Final Exam Flashcards
At what sperm count is a male considered sterile?
Why?
Sperm count less than 20 Million/ml
-Many are lost as they travel through the female reproductive tract and many are required to dissolve the outer covering of the ovum.
Function of Prostate
Produces secretions that are important in the transport of sperm cells.
Function of Scrotum
The sac that holds the testes
- the cremaster muscle and dartos muscle elevate the testes inside the sac if it is too cold. If the temp is too high, they will lower the testes
Function of Epididymis
- place where cells mature
- a collection of tubules that help transport sperm from the testes to the Vas Deferens.
- place where sperm gain ability to swim, takes 20 days
Seminiferous Tubules
Small tubes that make up the testes
- where sperm production occurs
- they are surrounded by interstitial cells of Leydig that produce testosterone
Testosterone
Primary male steroid hormone and is produced in the testes.
-levels tend to decline as men age
Function of Vas Deferens
tubes that carry sperm from Epididymis to the Urethra
-Sperm is produced in the testes, and pass through the Vas Deferens where they mix with seminal fluid to form semen.
Cryptorchidism
Treatment
A condition is which testicles have not descended.
Usually they descend within the first 2 years.
If they do not, it requires surgery; because temperature is too high and sperm cannot survive in abdominal cavity.
If not corrected, will result in sterility
Cryptorchidism
Treatment
A condition is which testicles have not descended.
Usually they descend within the first 2 years.
If they do not, it requires surgery; because temperature is too high and sperm cannot survive in abdominal cavity.
If not corrected, will result in sterility
Unilateral Cryptorchidism
One testicles has descended into the scrotal sac, but the other has not.
Cryptorchidism
Treatment
A condition is which testicles have not descended.
Usually they descend within the first 2 years.
If they do not, it requires surgery; because temperature is too high and sperm cannot survive in abdominal cavity.
If not corrected, will result in sterility
Factors that affect sperm production
- Cryptorchidism
- Tight Pants
- Long distance running
Factors that affect sperm production
And why?
- Cryptorchidism
- Tight Pants
- Long distance running
All 3 raise the temperature of the sperm cell making it nonviable.
Testicular Cancer
Affects 1 in 20,000 males,
Most common cancer of men age 15- 35
Mumps can increase risk
Most important risk factor is Cryptorchidism
Most common sign of testicular cancer:
A painless, solid mass in the testis, 90% detected early can be cured.
Survival rate for men w test. cancer that has not spread beyond the testicles:
Survival rate for men w test. cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen:
99%; 96%
The cremaster muscle and dartos muscle
- elevate the testes inside the sac if it is too cold. If the temp is too high, they will lower the testes
- regulate temp in the testes and be sure that the temp is not too high or too low.
- Cremaster muscle also helps to retract testes to guard against injury
epididymitis
- Inflammation of the epididymis, very painful condition.
- usually a result of trauma or infection
Epididymitis
- Inflammation of the epididymis, very painful condition.
- usually a result of trauma or infection
What is semen?
The fluid containing sperm cells and male secretions
- Sticky
- Provides a medium for transport and nutrients
What is semen?
The fluid containing sperm cells and male secretions
- Sticky, bc it contains a sugar
- Provides a medium for transport and nutrients
Accessory glands of Male reproductive system
-Contributes to reproduction but the sperm cell does not pass through it.
Where are male secretions produced?
The Accessory glands:
- Seminal Vesicles
- Cowper’s Glands
- Prostate Glands
Vasectomy
Blocks the Vas Deferens and keeps sperm out of the seminal fluid.
- Testicles continue to produce sperm.
- Sperm are reabsorbed by the body.
- Permanent method of birth control
Parts of the Sperm Cell and their Function:
- Head - Contains the DNA
- Acrosome - Covers the head and contains digestive enzymes that will penetrate coatings around the ovum.
- Midpiece - Contains the mitochondria (for energy.)
- Tail - Locomotion
Sperm, how many are produced, and in how many ml of semen.
Men produce 200-300 million sperm/day
Sperm are carried in about 3 ml of semen.
Functions of Fimbriae
- fingerlike projection at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary
- sweep ovum into fallopian tube
Functions of Uterus
-Hollow and thick walled organ
-Receives the fertilized egg
(where implantation occurs)
-Neck of the uterus is called the cervix
Functions of Fallopian Tube
- Also called Uterine tubes (2 tubes)
- Carry an egg from the ovary to the uterus (receive oocyte from the ovary)
- They are the site of fertilization (fertilized egg cell then moves onto uterus for implantation)
- They are about 10 cm long
- Have no direct contact with ovary which puts women at risk for an ectopic pregnancy and PID
Functions of Ovary
- Almond shaped organ
- Most impt organ in reproductive system bc they play a role in the production of both female sex hormones that control reproduction and the female gametes (or eggs) that are fertilized to form embryos.
- At birth, ovaries contain all the eggs a woman will ever have.
- Produce hormones estrogen and progesterone that trigger menstruation and also release one egg each month for possible fertilization.
Hormone injections: advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: safe, convenient, long acting, reversible, can use after childbirth, works for three months
Disadvantages: Irregular or no periods, Weight gain, hair loss, bone thinning, loss of interest in sex, no protection from STDs
Birth control effectiveness relates to human error generally the ________You have to do the__________effective the option
Less; more
Functions of Ovary
- Almond shaped organ
- Most impt organ in reproductive system bc they play a role in the production of both female sex hormones that control reproduction and the female gametes (or eggs) that are fertilized to form embryos.
- At birth, ovaries contain all the eggs a woman will ever have.
- Produce hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovary composition
- composed of a cortex (outer portion) and the medulla (inner portion)
- As cells mature they move from the outside of the cortex down through the cortex and into the medulla.
- Most immature cell is a primordial follicle: from there it forms a secondary follicle and then moves on through the medulla, eventually forming a mature Graafian follicle which forms the egg.
Most important organs of the reproductive system:
Ovaries
Ovarian pain can be caused by
cysts, tumors,
Ovary composotion
- composed of a cortex (outer portion) and the medulla (inner portion)
- As cells mature they move from the outside of the cortex down through the cortex and into the medulla.
- Most immature cell is a primordial follicle: from there it forms a secondary follicle and then moves on through the medulla, eventually forming a mature Graafian follicle which forms the egg.
4 Parts of a Mature Graafian Follicle
- Zona Pellucida
- Antrum
- Corona Radiata
- Oocyte (egg)
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Implantation of zygote occurs in some place besides the uterus.
- Can occur in the fallopian tubes and also the peritoneal cavity
- Usually spontaneously abort (in most cases)
Pap smear
- Simple test for cervical cancer
- Scraping of the cervical cells which are then viewed under a microscope to check for pre-cancerous and cancerous changes
- painless, although there might be slight bleeding
- recommended that a woman have a pap smear ever three years ages 21-65
The Ovarian Cycle
The monthly series of events associated with the maturation of the egg.
- 2 Ovaries alternate releasing an egg
- Avg Cycle is 28 Days, ranges from 21-40 days
- The Ovarian cycle is closely tied to the Uterine Cycle
Cancer of the Cervix
Ages, risk factors
- Women ages 30-50 most common
- Risk Factors: STD’s, Frequent cervical inflammations
- Multiple pregnancies
Pap smear
- Simple test for cervical cancer
- Scraping of the cervical cells which are then viewed under a microscope to check for pre-cancerous and cancerous changes
- painless, although there might be slight bleeding
- recommended that a woman have a pap smear ever three years ages 31-65
The Ovarian Cycle
The monthly series of events associated with the maturation of the egg.
How do you determine the day of ovulation?
Subtract 14 from the length of the cycle:
ex. 40 day cycle, 40-14=day 26
Ovarian Cycle 2 Phases
variance in length
- Follicular phase (days 1-13)
Day 14 Ovulation Occurs!
- Luteal phase (days 15-28)
**the length of the follicular phase changes but the luteal phase is always 14 days.
Uterine Cycle 3 phases
- Also known as the menstrual cycle
- Days 1-5, The menstrual phase: Uterus shed endometrium (your period), ovarian hormones are at their lowest
- Days 6-13, The proliferative phase: endometrium rebuilds as blood levels of estrogen rise, ovulation (release of egg) occurs on day 14
- Days 15-28, the secretory phase: endometrium prepares for implantation of embryo, progesterone levels are rising
Ovulation
Day 14
LH spike occurs
Luteal Phase
(Days 15-28)
- LH secretion continues
- Corpus luteum forms
- Progesterone secretion is prominent
Uterine Cycle 3 phases
- Also known as the menstrual cycle
- Days 1-5, The menstrual phase: Uterus shed endometrium, ovarian hormones are at their lowest
- Days 6-13, The proliferative phase: endometrium rebuilds as blood levels of estrogen rise, ovulation (release of egg) occurs on day 14
- Days 15-28, the secretory phase: endometrium prepares for implantation of embryo, progesterone levels are rising
When does the Uterine Cycle typically begin and for how long, what can delay the onset
- Usually occurs ages 12-55, age of onset continues to get younger
- Strenuous exercise and dieting can delay the onset
Amenorrhea
The cessation of menses
happens during pregnancy
Fertilization
The process in which a sperm cell unites with an egg cell
-usually occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube
Human Zygote
Result of an ovum (egg cell) and a sperm cell.
-remains a zygote (one cell organism) until it begins to divide; at that point, the zygote then becomes an embryo.
Contains the genetic material from both parents.
Capacitation
- Freshly deposited sperm cells cannot fertilize the egg
- Must first capacitate (break their membranes so enzymes can be released from the acrosome.)
- Takes about 6-8 hours as they travel.
Implantation
- When the embryo is embedded in the wall of the uterus
- Six days after ovulation, implantation occurs. (should occur in uterus, if it occurs in uterine tube or abdomen it is ectopic pregnancy.)
- In some cases, implantation bleeding occurs.
Human Zygote
Result of an ovum (egg cell) and a sperm cell.
-remains a zygote until it begins to divide; at that point, the zygote then becomes an embryo.
Contains the genetic material from both parents.
Important Facts to Remember about when Pregnancy can Occur
- Egg is Viable for 12-24 hours after release
- Sperm is Viable 24-72 hours after ejaculation
- So, a woman can become pregnant from 3 days BEFORE ovulation to one day after ovulation (about a 5 day span.)
Implantation
- When the embryo is embedded in the wall of the uterus
- Six days after ovulation, implantation occurs.
- In some cases, implantation bleeding occurs.
Ovulation
-A mature ovarian follicle discharges and egg, day 14
What is the most common STD?
HPV
Women who have had an STD are at an increased risk for:
- Infertility
- HIV/AIDS
- Cervical cancer
What STD is bacterial that experts call “the silent epidemic”?
Chlamydia, because 70% of women and 50% of men with the disease experience no symptoms
What age group is at the greatest risk for STD’s?
Women 15-19 years of age
Greatest obstacle people name that they say they face in trying to protect themselves against STD’s is:
Embarrassment, people of all ages cite this as the biggest obstacle.
Experts now recommend that sexually active young people be immunized against what STD?
HPV–Gardasil vaccination
What STD’s cannot be cured?
Herpes and Genital Warts: treatable but not curable
For Women the most common symptom of chlamydia and gonorrhea infection is:
It is estimated that 70% of women with chlamydia and 50% of men with gonorrhea experience no symptoms.
You may be at increased risk for HIV/AIDS:
You have had many sex partners in the last 10 years
The best form protection against contracting STD’s during sex:
Condoms, used correctly every time.
Cannot protect you from every STD– herpes for example.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases:
Infectious disease that spreads by sexual contact
Also called venereal disease
The US has the highest rates of infection among developed countries
20 million people per year in US contract an STD
Common STD’s
Gonorrhea Syphilis Chlamydia Genital warts (HPV) Herpes
Gonorrhea
Also known as:
Caused by:
Known as “the clap” or “the drip”
-Transmitted through sexual contact with another person, or cot with infected bodily fluids
-Easily spread and occurs most often in people who have multiple sex partners
Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium
Can be passed through the birth canal– Silver Nitrate and Protargol
Why is Silver Nitrate and Protargol sometimes used in newborns?
Gonorrhea can be passed through the birth canal, Silver Nitrate and Protargol have both been used to prevent eye infection in newborns born to mothers with gonorrhea.
- They are also treated with IV antibiotics.
- If left untreated, can lead to blindness
Symptoms of Gonorrhea
Some people have no symptoms
- Symptoms should appear in 2-14 days
- often there is a discharge from the penis or vagina
- frequency of urination, burning or pain with urination
Complications with untreated Gonorrhea
Epididymitis- an inflammation of the testicles that can cause sterility in men
PID- a serious infection of female reproductive organs that can lead to sterility
Ectopic pregnancy- a pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus
itis means
“inflammation of”
Treatment for Gonorrhea
- Antibiotics
- drug of choice has been azithromycin but now CDC recommends dual therapy (using 2 drugs) to treat gonorrhea: 1. an injection of ceftriaxone 2. oral azithromycin
- don’t quit when you feel better, take meds as prescribed
- there has been concern about the development of antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea
Syphilis
Caused by
Affects on baby
Caused by bacterium Treponema Pallidum
- infected mother can pass it to a fetus, if infected fetus is usually stillborn or dies after birth
- if the fetus lives, the child may remain in the latent period until childhood or adulthood
- One characteristic of these children is saddlenose which is the result of the destruction of the vomer bone.
Syphilis Transmission
Transmitted by direct contact with a syphilitic red sore called a chancre; occurs on or around external genitals, mouth, in the vagina, around the anus, in the rectum
- inclubation period is 2-3 weeks
- Chancre appears, then becomes crusty and disappears
Secondary Signs of Syphilis (left untreated, after primary sign of red chancre)
- several weeks later secondary signs can appear:
- a pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain.
-these signs also disappear spontaneously
If secondary Syphilis is left untreated:
The infection will progress to the latent and possibly tertiary stage of the disease
Latent Phase of Syphilis
“Hidden phase” of syphilis. A time when there are no visible symptoms. Without treatment they will continue to have syphilis in their bodies. Can last for years. Only detectable by a blood test. The causative organism may be killed by the immune system, or it may go into tertiary syphilis.
Tertiary Syphilis
- characterized by gummas
- gummas are soft tumor-like lesions of the central nervous system, blood vessels, bones and skin
Tertiary Syphilis
- characterized by gummas
- gummas are soft noncancerous tumor-like lesions of the most commonly found in the liver, also found in central nervous system- the brain, blood vessels- the heart, bones, testes and skin
- form of a granduloma
- can lead to heart valve disease and certain neurological problems.
- develops in response to the immune system’s failure to kill off syphilis
Second most common STD in the US
Chlamydia
Chlamydia
Caused by
- 2nd most common STD in the US
- Caused by the organism chlamydia trachomatis
- is a bacterium
- Inclubation period is one week
- Responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of PID
- About 20% of men and 30% of women diagnosed with gonorrhea are also infected with chlamydia
Two troubling facts of Chlamydia
- About 70% of women and 50% of men do not know they are infected because they have no symptoms. Called the “Silent epidemic”
- The prevalence of chlamydia is highest among sexually active women less than 20 years of age.
Complications of a late diagnosis of Chlamydia
- PID
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Infertility
- Complications during pregnancy and birth
- Inflammation of the testicles
Symptoms of Chlamydia
- Urethritis and painful, frequent urination
- Thick penile or vaginal discharge
- Abdominal, rectal or testicular pain
- Painful intercourse
- Irregular menses
- Sterility in women
- Newborns may have conjunctivitis and pneumonia
Diagnosis of Chlamydia
- Swab: males- swab of urethra; females- swab of cervix; those who have receptive anal sex- a swab of the rectum. Staining techniques known as immunofluorescence are used for identification
- Urine
Chlamydia Treatment
Because it is caused by a bacterium it is easily cured with antibiotics:
- Azithromycin: given as two or four tablets at once
- Doxycycline: given as two capsules a day for a week
-Abstain from sexual activity for 7 days after single dose antibiotics; or until completion of a 7 day course of antibiotics.
Genital Warts (HPV) Caused by, puts you at greater risk for which cancers
- Viral STD
- Caused by a group of 60 viruses called the HPV (human papillomavirus)
-Increase risk for certain cancers: penile, vaginal, cervical, and anal
Appearance/Characteristics of Genital Warts
- May be raised or flat,
- May be single or multiple
- May have a cauliflower appearance
- usually painless
Genital Warts Diagnosis
- diagnosed by looking for them
- no blood tests or swabs
- if present in cervix, may show up on a pap smear
Genital Warts Treatment
Visible warts are removed in 3 ways:
- cryotherapy- warts are frozen
- podophylin paint- caustic plant extract that burns warts
- laser treatment- used to treat warts that are difficult to reach or warts are unaffected by other methods.
Genital Herpes
Caused by
- Viral STD
- Caused by Herpes Simplex 2
- Among the most difficult human pathogens to control
- Transmission is only through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Usually get herpes from contact with open sores, but can get it without them too.
Symptoms of Genital herpes
- Remains silent for weeks to years
- First attack symptoms: fever, flu like symptoms, nausea, muscle aches, painful urination, tingling itching burning sensation in the area where blisters will appear.
- A burst of blister-like lesions on reproductive organs.
Congenital Herpes
- rare but very serious condition
- “Neo-natal herpes simplex”
- usually caused by vertical transmission of herpes simplex virus from mother to newborn during delivery
- 1 in every 3,500 babies in the US contract the virus
- Can cause severe malformations of a fetus
Sign of Congenital Herpes
-typical sign is vesicular eruption (appearance of small fluid filled vesicles), which may progress to disseminated disease (extended to other areas.)
How is congenital herpes Diagnosed?
- Viral Culture
- PCR
- Immunofluorescence
- electron microscopy
Most frequently prescribed treatment for genital herpes:
- Acyclovir: anti-viral agent taken orally
- in addition sometimes topical antiviral agents are used
Pathway of air through the body
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchitis Bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Alveolus (air sac) - where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
Vocal chords
Allow production of sounds
Are elastic and can be stretched
Are thicker in males than females
This is the reason men have deeper voices – testosterone is responsible for this
When vocal chords are relaxed, the sound is lower
When they tighten, the sound is higher
Functions of the respiratory system
– Carry air to and from the lungs – Replenish oxygen – Get rid of carbon dioxide – Produce sounds – Maintain PH – Perceive odors
Rohypnol facts
“Roofies”
- inexpensive
- 10x as strong as Valium
- manufactured in Europe and Latin America.
Intended uses of rohypnol
To treat insomnia
Used as pre surgery medication
What does Rohypnol do
Muscle relaxation
Lowers inhibitions
Amnesia
How long does it take for rohypnol to take effect?
20-30 minutes