Quiz 5 Flashcards
which type of duct is the smallest?
intercalated duct
intercalated duct has what classification of epithelium?
squamos
striated duct has what classification of epithelium?
cuboidal to columnar
intralobularduct has what classification of epithelium?
cuboidal to columnar
interlobular duct has what classification of epithelium?
columnar
Lobar duct has what classification of epithelium?
columnar stratified
4 functions of salivary glands/salia
lubricating, digestive, immunologic, and protective
what kind of molecules do saliva digest and w/ what enzyme
carbs amylase
which antibody secreted in salivary galnds
IgA
What are pellicles
protective protein film on teeth
3 different types of salivary glands
mixed acinus–mostly serous mixed acinus–mostly mucus all serous
3 different salivary glands
- Parotid 2. Submanibular 3. Sublingual
What kind of secretion in parotid?
all serous
What kind of secretion in submandibular?
mostly serous, some mucous
What kind of secretion in sublingual?
mostly mucous, some serous
serous secretions are baso/eosino philic?
eosinophilic
what is serous demilune
artifact of freezing..serous cells form a cap
What kind of ducts?
intercalated and striated
mitochondria stain baso/eosinophilic?
eosinophilic
t/f the pancreas has striated ducts
false
what produces striations in striated ducts?
mitochondria in infolded membranes
3 types of exocrine secretions from pancreas
enzymes, water, and ions
enzymes released fromp ancrease are in active/inactive form?
inactive
enzyme secretions of pancrease are controlled by which hormone?
cholecystokinin
water and ion secretion of pancreas is controlled by which hormone/
secretin
which ion is most prevalent in pancreaes secretion?
bicarbonate
enzymes released from pancreas are activated where, by what
gut lumen/duodenum , change in pH
pancrease has what kind of secretion serous/mucous?
serous
are there myoepithelial cells in pancreas?
no
what kind of duct cells are centroacinar cells?
intercalated duct
5 functions of the liver
protein synthesis
bile secretins
detox and inactiation
storage
gluconeogenesis
submandibular..has seromucous glands
liver comes from which trilaminar germ layer
endoderm
liver is what type of tissue
epithelial
t/f liver is very homogenous
has a lot of collagen
has a lot of reticular fibers
t
f
t
blood flow in liver
portal vein -> ___vein -> IVC
hepatic veins
bile duct is what type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal
reticular fibers are what type of collagen
3
perivascular/perisibusoidal sapce/ space of Disse is b/w what
and contains a lot of
sinusoid and hepatocytes
reticular fibers
what type of endothelium in liver sinusoids
discontinuous/fenestrated
microvilli are on which surface of hepatoytes?
basal
What are kupffer cells?
macrophage of liver
basal domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes?
sinusoids
lateral domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes?
and contain a lot of
hepatocytes
gap junctions
apical domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes?
two hepatocytes join to form the walls of the bile canacliculi
waht isolates the apical and lateral domains of a hepatocyte?
tight junctions
secretions of hepatocytes ususally occur at which domain?
apical
gall bladder has what kind of epithelium
simple columnar
t/f gall bladder has muscularis mucosa
f
t/f gall bladder has sub mucosa
false
how does bile get more concentrated in gall bladder/
Na pumped out into intercellularspace and water diffuses out of cell
oral cavity is lined w/ what kind of epithelium
non-keratinzed stratified squamos
3 types of papillae on the tongue
filiform, fingiform, circumvallate
what are the 4 layers of the gut tube
- Mucosa
- submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- serosa/adventitia
3 layers of the mucosa
epithelium
lamina propia
muscularis mucosa
does the gall bladder have muscularis mucosa
no
submucosa is what kind of tissue and has a lot of ___ and ))))
loose CT
nerves
blood vessels
muscularis externa has how many layers of muscles?
2 layers of smooth muscle
inner layer of muscularis externa is circular/longitudinal
circular
outer layer of muscularis externa is circular/longitudinal
longitudinal
another name for external to the lumen
abluminal
serosa is comprised of what kind of epithelium
simple squamous
another name for serosa
visceral peritoneum
adventitia is comprised of
losse connective tissue
what kind of epithelium thoughout most of the digestive tract…what are the 4 exceptions
simple columnar
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
anus
waht kind of epithelium in esophagus?
non-keratinized stratified squamous
where are the mucous galnds of the esophagus (ie which layer)
submucosa
what’s different about the muscularis externa in the esophagus?
skeleatl muscle in proximal third
In the thorax the esophagus has (serosa/adventitia) circumferentailly; only is the abdomen is there (serosa/adventitia) coverin the ____ and ____ (which direction/position) surfaces of hte abdominal esophagus
adventitia
serosa
anterior
lateral
sphincter muscle of stomach is in which part of the stmach
pylorus
muscosa of hte stmach has what kind of mucous cells
surface mucous/sticky
mucous from surface mucous cells in stomach is ____ rich and has (high/low pH)
bicarbonate
high
3 types of gastric glands int he stomatch
pariteal (oxyntic)
chief (zymogentic)
enteroendorine
most gastric glands of the stomach empty into ___
-which gland is differnet and where does it drain
pits/foveolae
enteroendocrine cells–empty into blood stream
another name for the pits in teh stmach
foveolae
parietal cells produce what 2 things
HCL and intrinsic factor
chief cells of the stomatch produce
pepsinogen
enteroendocrine cells produce what
multiple hormones
parietal cells are eosinophilic/basophilic
why
eosinophilic b/c of mitochondria
for chief cells basal part of the cell is (basophilic/eosonphilic) due to large quantities of ____
Athe apical partion the vesicles containing pepsinogen are (basophilic/eosonphilic)
basophilic RER
eosiniophilic
gastric glands are located b/w which layers of the the stomach
mucosa/muscularis mucosa
Difference b/w Resting/Inactive pariteal/oxyntic cells
(resting/active) has intracellular canaliculus
(Resting/active) has microvili
(resting/active) has tubovesicular
resting
active
resting
hwat is prupose of tubulovesicular and microvilli in parietal cells?
increase surface area
H+ on parietal cells is produced how
pumped into where?
what hpapens HCO3-
carbonic anhydrase
lumen of stmach
pumped into capillaries and broufht to submucosal cell to make alkalotic mucus
function of pepsin
breaks down proteins into polypeptides
enteroendocrine gland is in which part of stomach
antrum
in enteroendocrine cells at which domain does exocytosis occur?
basal
function of small intestines?
reductionof carbs, fats, proteins into molecules that can be absormed into the blood/lymph
3 portions of the small intestines
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
duodenum is first ___ (#) cm of the stomach
25
What is defining feature of Duodenum?
Brunner’s gland
name part of organ and defining feature
duodenum
Brunner’s glands
Brunner’s glands have what kind of epithelium
simple columnar
Brunner’s glands are in which layer of the duodenum?
submucosa
function of Brunner’s glands
secrets alkaline secretion to neutralize pH
main absorption of nutrients occurs in which section of the small intestines?
jejunum
villi are only present in
the small intestines
what are the circular folds in the small intestines called?
plicae circularis
intestinal glands aka
crypts of Lieberkuhn which
which kinds of cells are involved in absorpiton in the small intestines
enterocyte
what are the 2 types of cells found in every intestinal crypt?
paneth and stem cells
intestinal epithelium renews itself at what rate?
3-6 days
function of paneth cells
produce lysozyme to destroy bacteria
what is hte terminal bar
junctional complex
what two things are absorbed in the ileum?
bile salts and B12
which part of intestines has lymphoid tissue
ileum
function of the colon
to absorb water and electrolytes
taeniae coli are
3 segregreated bands of longitudinal smooth muscle
t/f taeniae coli are continuous
f
where in the respiratory tract is the majority of water absorbed?
small intestines
epithelium of anus transitions to
non-keratized stratified squamos epithelium
in which organ will an epithelum be seen in which every suface cell is capable of secreting mucus?
stomach
how many neurons does hte enteric nervous system have
10^8
3 specializatoins in intestinal tract
- Enteric nervous system
- Entero-endocrine
- Lymphoid tissue
peyer’s patches have what kind of tissue
lymphoid
what kind of cells are the arrows pointing to
neuronal cells
Auerbach’s plexus aka
myenteric plexus
Gastrin is produced where and does what
pylorus of stomach
stimulates gastric acid secretion
Secretin is produced where and does what?
small intestines
secretes pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate and wahter
cholecystokinin is found where and does what
small intestines
pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction
somatostatin is found hwere and does hwat
pylorus and duodenum
local inhibitionof other endocrine cells
M cell has what kind of function
deliver antigen to the immune cells in the lymph nodes deeper in the mucosa
surface mucous cells in stomach are turned over how often
4-8 days
where are stem cells in the stomach found?
isthmus
at what rate do the gland cells in the stomach renew themselves?
weeks / slow
nervous system effect (fast/slow) and (brief/longlasting)
endocrine system (fast/slow) and (brief/longlasting)
fast, brief
slow, longlasting
nervous system affects what kind of tissues?
nerve, muscles, and glands
t/f endocrine glands have ducts
false
2 classes of hormones (depending on how far they travel/where they act)
local
circulating
Do eicosanoids participate mainly as circulatory or local hormones
local
what are eicosanoids dervied from
arachodonic acid
What are eicosanoids released from
the cell membrane
Multitide of hormoones derie from what 2 main chemical groups
Amino Acids
Steroids
3 types of amino acid hormones
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Catecholamine is a
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
AA derivative
norepi and epi are
is a
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
AA derviatives
thyroid hormones are:
is a
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
AA derivatives
insulin is
is a
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
protein
growth hormone is
is a
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
protein
parathyroid hormone is
is a
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
protein
Vasopressin is
is a
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
small peptide
products of enteroendocrine cells are
is a
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
small peptide molecules
adrenal cortical hormones are
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
steroids
ovarian and testicular hormones are
amino acid derivatives
Proteins
Small peoptide moleules
Steroid
steroids
what is the major functionof receptors in regards to the endocrine system
receptors lend specificity to endocrine system
target cells must have
hormone receptors
3 ways that cells amplify hormone effects
- synthesize new molecules
- change permeability of membrane
- alter rates of reactions
5 alterations that hormones cause
- alters membrane permeability
- synthesis of enzymes and/or other proteins
- activates or deactivates enzymes
- stimulates secretory activity
- induces mitosis
4 things that endorine response depends on
- circulating blood level of hormone
- Anatomic location of the receptors
- Number of receptors
- sensitivity of the receptors
3 different kinds of stimuli to control hormone release
humeral
neural
hormonal
what is permissiveness
and give an example
one hormone is necessary for another hormone to be effective
thyroid hormone and reproductive development
what is synergism
given an example
amplifcation of hte effect by 2 hormones acting on the same target
–glucagon from the pancrease and epi from adrenals mobilize glucose from the liver
Antagonism
glucagon raises and insulin lowers glucose levels
ie negative feed back
2 areas of negative feedback control
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary hormone
3 types of distribution of endocrine tissue
- distinct, discrete organs
- clusters of cells in mixed organs
- widely dispersed single cells in non-endorine organs
pitutiary is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine
primary
thyroid is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine
primary
parathyroid is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine
primary
adrenal is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine
primary
pineal is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine
pineal
hypothalamus is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine
secondary
thymus is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine
secondary
endocrine system helps regulate what 6 things?
extracellular fluid/electrolytes
metabolism
biologial clock
contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle
glandular secretion
immune functions
3 functions of endocrine system
regulate
growth/development
reproduction
draw/ label different parts of the pituitary
3 different parts of the neurohypophysis
Median eminence
Infundibular stem
Pars Nervosa
3 different parts of Adenohypophysis
Pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
pars distalis
neurons located in the ____ and ____ nuclei of the hypothalamus produce ADH and oxytocin. and these two hormones are stored in the ___ ___
supraotic
paraventricular
posterior pituitary
what are Herring bodies
neurosecretory granules of posterior hypo
adenohypophysis is made up of what kind of tissue and contains what type of cells
glands
secretory cells
t/f the neurohypophysis is an endocrine gland
false
large concentrations of ADH cause
vasoconstriction
SIADH stands for
syndrome of inappropriate ADH
name the two master endocrine glands
hypo and
adenohypophysis
hypothatlmus releases how many releasing
inhibiting hormones of anterior pituitary
4/2
hypo receives input from what 4 places
coretex
thalamus
limbic sytem
internal organ
inhibitory/releasing polypeptides from hypthatlus accumulate in nerve endings near which part of the anterior pituitary
-upon stimulation they are released into a capillary bed and transported to which part of hte ap
median eminence
par distalis
2 cell types of adenohypophysis
chromophils and chromophobes
2 types of chromophils
acidophils and basophils
chromophobes make up what % of te pituitary
50
2 types of acidophillic cells
somatotropes
mammotropes
t/f acidophils release tropic hormones
t
example of somatotrope
growth hormone
mammotropes affects which tissues
mammary gland and testes
example of a mammotropic hormone
prolactin
3 types of basophils
corticotropes
throtropes
gonadotropes
what are the 4 tropic hormones released by basophils
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
chromophobes are what 3 things
stem cells
progenitor cells
degranulated cells
describe blood flow in the hypo. pituitaries
there is the hypothatlamohypophyseal portal system which serves the adenohypophysis
What are the 4 releasing hormones of the hypothalamus
GHRH
CRH
TRH
GnRH
2 inhibiting hormones from hypothal and what do they do
Somatostatin–inhibits release of GH and TSH
PIH-inihibts release of prolactin
what kind of feedback from GH, Prolactin
negative feed back fro metabolites
GH acts on which 3 tissues mostly
bone
muscle
adipose
skeletal and extraskeletal growth are caused by direct/ indirect actions of GH
indirect
IGF is what
insulin like growth factor
major targets of indirect actions of GH are what kinds of tissue
bone and skeletal muscle
direct actions of GH act on what process
and what 3 specific functions of this process
metabolism
- mobilization of fat as fuel
- anti-insulin effect
- promotes protein synthesis by uptake of amino acids
GH regulation has what kind of feedback?
negative
GH is released from
adenohypophysis
IGFs are formed wehre
the liver
GHRH is released from
hypothalamus
hypersecretion of GH leads to what in adults
acromegaly
suckling does what in relation to prolactin
reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition
estrogen has what relationship w/ prolactin
stimulates prolactin release
cascade of throid hormone release starting in Hypo
Hypo releases TRH
Anterior pituitary releases TSH
Thyroid gland releases thyroid (t4,t3)
4 functions of thyroid
- Regulates Basal Metabolic Rate
- Regulates Heat production
- Influences body and tissue growth
- Development of the nervous system in the fetus and young child
follicular cells secrete cooloid which is a
tyrosine reich protein called thyroglobulin
activity of hte follicular cell is controlled mainly by
TSH
resting follicles contain (a lot/ a little) colloid and are lined by what kind of epithelium
a lot
squamous epithelium w/ short microvilli
active follicles have highly polarized follicular cells which wht kind of epithelium?
columnar
Synthesiss of throglobulin takes place where
follicular epithelial cell
thyroglobulin is secreted into where?
lumen of follicle
T4 and T3 are relased in what ratio
20:1
in circulation, t3/t4 hormone is bound to what
thyroxine binding protein
which is more active T3 or T4 and by what magnitude
T3 is 5x more active than T4
severe hypothyrodism in adults is known as _____
in infants ____
myxedema
cretinism
parafollicular cells release
calcitonin
calcitonin does what
decreases blood Ca by
Depositing onto bone and inhibiting reabsorption from kidney
what kind of cell
parafollicular
what acts faster calcitonin or PTH
calcitonin
parathyroid develops from
pharyneal pouches
thyroid develops from
the base of the tongue
2 parenchymal cells of parathyroid
chief and oxyphil
parathyroid horones does what
increases blood calcium level
cheif cells are in charge of what
Parathyroid
parathyroid is basophilic or eosiniophilic/
eosiniophilic
what are the zones of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
zona glomerulosa does what
aldosterone / mineralcorticoid secreting cells
zona fasciculata does what
cortisol/glucocorticoid secreting cells
zona reticularis
weak androgen producing cels
what is ultrastrucutre of steroid hormone secreting cells
3
smooth ER
mitochondria
lipid droptlet
what stimulates zona glomerulos secretion?
angiotensin and
ACTH
what stimulates zona fasiculata secretion?
ACTH
glucocorticoids generally have what effect on metabiolism except for which organ
catabolism
liver—glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis
t/f corticosteroids also have anti-inflamatory and immuno sppressive properties
t
which cells in adrena medulla receive direct innervation from sympathetic nervous system
chromaffin
glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex inhibits/enahnces exonal growth of chromaffin
inhibits
2 bloods supplies to adrenal medulla
direct
portal from cortical
why is portal blood supply necessary in adrenal medulla
induces the methyltransferae that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine
greatest concnetration of islets is in which part of the pancreas
tail
Alpha cells are located where in the islet and secrete what
periphery of islet
glucagon
Beta cells are located where in the islet and secrete what
centrally
insulin
delta cells are located where in the islet and secrete what
periopherally
somatostatin and gastrin
F cells are located where in the islet and secrete what
pancreatic polypeptide
beta cells make up what percentage of cells in the pancreas islets
70
Delta cells make up what % of cells in is
5
alpha cells make up what percentage of cells in the pancreas islets
20
delta cells do what to insulin and glucagon?
paracrine inhibition
pancreatic polypeptide from F cells does what/
stimulates gastric chief cells
Inhibits bile and pancreatic exocrine secretions ,
decreaes intestingal motility
pineal glandis where
3rd ventricle of the brain
pineal gland releaes ____ which is respoinsible for…
melatonin
biological clock
which kind of papillae are the most numerous and appear as short bristles
filiform
which papillae are broader and have taste buds on their side?
Fungiform
Which kind of papilla
form a row just anterior to the sulcus terminalis and contain a large number of taste buds.
circumvallate
What divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior 1/3?
Sulcus terminales
In what layer of the intestine would you find intestinal glands?
lamina propria
where in GI tract are paneth cells found
epithemlium of intestinal glands
epithelium of anus keratinized or non keratinized
keratinized
what do Ito cells do
metabolize Vitamin A
