Quiz 3 Flashcards
Periodic table
The ordered arrangement of atoms from low to high in atomic number
There are ____ known elements
118
The first ____ elements are naturally occurring
92
What is the 92nd element on the periodic table?
Uranium (U)
Helium - Give the
Atomic number:
Chemical Symbol:
And Atomic weight:
Atomic number: 2
Chemical Symbol: He
And Atomic weight: 4
Chemical symbol
A one or two letter representation of the English or Latin name of an element
Copper - Give the
Atomic number:
Chemical Symbol:
And Atomic weight:
Atomic number: 29
Chemical Symbol: Cu
And Atomic weight: 63.5
Atomic weight
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an element.
Atomic number
The number of protons (or electrons) in an element
How to get the number of neutrons?
Atomic weight - Atomic number (protons/electrons) = neutrons
Sodium - Give the
Atomic number:
Chemical Symbol:
And Atomic weight:
Atomic number: 11
Chemical Symbol: Na
And Atomic weight: 23
How do you get the number of electrons?
It’s the same as the number of protons/the atomic number
What charge does a proton carry?
Protons carry a positive charge
What charge does an electron carry?
Electrons carry a negative charge
What charge does a neutron carry?
Neutrons carry no charge
Where are protons located?
Protons are located in the nucleus
Where are electrons located?
Electrons are located in shells outside the nucleus
Where are neutrons located?
Neutrons are located in the nucleus
List the first, second, third, and forth electron shells:
K=1
L=2
M=3
N=4
Maximum number that the first electron shell can hold:
K(1st shell) can hold 2 electrons
Maximum number that the second electron shell can hold:
L(the second shell) can hold 8 electrons
Maximum number that the third electron shell can hold:
M(third electron shell) can hold 18 electrons
Maximum number that the forth electron shell can hold:
N(the forth electron shell) can hold 32 electrons.
When filling shells you start with the _______ shell and fill each shell _________.
Innermost shell (K, the first.); moving outward
Review how to diagram an atom.
Draw the nucleus, add the # of protons and neutrons. Then add # of electrons in the shells going outward.
Atom
The smallest particle into which a substance can be divided by ordinary chemical means.
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together and acting as a unit.
Three type of chemical bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
Ionic chemical bond
Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Covalent chemical bond
Electrons are shared by atoms - the strongest bond
Hydrogen chemical bond
Electrons are shared by hydrogen and small electronegative atoms - the weakest bond
How many molecules and atoms are in; 6NaH(2)SO(4)
How many total atoms?
6 molecules 8 atoms
Total atoms: 48 atoms
On the pH what is neutral?
What is an acid?
What is a base?
What does the scale range to?
Neutral = 7 Acid = anything less than 7 Base = anything greater than 7
Ranges from 0 ——-> 14
How much water is in our bodies?
Water makes up 2/3 s of our body’s weight
What is the universal solvent?
Water, bc more substances will dissolve in water than any other liquid
_______ bonds hold separate water molecules together
Hydrogen
Water helps _____ hold its shape
The cell
1 trigger of daytime fatigue
Lack of water
Organic molecules always contain the element _____
Carbon
4 groups of organic molecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleus acid
Carbohydrates are composed of:
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
C, H, and O
Carbohydrates’ molecule C, H, and O are in a _____ ratio
Ex: if there was a carbohydrate with 6 carbon molecules you would get ________
1:2:1 ratio
C(6)H(12)O(6)
What are carbohydrates’ most important job?
To supply energy
What are carbohydrates found in?
Sugars, molasses, honey, potatoes, rice, pasta
3 groups of carbohydrates and the amount of sugars they are composed of:
- Monosaccharides - simple sugars
- Disaccharides - 2 simple sugars
- Polysaccharides - many simple sugars
The ending OSE indicates what?
You are looking at a sugar.
Types of Monosaccharides
Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
All three monosaccharides have what formula?
The same formula; C(6)H(12)O(6)
1:2:1 ratio
Isomers
Molecules with the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms
Glucose is known as _______
Blood sugar
What does glucose do?
Necessary for the body to function properly
Provides the energy that we need
What are normal blood glucose levels?
80-120
A blood glucose level above 120 can indicate:
Diabetes mellitus
A glucose level below 80 can indicate:
hypoglycemia
Why do blood sugars become elevated?
There is not enough insulin or insulin receptors do not work properly
What does insulin do?
It carries glucose from the blood into the cell.
Where is insulin produced?
The pancreas
Types of diabetes and when they occur:
Type I (juvenile onset) - IDDM; usually occurs early in life, before 20.
Type II (adult onset) - NIDDM; usually between 40&60 years
Gestational - occurs during pregnancy
What causes Type I diabetes?
Too little insulin is produced by the pancreas
It is autoimmune in nature
What causes Type II diabetes?
Insulin receptors do not work as well
Usually occurs as a person ages.
What causes gestational diabetes?
Usually too little insulin produced to accommodate mom and the baby
3 classic early signs of diabetes:
Polyuria - frequency of urination
Polydipsia - extreme thirst
Polyphagia - extreme hunger
What are other early signs of diabetes?
- rapid loss of weight (10-15 lbs)
- blurred vision
- irritability
- nervousness
- sores that heal slowly or not at all
What are signs of advanced diabetes?
- Gangrene
- Amputations
- Heart problems
- Kidney failure
- Blindness
Gangrene
An area of tissues is not getting the blood it needs and not getting the oxygen it needs and the tissue dies and becomes dark
How do you treat Type I diabetes?
Diet, exercise, insulin, insulin pump, B-cell transplant
How do you treat Type II diabetes?
Diet, exercise, oral meds
How do you treat gestational diabetes?
Diet, exercise, insulin
Problems with different diabetes treatments:
Insulin injections: glucose levels fluctuate too much, inconvenient
Oral Meds: digestive system breaks down oral insulin
Pump: awkward
Transplant: rejection, may need to take steroids and they cause some bloating and hair loss
Fructose
- Fruit sugar
- Sweetest of the sugars
Galactose
- not found free in nature, part of lactose (milk sugar.)
- we cannot use galactose in our bodies, we have to change it to glucose.
Galactosemia
Disease in which babies are unable to change galactose to glucose
Galactose builds up in their blood
What does galactosemia mean?
“Galactose in the blood.”
Symptoms of Galactosemia
- Clouding of cornea at 4 weeks
- Enlargement of the liver and spleen at 5 months, ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.)
- Cataracts at 6 months
- Mental retardation at 1 year
(All are reversible excepted retardation)
Why do some babies have galactosemia?
They are missing the enzyme that converts galactose to glucose, at about 1 year of age another enzyme takes over and can do it
Treatment of galactosemia?
Give injection of enzyme or
Galactose-free formula for a year (till new enzyme takes over)
And then Gradual return to full strength cow’s milk.
Disaccharides
Composed of 2 monosaccharides
Lactose - milk sugar
Sucrose - table sugar
Maltose - malt sugar (brewing industry)
What is lactose made up of?
Glucose and Galactose
What is sucrose made up of?
Glucose and Fructose
What makes up maltose?
Glucose and Glucose
Most complex group of carbohydrates
Polysaccharides