Quiz 2 Flashcards
Symptoms of a panic attack last for:
20-30 minutes
Approximately _____% of the population are subject to panic attacks, but at least ___% have had one.
2-5%; 30%
_____% of people who have panic disorders suffer from __________.
60%; depression
People who have panic attacks ____________________ from their friends.
Shut themselves off
Symptoms of a panic attack
Rapid heart rate Dizziness from hyperventilating Cannot catch breath Blurred vision Increased sweating
Treatment for panic disorders
CBT
Medications
What does CBT aim to achieve?
The gradual return, for short periods of time, to whatever caused their problem.
What medications are used for treatment of panic disorders?
Tricyclics
Benzodiazepines (addictive.)
What are obsessions?
Unwanted thoughts or worries that run through a person’s mind repeatedly.
What are compulsions?
Repetitive, purposeful behaviors.
(Cleaning, checking, repeating.)
Often take the form of rituals which patients are compelled to perform.
What are rituals?
Learned behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Can be time consuming if someone spends more than 1 hour a day performing them.
Two parts of the brain involved in OCD.
Orbital Frontal Cortex
Basal Ganglia
What neurotransmitter does not function properly in those with OCD?
Serotonin
_____________ Americans suffer from OCD
4 million
Average age of onset for OCD for men:
17 years old.
Depression occurs in ?/3 of OCD patients
2/3
Average age of onset of OCD for women:
21 years
?/3 of all cases of OCD occur before the age of 15
1/3
Individuals raised in ________ with _________ practices may be more susceptible to developing compulsive behaviors.
Religions;ritualistic
Trichotilomania
Uncontrollable urge to pull out ones hair
People who have OCD feel like they have ________________ situation
No control over their
Children with OCD may feel _____ much of the time.
ill
Drugs commonly used to treat OCD:
Clomipranine
Prozac
Both drugs affect the neurotransmitter serotonin
Side effects of Clomipranine:
- dry mouth
- nausea
- increased sweating
- increased resting heart rate
- drowsiness or stimulation
- urinary retention
- orthostatic hypotension (feel lightheaded when you wake up.)
Side effects of Prozac:
- nervousness
- insomnia
- dizziness
- rashes
- fatigue
- nausea
The common cold of the emotions/ a time when the body slows down
Depression
Types of depression
Major depression
Dysthymia
Manic-depressive disorder (bi-polar disorder)
Two causes of depression
Endogenous- comes from within the body
Exogenous- comes from outside the body
Two important neurotransmitters that are correlated with depression:
Serotonin
Norepinephrine (Adrenaline)
How is depression diagnosed?
Person must have four or more symptoms of depression everyday for two weeks.
Symptoms of depression
- sadness or empty mood
- feeling guilty, helpless or worthless
- problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
- changes in eating habits or weight changes
- feeling hopeless
- lack of energy, feeling tired or “slowed down”
- problems with sleep (insomnia, staying asleep, oversleeping)
- easily angered or irritable
- wanting to be alone or spending a lot of time alone
- loss of interest in hobbies/activities that were previously enjoyed, including sex.
Most common symptom of depression:
Fatigue
Treatments for depressive illness
- antidepressants
- psychotherapy
- combo of both
- ECT (may make you lose short term memory)
When do antidepressants take effect? When is the peak effect?
2-3 weeks; 6-8 weeks
Medications used to treat depression
MAOI’s
Tricyclics
Lithium
SSRI’s
Example of an MAOI:
Side effects?
Facts?
- oldest group of meds for depression
- Nardil - ex
- increased BP with sudafed, red wine or aged cheese.
Tricyclics
Example:
Side effects?
Facts?
- most important group of drugs to treat depression
- Elavil - ex
- side effects: dry mouth, constipation, difficulty urinating, and blurred vision
Lithium
Used for?
To treat manic depression (bipolar disorder)
SSRI
Examples:
Facts?
Side effects?
- newest medication for depressive disorders
- examples: Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft
- side effects: insomnia loss of appetite
How to deal with dry mouth:
- lots of water
- sugarless gum
- brush teeth
How to deal with constipation
- bran cereals
- fruits and vegetables
- prunes
How to deal with bladder problems?
- empty bladder frequently
- call dr if you are in pain
How to deal with sexual problems?
Discuss with dr
How to deal with blurred vision?
- it will pass, don’t get new glasses
How to deal with dizziness?
Arise from bed slowly
How to deal with drowsiness?
- passes quickly
- do not operate heavy machinery.
How to deal with headaches?
- passes quickly
- otc meds
How to deal with nausea?
- passes quickly
- bland diet helps
How to deal with nervousness and insomnia?
- only lasts first few weeks.
- discuss with doctor.
How to deal with agitation?
- after first dose of agitation occurs, call dr. Need a change of meds
What leads to suicide?
- when stressors are greater than the coping mechanisms of the person who is suffer from the mental health condition
- depression most common condition associated with suicide (often undiagnosed or untreated)
- anxiety, substance abuse (unaddressed can lead to suicide.)
Every ____ seconds someone in the world dies of suicide
40
Suicide is the _____th leading cause of death
10th
For people 15-24 it’s the ___ leading cause of death.
2nd
Suicide factors:
- alcohol (alcoholics commit suicide more often)
- gender: females have more incomplete suicides than males. Males tend to select more violent means of suicide than women. Males make up way more of actual suicides, while females are more prone to suicidal thoughts.
- religion (protestants commit more suicides)
- age: older people commit suicide more often than young people. Younger people have more incomplete suicides.
- Wealth: wealthy people commit suicide more often than poor people
- Location: ppl in the city commit suicide more often than rural inhabitants
- Work: professionals commit suicide more often than non professionals
- Education: 2x as many college students commit suicide than non college people.
Over ____% of all suicides are completed with a firearm.
50%
There are ___x as many deaths from suicide than HIV/AIDS
2x
For every __ completed suicide there are _____ attempted suicides
1; 25.
Number 1 cause of suicide
Depression
?/3 people who commit suicide were depressed at the time of their death
2/3
How to help a suicidal person?
- Ask if they are thinking about killing themselves, ask how you can help.
- validate feelings, keep them safe.
- find someone they can talk to about it, talk to a dr, counselor, or minister.
- give them suicide hotline #
- lock up pills, get gun out of the house
- don’t leave them alone, take them to the hospital.
How to help a suicidal person?
- Ask if they are suicidal. Ask how you can help.
- Validate feelings.
- lock up pills, get guns out of the house.
- find someone they can talk to, a doctor, a counselor, a minister.
- Give them # to suicide hotline
- Don’t leave them alone. Take them to hospital/call 911
What is a drug?
A chemical other than food that is intended to affect the structure or function of the body
What is an addictive drug?
- loss of control
- ability to build a tolerance
- withdrawal symptoms
Why do people use drugs?
peer pressure desire to alter one's mood the need to cope alienation or poor self image boredom depression curiousity
Single most preventable cause of death in the country
tobacco
1 in _ americans smoke
3
Smoking has dropped ___% in the past 4 decades
30%
Every day ___ people die from tobacco related heart and lung disease
700
Every day ___ people die from cancer caused by smoking
375
Pregnant women who smoke will have ______ infant deaths
4,600
_ of 4 smokers want to quit but cannot
3
Of those who stop smoking at clinics, about __% will resume smoking within one year.
75
On average, a smoker can only go ____ minutes without craving another cigarette
40
Hazardous substances in tobacco smoke:
- Benzopyrene
- Vinyl chloride
- Arsenic
What are co-carcinogens? (what are in cigs?)
Do not cause cancer alone, but combine with other chemicals that stimulate growth of cancer.
In Cigs: Formaldehyde
Phenol
Long term effects of smoking:
- Cardiovascular disease: CHD, Stroke, Aortic aneurysm
- Lung Cancer: 80% due to smoking
- Increases LDL and Decreases Cholesterol- promotes plaque formation (obstruction of vessels- heart attack)
- COPD diseases: Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema
Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis
- Temp narrowing and inflammation of bronchioles
- Tightness in the chest
- Excess mucous and cough
- Wheezing
- Sore throat
- Difficulty breathing
Symptoms of emphysema
- Permanent narrowing of bronchioles
- excessive mucous
- cough
- inflammation of bronchioles
- gasping for air
- feeling of drowning
- loss of elasticity in air sacs. *
3 Factors that cause smoker’s cough:
Cilia are destroyed
Macrophages work less efficiently
Overproduction of mucous
How to treat smokers cough:
- Clean up the air
- Stop Smoking
- Pain meds
- Respiratory Therapy
Types of smoke:
Mainstream: inhaled by smoker and exhaled into the atmosphere (first hand smoke)
sidestream: smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette (second hand smoke)
Sidestrem has
2x as much tar and nicotine
3x as much benzopyrene, carbon monoxide, and ammonia
bc it does not pass through a filter first
If you live with a smoker you have a ___% greater chance of developing lung cancer
20-30%
Who are most susceptible to smoke toxins?
infants and young children
Risks of smoking during pregnancy:
- ectopic pregnancy
- miscarriage
- premature delivery
- SIDS
- decrease in birth weight
- increase risk of hyperactive child
- increase risk of a child with a short attention span
20 minutes after quitting:
Blood pressure drops to normal, Pulse rate drops to normal, Temp of hands and feet increases back to normal
8 hours after quitting
- carbon monoxide level drops back to normal
- oxygen level in blood increases to normal
24 hours after quitting
Chance of heart attack decreases
48 hours after quitting
Nerve endings start regrowing
ability to smell and taste is enhanced
walking becomes easier
2 weeks- 3 months after quitting
Circulation improves
Lung function increases 30%
1-9 months after quitting
Decrease in: coughing, sinus congestion, fatigue, shortness of breath
Cilia regrow in lungs increasing ability to: handle mucous, clean the lungs, reduce infection
1 year after quitting
the risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker
Common traits of alcoholism
- Gregarious
- Impulsive
- Rebellious
Alcohol causes vasodilation which is:
results in heat loss
blood vessels get larger
What does alcohol proof mean?
Proof is 2x the % of alcohol content in a drink
What factors depend on how many drinks make you drunk?
Size, tolerance, gender, how much time has elapsed, how much food was eaten, hormones, body fat
How many drinkers become problem drinkers?
1 in 10.
what areas of the brain are affected by alcohol?
-speech, muscular coordination
What effect does carbonation have on intoxication?
Carbonation causes faster intoxication
More alcohol is used by those in the ____ part of the country.
North (bc south is bible belt.)
Alcohol absorption distribution:
- Mouth (5%)
- Stomach (20%)
- Small Intestine (75-80%)
Where is most alcohol metabolized?
Where does the rest go?
Most is metabolized in the liver. The rest (2-10%) is given off by the lungs, kidneys and sweat glands.
BAC is determined by:
- Amount of alcohol consumed
- Body weight: a smaller person will have a higher BAC bc they have less tissue.
- Body fat: more fat = higher BAC, females usually have a higher percentage of body fat
- Liver function
.03-.05% BAC
Effects first felt, light-headed, relaxed.
.10-.15% BAC
6-10 hours metabolize
sensory and motor functions are decreased
.2% BAC
most are unable to function
.35% BAC
Coma
.35% + BAC
Death
Alcohol Poisoning symptoms:
- large amounts of alcohol consumed in short amount of time
- person is unconscious
- person is cold, clammy, pale or blue skin
- person breathes less than 8 times per min
- person vomits and does not awaken
Long term effects of Alcohol abuse
Cirrhosis of Liver: -Liver enlarged, destroyed cells are replaced by scar tissue(does not have the ability to detoxify)
Cardiomyopathy: weakened heart muscle
Cancer:
10x greater rate of cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas.
Ulcers
Increased BP
Increased strokes, and heart attacks
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Heavy drinking during first trimester
- decrease in birth weight
- small teeth, faulty enamel
- misshapen earlobes
- heart defects
- small eyes, jaw
- slow physical and mental growth
- MR
- IQ of 40-80
- withdrawal symptoms
What is inhalant abuse?
the inhalation of chemicals to produce momentary euphoria
Sudden Sniffing Death
Children and teens:
heart failure that results from an irregular heartbeat usually caused by stress or strenuous activity after using inhalants
Huffing effects
- Dizziness
- Hallucinations
- Disorientation
- Serious damage
- Can lead to death
Effects of inhalant chemicals
IC increase heart’s sensitivity to adrenalin > person becomes frightened by hallucination causing adrenalin to be released > sensitized heart beats widely and erratically > can lead to cardiac arrest or a heart attack
Effects of inhalants
- chemical solvents can damage protective fatty coating around brain cells, resulting in brain damage.
Diagnosing death from inhalants
hard to diagnose bc they leave body very quickly, coroner may assume person died from cardiac arrest
Common age for inhalant abuse
8th grade through high school age
identifying chronic inhalant abuse:
- paint, marker, or correction fluid stains on clothing or body
- empty spray cans, rags or plastic bags in a child’s room
- rashes or sores around the mouth or nose
- chemical odor on breath
- nausea or loss of appetite
- Drunk, dazed, or dizzy appearance or behavior
- excitability, anxiety or irritability
- problems in school like poor performance, chronic absenteeism and general apathy
