A

4 million

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15
Q

Average age of onset for OCD for men:

A

17 years old.

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16
Q

Depression occurs in ?/3 of OCD patients

A

2/3

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17
Q

Average age of onset of OCD for women:

A

21 years

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18
Q

?/3 of all cases of OCD occur before the age of 15

A

1/3

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19
Q

Individuals raised in ________ with _________ practices may be more susceptible to developing compulsive behaviors.

A

Religions;ritualistic

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20
Q

Trichotilomania

A

Uncontrollable urge to pull out ones hair

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21
Q

People who have OCD feel like they have ________________ situation

A

No control over their

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22
Q

Children with OCD may feel _____ much of the time.

A

ill

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23
Q

Drugs commonly used to treat OCD:

A

Clomipranine
Prozac
Both drugs affect the neurotransmitter serotonin

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24
Q

Side effects of Clomipranine:

A
  • dry mouth
  • nausea
  • increased sweating
  • increased resting heart rate
  • drowsiness or stimulation
  • urinary retention
  • orthostatic hypotension (feel lightheaded when you wake up.)
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25
Q

Side effects of Prozac:

A
  • nervousness
  • insomnia
  • dizziness
  • rashes
  • fatigue
  • nausea
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26
Q

The common cold of the emotions/ a time when the body slows down

A

Depression

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27
Q

Types of depression

A

Major depression
Dysthymia
Manic-depressive disorder (bi-polar disorder)

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28
Q

Two causes of depression

A

Endogenous- comes from within the body

Exogenous- comes from outside the body

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29
Q

Two important neurotransmitters that are correlated with depression:

A

Serotonin

Norepinephrine (Adrenaline)

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30
Q

How is depression diagnosed?

A

Person must have four or more symptoms of depression everyday for two weeks.

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31
Q

Symptoms of depression

A
  • sadness or empty mood
  • feeling guilty, helpless or worthless
  • problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
  • changes in eating habits or weight changes
  • feeling hopeless
  • lack of energy, feeling tired or “slowed down”
  • problems with sleep (insomnia, staying asleep, oversleeping)
  • easily angered or irritable
  • wanting to be alone or spending a lot of time alone
  • loss of interest in hobbies/activities that were previously enjoyed, including sex.
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32
Q

Most common symptom of depression:

A

Fatigue

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33
Q

Treatments for depressive illness

A
  • antidepressants
  • psychotherapy
  • combo of both
  • ECT (may make you lose short term memory)
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34
Q

When do antidepressants take effect? When is the peak effect?

A

2-3 weeks; 6-8 weeks

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35
Q

Medications used to treat depression

A

MAOI’s
Tricyclics
Lithium
SSRI’s

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36
Q

Example of an MAOI:
Side effects?
Facts?

A
  • oldest group of meds for depression
  • Nardil - ex
  • increased BP with sudafed, red wine or aged cheese.
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37
Q

Tricyclics
Example:
Side effects?
Facts?

A
  • most important group of drugs to treat depression
  • Elavil - ex
  • side effects: dry mouth, constipation, difficulty urinating, and blurred vision
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38
Q

Lithium

Used for?

A

To treat manic depression (bipolar disorder)

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39
Q

SSRI
Examples:
Facts?
Side effects?

A
  • newest medication for depressive disorders
  • examples: Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft
  • side effects: insomnia loss of appetite
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40
Q

How to deal with dry mouth:

A
  • lots of water
  • sugarless gum
  • brush teeth
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41
Q

How to deal with constipation

A
  • bran cereals
  • fruits and vegetables
  • prunes
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42
Q

How to deal with bladder problems?

A
  • empty bladder frequently

- call dr if you are in pain

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43
Q

How to deal with sexual problems?

A

Discuss with dr

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44
Q

How to deal with blurred vision?

A
  • it will pass, don’t get new glasses
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45
Q

How to deal with dizziness?

A

Arise from bed slowly

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46
Q

How to deal with drowsiness?

A
  • passes quickly

- do not operate heavy machinery.

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47
Q

How to deal with headaches?

A
  • passes quickly

- otc meds

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48
Q

How to deal with nausea?

A
  • passes quickly

- bland diet helps

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49
Q

How to deal with nervousness and insomnia?

A
  • only lasts first few weeks.

- discuss with doctor.

50
Q

How to deal with agitation?

A
  • after first dose of agitation occurs, call dr. Need a change of meds
51
Q

What leads to suicide?

A
  • when stressors are greater than the coping mechanisms of the person who is suffer from the mental health condition
  • depression most common condition associated with suicide (often undiagnosed or untreated)
  • anxiety, substance abuse (unaddressed can lead to suicide.)
52
Q

Every ____ seconds someone in the world dies of suicide

A

40

53
Q

Suicide is the _____th leading cause of death

A

10th

54
Q

For people 15-24 it’s the ___ leading cause of death.

A

2nd

55
Q

Suicide factors:

A
  • alcohol (alcoholics commit suicide more often)
  • gender: females have more incomplete suicides than males. Males tend to select more violent means of suicide than women. Males make up way more of actual suicides, while females are more prone to suicidal thoughts.
  • religion (protestants commit more suicides)
  • age: older people commit suicide more often than young people. Younger people have more incomplete suicides.
  • Wealth: wealthy people commit suicide more often than poor people
  • Location: ppl in the city commit suicide more often than rural inhabitants
  • Work: professionals commit suicide more often than non professionals
  • Education: 2x as many college students commit suicide than non college people.
56
Q

Over ____% of all suicides are completed with a firearm.

A

50%

57
Q

There are ___x as many deaths from suicide than HIV/AIDS

A

2x

58
Q

For every __ completed suicide there are _____ attempted suicides

A

1; 25.

59
Q

Number 1 cause of suicide

A

Depression

60
Q

?/3 people who commit suicide were depressed at the time of their death

A

2/3

61
Q

How to help a suicidal person?

A
  • Ask if they are thinking about killing themselves, ask how you can help.
  • validate feelings, keep them safe.
  • find someone they can talk to about it, talk to a dr, counselor, or minister.
  • give them suicide hotline #
  • lock up pills, get gun out of the house
  • don’t leave them alone, take them to the hospital.
62
Q

How to help a suicidal person?

A
  • Ask if they are suicidal. Ask how you can help.
  • Validate feelings.
  • lock up pills, get guns out of the house.
  • find someone they can talk to, a doctor, a counselor, a minister.
  • Give them # to suicide hotline
  • Don’t leave them alone. Take them to hospital/call 911
63
Q

What is a drug?

A

A chemical other than food that is intended to affect the structure or function of the body

64
Q

What is an addictive drug?

A
  • loss of control
  • ability to build a tolerance
  • withdrawal symptoms
65
Q

Why do people use drugs?

A 
peer pressure
desire to alter one's mood
the need to cope
alienation or poor self image
boredom 
depression
curiousity
66
Q

Single most preventable cause of death in the country

A

tobacco

67
Q

1 in _ americans smoke

A

3

68
Q

Smoking has dropped ___% in the past 4 decades

A

30%

69
Q

Every day ___ people die from tobacco related heart and lung disease

A

700

70
Q

Every day ___ people die from cancer caused by smoking

A

375

71
Q

Pregnant women who smoke will have ______ infant deaths

A

4,600

72
Q

_ of 4 smokers want to quit but cannot

A

3

73
Q

Of those who stop smoking at clinics, about __% will resume smoking within one year.

A

75

74
Q

On average, a smoker can only go ____ minutes without craving another cigarette

A

40

75
Q

Hazardous substances in tobacco smoke:

A
  • Benzopyrene
  • Vinyl chloride
  • Arsenic
76
Q

What are co-carcinogens? (what are in cigs?)

A

Do not cause cancer alone, but combine with other chemicals that stimulate growth of cancer.

In Cigs: Formaldehyde
Phenol

77
Q

Long term effects of smoking:

A
  • Cardiovascular disease: CHD, Stroke, Aortic aneurysm
  • Lung Cancer: 80% due to smoking
  • Increases LDL and Decreases Cholesterol- promotes plaque formation (obstruction of vessels- heart attack)
  • COPD diseases: Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema
78
Q

Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • Temp narrowing and inflammation of bronchioles
  • Tightness in the chest
  • Excess mucous and cough
  • Wheezing
  • Sore throat
  • Difficulty breathing
79
Q

Symptoms of emphysema

A
  • Permanent narrowing of bronchioles
  • excessive mucous
  • cough
  • inflammation of bronchioles
  • gasping for air
  • feeling of drowning
  • loss of elasticity in air sacs. *
80
Q

3 Factors that cause smoker’s cough:

A

Cilia are destroyed
Macrophages work less efficiently
Overproduction of mucous

81
Q

How to treat smokers cough:

A
  • Clean up the air
  • Stop Smoking
  • Pain meds
  • Respiratory Therapy
82
Q

Types of smoke:

A

Mainstream: inhaled by smoker and exhaled into the atmosphere (first hand smoke)

sidestream: smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette (second hand smoke)

83
Q

Sidestrem has

A

2x as much tar and nicotine
3x as much benzopyrene, carbon monoxide, and ammonia

bc it does not pass through a filter first

84
Q

If you live with a smoker you have a ___% greater chance of developing lung cancer

A

20-30%

85
Q

Who are most susceptible to smoke toxins?

A

infants and young children

86
Q

Risks of smoking during pregnancy:

A
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • miscarriage
  • premature delivery
  • SIDS
  • decrease in birth weight
  • increase risk of hyperactive child
  • increase risk of a child with a short attention span
87
Q

20 minutes after quitting:

A

Blood pressure drops to normal, Pulse rate drops to normal, Temp of hands and feet increases back to normal

88
Q

8 hours after quitting

A
  • carbon monoxide level drops back to normal

- oxygen level in blood increases to normal

89
Q

24 hours after quitting

A

Chance of heart attack decreases

90
Q

48 hours after quitting

A

Nerve endings start regrowing
ability to smell and taste is enhanced
walking becomes easier

91
Q

2 weeks- 3 months after quitting

A

Circulation improves

Lung function increases 30%

92
Q

1-9 months after quitting

A

Decrease in: coughing, sinus congestion, fatigue, shortness of breath
Cilia regrow in lungs increasing ability to: handle mucous, clean the lungs, reduce infection

93
Q

1 year after quitting

A

the risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker

94
Q

Common traits of alcoholism

A
  • Gregarious
  • Impulsive
  • Rebellious
95
Q

Alcohol causes vasodilation which is:

A

results in heat loss

blood vessels get larger

96
Q

What does alcohol proof mean?

A

Proof is 2x the % of alcohol content in a drink

97
Q

What factors depend on how many drinks make you drunk?

A

Size, tolerance, gender, how much time has elapsed, how much food was eaten, hormones, body fat

98
Q

How many drinkers become problem drinkers?

A

1 in 10.

99
Q

what areas of the brain are affected by alcohol?

A

-speech, muscular coordination

100
Q

What effect does carbonation have on intoxication?

A

Carbonation causes faster intoxication

101
Q

More alcohol is used by those in the ____ part of the country.

A

North (bc south is bible belt.)

102
Q

Alcohol absorption distribution:

A
  • Mouth (5%)
  • Stomach (20%)
  • Small Intestine (75-80%)
103
Q

Where is most alcohol metabolized?

Where does the rest go?

A 
Most is metabolized in the liver.
The rest (2-10%) is given off by the lungs, kidneys and sweat glands.
104
Q

BAC is determined by:

A
  • Amount of alcohol consumed
  • Body weight: a smaller person will have a higher BAC bc they have less tissue.
  • Body fat: more fat = higher BAC, females usually have a higher percentage of body fat
  • Liver function
105
Q

.03-.05% BAC

A

Effects first felt, light-headed, relaxed.

106
Q

.10-.15% BAC

A

6-10 hours metabolize

sensory and motor functions are decreased

107
Q

.2% BAC

A

most are unable to function

108
Q

.35% BAC

A

Coma

109
Q

.35% + BAC

A

Death

110
Q

Alcohol Poisoning symptoms:

A
  • large amounts of alcohol consumed in short amount of time
  • person is unconscious
  • person is cold, clammy, pale or blue skin
  • person breathes less than 8 times per min
  • person vomits and does not awaken
111
Q

Long term effects of Alcohol abuse

A

Cirrhosis of Liver: -Liver enlarged, destroyed cells are replaced by scar tissue(does not have the ability to detoxify)

Cardiomyopathy: weakened heart muscle

Cancer:
10x greater rate of cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas.

Ulcers

Increased BP

Increased strokes, and heart attacks

112
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A
  • Heavy drinking during first trimester
  • decrease in birth weight
  • small teeth, faulty enamel
  • misshapen earlobes
  • heart defects
  • small eyes, jaw
  • slow physical and mental growth
  • MR
  • IQ of 40-80
  • withdrawal symptoms
113
Q

What is inhalant abuse?

A

the inhalation of chemicals to produce momentary euphoria

114
Q

Sudden Sniffing Death

A

Children and teens:
heart failure that results from an irregular heartbeat usually caused by stress or strenuous activity after using inhalants

115
Q

Huffing effects

A
  • Dizziness
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorientation
  • Serious damage
  • Can lead to death
116
Q

Effects of inhalant chemicals

A

IC increase heart’s sensitivity to adrenalin > person becomes frightened by hallucination causing adrenalin to be released > sensitized heart beats widely and erratically > can lead to cardiac arrest or a heart attack

117
Q

Effects of inhalants

A
  • chemical solvents can damage protective fatty coating around brain cells, resulting in brain damage.
118
Q

Diagnosing death from inhalants

A

hard to diagnose bc they leave body very quickly, coroner may assume person died from cardiac arrest

119
Q

Common age for inhalant abuse

A

8th grade through high school age

120
Q

identifying chronic inhalant abuse:

A
  • paint, marker, or correction fluid stains on clothing or body
  • empty spray cans, rags or plastic bags in a child’s room
  • rashes or sores around the mouth or nose
  • chemical odor on breath
  • nausea or loss of appetite
  • Drunk, dazed, or dizzy appearance or behavior
  • excitability, anxiety or irritability
  • problems in school like poor performance, chronic absenteeism and general apathy

BIO 125 (9 decks)

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