quiz 5 Flashcards
How many bones are in the skeletal system
206
Functions of skeletal system
- support
- movement
- production
- blood cell production
- calcium storage
- endocrine regulation
Support as a function in the skeletal system
They provide framework
Protection as a function of the skeletal system
The skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord, etc
Movement as a function of the skeletal system
Bones act as levers to move the body
Mineral storage as a function of the skeletal system
Act as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
Blood cell formation as a function of the skeletal system
Most blood cell formation occurs within the marrow of bones
Classification of bones
- Long bone– More long then wide (ex. most bones of the limbs)
- Short bones – they are as long as they are wide. Their function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are roughly cubed shaped.
(Ex. Bones of the wrist(carpals) and the ankles.) - Flat bones – principal function is either extensive protection or The provision of a broad surface For muscular attachment. Thin, flattened, have a bit of a curve.
(Ex. Sternum and most skull bones.) - Irregular bone – fit none of the other classes, serve purposes such as protection of the nervous tissue
(Ex. Vertebrae - protects spinal cord, and the hip bones.)
Osteoblasts
Bone–forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone – destroying cells
Hematopoiesis and
- The process in the body by which all blood cells are formed
- this process occurs only in the red marrow
- in adults the long bones are filled with yellow marrow so hematopoiesis does not occur
- yellow marrow can convert to red marrow if a person becomes very anemic
Koilonychia
Condition in which the individual has spoon shaped fingernails, found in iron-deficient anemia
Where are spongy bones primarily located?
The ends of bones
Spongy bone is important because:
– It acts as a shock absorber
Osteogenesis
– The formation and development of bony tissue
– At six weeks, the skeleton is fibrous membrane and cartilage which needs to be converted to bony tissue
When does bone formation begin? (Osteogenesis)
At about six weeks of age
Why is it important for a baby to have a more pliable skeleton?
-it is impt to have this more fibrous and cartilage skeleton because this aids in the birth process when it is difficult to get the fetus through the birth canal
Posterior fontanelle
Soft spot on baby’s head
-The reason for these soft spots is because sometimes during delivery in the birth canal it is important that the head be made to be just a little bit smaller
The ossification of the bones of the skull cause the fontanelles to close over by:
9 to 18 months of age
Dwarfism cause
Too Little GH (growth hormone)
Gigantism cause
Too much GH (growth hormone)
Dwarfism
Short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition.
-generally defined as an adult height of 4’10” or less
Gigantism
A rare condition that causes abnormal growth in children. This change is most notable in terms of height, but girth is affected as well.
occurs when a child’s pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone.
The problem with gigantism
– It’s hard on a person’s heart, and on all the other internal organs
– often they will not live beyond the age of 40
The most common bone disorder
Bone breakage
Common types of fractures:
– Simple – Compound – Compression – Comminuted – Depression – Impacted – Spiral – Greenstick
Simple fracture
– Also called a closed fracture
– Bones break cleanly but do not penetrate the skin
Compound fracture
– More serious than simple
– Broken ends of the bones penetrate the skin
– Bone infections known as osteomyelitis are possible
– Antibiotics are required
Comminuted fracture
– Bone fragments into many pieces
– Common in the aged where bones are brittle
Compression fracture
– Bone is crushed
– Common in porous bones (those with osteoporosis)
Depression fracture
– Bone is pressed inward
– Typical of skull fracture
Impacted fracture
-broken bone ends are forced into one another
– Common when trying to break a fall with one’s arm
Spiral fracture
Ragged break that occurs with a twist to the bone
– Common sports fracture
(Running and came down on their foot, leg twisted bc they had so much momentum)
Greenstick fracture
– Bone breaks incompletely
– Common in children with flexible bones
Even mild greenstick fracture’s are usually immobilized in a cast, in addition to holding the cracked pieces of the bone together so they can heal, The cast will prevent the bone from breaking all the way through.
What is the largest joint in the body?
The knee joint
The knee joint
– Allows 3 different types of movement: extension, flexion and rotation
- 2 different types of ligaments: has both extra- and intra-capsular ligaments
– The patellar ligament runs from the patella(kneecap) to the tibia
(this is the ligament that physicians tap to test the knee – jerk reflex)
Which joint is the most susceptible in the body to sports injury?
The knee joint
Why is the knee joint most susceptible to body sports injury?
– It bears most of the weight of the body
– The articular surfaces are not well fitted.
-The most dangerous injuries are lateral blows to extended knee.
___% of all pro football players will be injured
50
Extracapsular ligaments
Important for holding the femur and tibia in contact
Located on the outside of the knee joint
Examples:
- lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
- medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Intra-capsular ligaments
And which is stronger?
Found within the knee joint
- has a pair called the cruciate ligaments because they cross each other
- EX:
1. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
2. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - stronger than the ACL
One of the most common knee injuries
Anterior cruciate ligament tear (ACL tear)
-May need surgery to regain full function of their knee
Lachman test
- A clinical test used to diagnose injury of the anterior crucial ligament (ACL)
- knee is flexed at about 20 to 30° with the patient lying on their back (supine position.)
Treatment for ACL tear
– Depends on the severity
– If it’s a partial tear, in many cases it can repair on its own
(6 weeks)
– For more severe tears surgery is usually required; involves reconstructing or repairing the ACL
Reconstruction surgery will use a graph to replace the ligament (most common graphs are autographs- that is using part of your own body; such as the tendon of the kneecap(patellar tendon) or one of the hamstring tendons.
Common joint injuries
– Sprains – Dislocations – Bursitis – Tendonitis – Arthritis – Gout
If a word ends in “itis” that means
An inflammation of something
What is a sprain, common sites of a sprain, treatment for a sprain
– A sprain is the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn (swelling is common with sprains)
– Common sites for a sprain are the lumbar region of the spine, ankle, knee
– Treatment for a sprain: A partial tear repairs itself, repair is slow since ligaments are poorly vascularized. A rapture ligament require surgery.
Acronym treatment for sprains:
RICE – Rest – Ice – Compression – Elevation
What is a dislocation, what areas are primarily affected, what is the treatment for A dislocation:
– A dislocation is when bones are forced out of their normal position in a joint cavity (common injury in contact sports, falling, or an auto accident.)
A dislocation is painful and immobilizes the joint.
– Most commonly affected areas include the shoulders, elbows, fingers, ankles, knees, hips, and jaw
– treatment for a dislocation: prompt medical attention is needed to put the joint back in place. The returning of bones back to their normal position in the joint cavity is known as reduction (reduce). This should only be done by a doctor. (Followed by several weeks of rest.)
Nursemaids elbow/babysitters elbow
A dislocation of the elbow joint caused by a sudden pull on the forearm of a child
– Like when a child is tugging on an uncooperative child
– Or by swing the child by their arms while playing
Bursitis and tendinitis: what are they, what are they caused by, what are the symptoms
– Bursitis and tendinitis are inflammation of bursae or tendons
– Bursitis and tendinitis are usually due to overuse or misuse
– Symptoms of bursitis and tendinitis include: pain, redness, and swelling.
Five cardinal signs of inflammation
- Swelling
- Redness
- Heat
- Pain
- Loss of function
Treatment for bursitis and tendonitis
- NSAIDs (stands for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) ibuprofen, aspirin
– Normal course of treatment is 12 to 15 days
– Side effect of both is gastric upset, can be avoided if you Take with food
Arthritis
What is arthritis, how many types are there, how many people does it affect, what are the symptoms:
– Inflammation or degeneration of a joint
– Over 100 types
-affects one in seven people
– Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and swelling (can be a crippling disorder.)
Two examples of arthritis
– Osteoarthritis (OA)
– Rheumatoid arthritis
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis
What is osteoarthritis, what are the affects, and what are the causes, Who is it most prevalent in, how does it progress
– Osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory, it is degenerative (wear and tear arthritis), and it is the most common arthritis.
– Affects articular cartilage is which cover the ends of the bones, wears bones down until the bones are making contact with other bones (crepitus, noise associated w this)
– Cause: ischemia (not enough blood to the joint.)
– Most prevalent among elderly
– Osteoarthritis is slow and irreversible
Crepitus
Crunching noise with movement associated with osteoarthritis
– Cartilage that covers the ends of the bones is worn away, and now the bones are making contact with one another
Treatment for osteoarthritis
– Moderate exercise to improve blood flow and prevent stiffness
– Tylenol for pain
- Shinbaropharmacopuncture - inserted into relevant accupoints - reduces inflammation swelling and localized fever, pain control
- Bee venom - inflammation/pain control, boosts self-healing power of the body
- Motion Style acupuncture treatment - accelerates the secretion of fluids, Helps restore motion, Movement is possible immediately after treatment
- jaseng herbal medication: gwanjulo and Gwanjulhwan – Proven effective for regeneration of The damaged cartilage, and preventing degeneration of the joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Typical age of onset, sex affected, what is it, primary joints affected, cause
– Onset is 30 to 40 years
– More females are affected than males
– Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease. It is an auto immune disease.
– Primary joint affected: fingers, wrists, ankles
– Cause: strep and viruses may trigger. Stress and genetic factors may play a role.
Swan neck deformity
Developed in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Hyper extended PIP joint, flexed DIP joint
Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
– Aspirin or NSAIDs
– Injections of gold
– Alternating heat and cold (don’t know why this works)
– In some cases chemotherapy
Gout:
What is gout, area most commonly affected, sex most commonly affected
-in gout, bones can fuse and joint becomes immovable. Uric acid is the deposited in soft tissue joints. Usually affects a single joint.
– Area most commonly affected is the large toe
– More common in males, runs in families
What should you eat if you have gout?
– Certain foods and supplements have been found to lower uric acid levels in the blood.
– Vitamin C, bromelain- extract from pineapples, and tart cherries and tart cherry juice.
– Also drinking plenty of fresh filtered water is important to help flush uric acid out of your system
What foods should you avoid if you have gout?
– Avoid foods high in purines: liver, kidney, turkey, and ham
-avoid alcohol and caffeinated beverages
– Avoid certain types of seafood like shrimp and lobster
Treatment of gout
– Most common treatment of gout is NSAIDs
– Colchicine (alternative treatment who can’t take NSAIDs or anti-inflammatory drugs)
– Resting the joint
– Losing weight
– Cold packs
What drug prevents gout?
– Probenecid - promotes the excretion of uric acid
Definition of action in terms of muscle
Tells you what the muscle does
Definition of origin in terms of muscle
The end of the muscle attached to the bone that does not move
Definition of insertion in terms of muscle
The end of the muscle attached to the bone that does move
Definition of antagonists in terms of muscle
Muscles with opposing affects
Example: biceps and triceps
Definition of synergists in terms of muscle
Muscles with the same action
Example: internal and external oblique muscles
How are muscles named, and examples
– Location: example is temporalis- located at the top of the temporal bone in the head.
– number of origins: example is biceps brachii- bi means two, named bc there are two origins
– Size: examples are gluteus maximus and adductor Magnus- Maximus and magnus imply that the muscles are large
– Location of origin and insertion: example is sternocleidomastoid-because the origin and insertion are located on the sternum and on the clavicle and mastoid bone
– Direction of fibers: examples are external and internal oblique- oblique means that the fibers run at an angle
– Shape of muscle: Examples are deltoid and trapezius- Delta means triangular shaped, trapezius is trapezoid in shape
-action of the muscle: example levator scapulae- which means a muscle that elevates the scapula
Three types of muscle tissue
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
– Smooth
Skeletal muscle
– Attached to bones: by fibers known as tendons
– Contraction is rapid
Muscle is under voluntary control, you can think about this muscle and make it contract
Cardiac muscle
– located only in the heart – Contraction is steady – Involuntary muscle – Striped – Found in the walls of the heart
- under a microscope different from skeletal muscle because of the dark areas between the stripes
Smooth muscle
– located in Walls of hollow organs like the digestive system and blood vessels
– Contracts slowly
– Involuntary
– under a microscope different from skeletal and cardiac muscle because there are no stripes or striations
What are tendons?
Connects muscle to bone
Functions of muscles
– Movement: tendon, connects muscle to bone
– Posture
– Stabilizes joints
– Generates heat
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
What is it, cause, age onset, sexes affected, Life expectancy
– A genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness.
– Cause: caused by the absence of dystrophin-protein that helps keep muscles intact. Also carried on the X chromosome
– Onset is in early childhood usually between ages three and five
– Disease primarily affects boys, but in rare cases it can affect girls
– Really live beyond adolescence
Genetics for Duchenne muscular dystrophy/inheritance pattern
-mother is a carrier but not affected and the father is normal
– There is a One in four chance of having an effective child, there’s a One in two chance that if it is a boy he will have it
Symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
– Calf muscles appearance well-developed(hypertrophy) but are actually wasted away (atrophy); muscle was replace by fat so they’re weak instead of muscular
– Other muscles are actually wasted (atrophy) and appear so: 1. Walk later and fall frequently 2. Walk in a waddling manor with a scissors gait
– lordosis (swayback)
Lordosis
Inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the spine
-becomes more pronounced with age
Struggles with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
– trouble getting up after sitting on the floor
– Typically they will use their arms to climb up their legs to standing
– Difficulty with resistance using shoulder girdle, muscles in the shoulder have atrophied
Prognosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
– Progresses slowly
– Eventually involves all voluntary muscles
– Wheelchair bound by 10
– Survival rare beyond 20
– That is usually due to heart or respiratory failure (asphyxiation)
