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CTO > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

which type of duct is the smallest?

A

intercalated duct

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2
Q

intercalated duct has what classification of epithelium?

A

squamos

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3
Q

striated duct has what classification of epithelium?

A

cuboidal to columnar

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4
Q

intralobularduct has what classification of epithelium?

A

cuboidal to columnar

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5
Q

interlobular duct has what classification of epithelium?

A

columnar

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6
Q

Lobar duct has what classification of epithelium?

A

columnar stratified

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7
Q

4 functions of salivary glands/salia

A

lubricating, digestive, immunologic, and protective

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8
Q

what kind of molecules do saliva digest and w/ what enzyme

A

carbs amylase

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9
Q

which antibody secreted in salivary galnds

A

IgA

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10
Q

What are pellicles

A

protective protein film on teeth

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11
Q

3 different types of salivary glands

A

mixed acinus–mostly serous mixed acinus–mostly mucus all serous

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12
Q

3 different salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid 2. Submanibular 3. Sublingual
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13
Q

What kind of secretion in parotid?

A

all serous

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14
Q

What kind of secretion in submandibular?

A

mostly serous, some mucous

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15
Q

What kind of secretion in sublingual?

A

mostly mucous, some serous

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16
Q

serous secretions are baso/eosino philic?

A

eosinophilic

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17
Q

what is serous demilune

A

artifact of freezing..serous cells form a cap

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18
Q

What kind of ducts?

A

intercalated and striated

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19
Q

mitochondria stain baso/eosinophilic?

A

eosinophilic

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20
Q

t/f the pancreas has striated ducts

A

false

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21
Q

what produces striations in striated ducts?

A

mitochondria in infolded membranes

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22
Q

3 types of exocrine secretions from pancreas

A

enzymes, water, and ions

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23
Q

enzymes released fromp ancrease are in active/inactive form?

A

inactive

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24
Q

enzyme secretions of pancrease are controlled by which hormone?

A

cholecystokinin

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25
Q

water and ion secretion of pancreas is controlled by which hormone/

A

secretin

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26
Q

which ion is most prevalent in pancreaes secretion?

A

bicarbonate

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27
Q

enzymes released from pancreas are activated where, by what

A

gut lumen/duodenum , change in pH

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28
Q

pancrease has what kind of secretion serous/mucous?

A

serous

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29
Q

are there myoepithelial cells in pancreas?

A

no

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30
Q

what kind of duct cells are centroacinar cells?

A

intercalated duct

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31
Q

5 functions of the liver

A

protein synthesis

bile secretins

detox and inactiation

storage

gluconeogenesis

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32
Q
A

submandibular..has seromucous glands

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33
Q

liver comes from which trilaminar germ layer

A

endoderm

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34
Q

liver is what type of tissue

A

epithelial

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35
Q

t/f liver is very homogenous

has a lot of collagen

has a lot of reticular fibers

A

t

f

t

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36
Q

blood flow in liver

portal vein -> ___vein -> IVC

A

hepatic veins

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37
Q

bile duct is what type of epithelium?

A

simple cuboidal

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38
Q

reticular fibers are what type of collagen

A

3

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39
Q

perivascular/perisibusoidal sapce/ space of Disse is b/w what

and contains a lot of

A

sinusoid and hepatocytes

reticular fibers

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40
Q

what type of endothelium in liver sinusoids

A

discontinuous/fenestrated

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41
Q

microvilli are on which surface of hepatoytes?

A

basal

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42
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

macrophage of liver

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43
Q

basal domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes?

A

sinusoids

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44
Q

lateral domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes?

and contain a lot of

A

hepatocytes

gap junctions

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45
Q

apical domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes?

A

two hepatocytes join to form the walls of the bile canacliculi

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46
Q

waht isolates the apical and lateral domains of a hepatocyte?

A

tight junctions

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47
Q

secretions of hepatocytes ususally occur at which domain?

A

apical

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48
Q

gall bladder has what kind of epithelium

A

simple columnar

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49
Q

t/f gall bladder has muscularis mucosa

A

f

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50
Q

t/f gall bladder has sub mucosa

A

false

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51
Q

how does bile get more concentrated in gall bladder/

A

Na pumped out into intercellularspace and water diffuses out of cell

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52
Q

oral cavity is lined w/ what kind of epithelium

A

non-keratinzed stratified squamos

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53
Q

3 types of papillae on the tongue

A

filiform, fingiform, circumvallate

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54
Q

what are the 4 layers of the gut tube

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. serosa/adventitia
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55
Q

3 layers of the mucosa

A

epithelium

lamina propia

muscularis mucosa

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56
Q

does the gall bladder have muscularis mucosa

A

no

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57
Q

submucosa is what kind of tissue and has a lot of ___ and ))))

A

loose CT

nerves

blood vessels

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58
Q

muscularis externa has how many layers of muscles?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle

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59
Q

inner layer of muscularis externa is circular/longitudinal

A

circular

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60
Q

outer layer of muscularis externa is circular/longitudinal

A

longitudinal

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61
Q

another name for external to the lumen

A

abluminal

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62
Q

serosa is comprised of what kind of epithelium

A

simple squamous

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63
Q

another name for serosa

A

visceral peritoneum

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64
Q

adventitia is comprised of

A

losse connective tissue

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65
Q

what kind of epithelium thoughout most of the digestive tract…what are the 4 exceptions

A

simple columnar

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

anus

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66
Q

waht kind of epithelium in esophagus?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

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67
Q

where are the mucous galnds of the esophagus (ie which layer)

A

submucosa

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68
Q

what’s different about the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

A

skeleatl muscle in proximal third

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69
Q

In the thorax the esophagus has (serosa/adventitia) circumferentailly; only is the abdomen is there (serosa/adventitia) coverin the ____ and ____ (which direction/position) surfaces of hte abdominal esophagus

A

adventitia

serosa

anterior

lateral

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70
Q

sphincter muscle of stomach is in which part of the stmach

A

pylorus

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71
Q

muscosa of hte stmach has what kind of mucous cells

A

surface mucous/sticky

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72
Q

mucous from surface mucous cells in stomach is ____ rich and has (high/low pH)

A

bicarbonate

high

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73
Q

3 types of gastric glands int he stomatch

A

pariteal (oxyntic)

chief (zymogentic)

enteroendorine

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74
Q

most gastric glands of the stomach empty into ___

-which gland is differnet and where does it drain

A

pits/foveolae

enteroendocrine cells–empty into blood stream

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75
Q

another name for the pits in teh stmach

A

foveolae

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76
Q

parietal cells produce what 2 things

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

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77
Q

chief cells of the stomatch produce

A

pepsinogen

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78
Q

enteroendocrine cells produce what

A

multiple hormones

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79
Q

parietal cells are eosinophilic/basophilic

why

A

eosinophilic b/c of mitochondria

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80
Q

for chief cells basal part of the cell is (basophilic/eosonphilic) due to large quantities of ____

Athe apical partion the vesicles containing pepsinogen are (basophilic/eosonphilic)

A

basophilic RER

eosiniophilic

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81
Q

gastric glands are located b/w which layers of the the stomach

A

mucosa/muscularis mucosa

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82
Q

Difference b/w Resting/Inactive pariteal/oxyntic cells

(resting/active) has intracellular canaliculus

(Resting/active) has microvili

(resting/active) has tubovesicular

A

resting

active

resting

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83
Q

hwat is prupose of tubulovesicular and microvilli in parietal cells?

A

increase surface area

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84
Q

H+ on parietal cells is produced how

pumped into where?

what hpapens HCO3-

A

carbonic anhydrase

lumen of stmach

pumped into capillaries and broufht to submucosal cell to make alkalotic mucus

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85
Q

function of pepsin

A

breaks down proteins into polypeptides

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86
Q

enteroendocrine gland is in which part of stomach

A

antrum

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87
Q

in enteroendocrine cells at which domain does exocytosis occur?

A

basal

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88
Q

function of small intestines?

A

reductionof carbs, fats, proteins into molecules that can be absormed into the blood/lymph

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89
Q

3 portions of the small intestines

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

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90
Q

duodenum is first ___ (#) cm of the stomach

A

25

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91
Q

What is defining feature of Duodenum?

A

Brunner’s gland

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92
Q

name part of organ and defining feature

A

duodenum

Brunner’s glands

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93
Q

Brunner’s glands have what kind of epithelium

A

simple columnar

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94
Q

Brunner’s glands are in which layer of the duodenum?

A

submucosa

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95
Q

function of Brunner’s glands

A

secrets alkaline secretion to neutralize pH

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96
Q

main absorption of nutrients occurs in which section of the small intestines?

A

jejunum

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97
Q

villi are only present in

A

the small intestines

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98
Q

what are the circular folds in the small intestines called?

A

plicae circularis

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99
Q

intestinal glands aka

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn which

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100
Q

which kinds of cells are involved in absorpiton in the small intestines

A

enterocyte

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101
Q

what are the 2 types of cells found in every intestinal crypt?

A

paneth and stem cells

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102
Q

intestinal epithelium renews itself at what rate?

A

3-6 days

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103
Q

function of paneth cells

A

produce lysozyme to destroy bacteria

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104
Q

what is hte terminal bar

A

junctional complex

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105
Q

what two things are absorbed in the ileum?

A

bile salts and B12

106
Q

which part of intestines has lymphoid tissue

A

ileum

107
Q

function of the colon

A

to absorb water and electrolytes

108
Q

taeniae coli are

A

3 segregreated bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

109
Q

t/f taeniae coli are continuous

A

f

110
Q

where in the respiratory tract is the majority of water absorbed?

A

small intestines

111
Q

epithelium of anus transitions to

A

non-keratized stratified squamos epithelium

112
Q

in which organ will an epithelum be seen in which every suface cell is capable of secreting mucus?

A

stomach

113
Q

how many neurons does hte enteric nervous system have

A

10^8

114
Q

3 specializatoins in intestinal tract

A
  1. Enteric nervous system
  2. Entero-endocrine
  3. Lymphoid tissue
115
Q

peyer’s patches have what kind of tissue

A

lymphoid

116
Q

what kind of cells are the arrows pointing to

A

neuronal cells

117
Q

Auerbach’s plexus aka

A

myenteric plexus

118
Q

Gastrin is produced where and does what

A

pylorus of stomach

stimulates gastric acid secretion

119
Q

Secretin is produced where and does what?

A

small intestines

secretes pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate and wahter

120
Q

cholecystokinin is found where and does what

A

small intestines

pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction

121
Q

somatostatin is found hwere and does hwat

A

pylorus and duodenum

local inhibitionof other endocrine cells

122
Q

M cell has what kind of function

A

deliver antigen to the immune cells in the lymph nodes deeper in the mucosa

123
Q

surface mucous cells in stomach are turned over how often

A

4-8 days

124
Q

where are stem cells in the stomach found?

A

isthmus

125
Q

at what rate do the gland cells in the stomach renew themselves?

A

weeks / slow

126
Q

nervous system effect (fast/slow) and (brief/longlasting)

endocrine system (fast/slow) and (brief/longlasting)

A

fast, brief

slow, longlasting

127
Q

nervous system affects what kind of tissues?

A

nerve, muscles, and glands

128
Q

t/f endocrine glands have ducts

A

false

129
Q

2 classes of hormones (depending on how far they travel/where they act)

A

local

circulating

130
Q

Do eicosanoids participate mainly as circulatory or local hormones

A

local

131
Q

what are eicosanoids dervied from

A

arachodonic acid

132
Q

What are eicosanoids released from

A

the cell membrane

133
Q

Multitide of hormoones derie from what 2 main chemical groups

A

Amino Acids

Steroids

134
Q

3 types of amino acid hormones

A

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

135
Q

Catecholamine is a

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

AA derivative

136
Q

norepi and epi are

is a

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

AA derviatives

137
Q

thyroid hormones are:

is a

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

AA derivatives

138
Q

insulin is

is a

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

protein

139
Q

growth hormone is

is a

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

protein

140
Q

parathyroid hormone is

is a

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

protein

141
Q

Vasopressin is

is a

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

small peptide

142
Q

products of enteroendocrine cells are

is a

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

small peptide molecules

143
Q

adrenal cortical hormones are

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

steroids

144
Q

ovarian and testicular hormones are

amino acid derivatives

Proteins

Small peoptide moleules

Steroid

A

steroids

145
Q

what is the major functionof receptors in regards to the endocrine system

A

receptors lend specificity to endocrine system

146
Q

target cells must have

A

hormone receptors

147
Q

3 ways that cells amplify hormone effects

A
  1. synthesize new molecules
  2. change permeability of membrane
  3. alter rates of reactions
148
Q

5 alterations that hormones cause

A
  1. alters membrane permeability
  2. synthesis of enzymes and/or other proteins
  3. activates or deactivates enzymes
  4. stimulates secretory activity
  5. induces mitosis
149
Q

4 things that endorine response depends on

A
  1. circulating blood level of hormone
  2. Anatomic location of the receptors
  3. Number of receptors
  4. sensitivity of the receptors
150
Q

3 different kinds of stimuli to control hormone release

A

humeral

neural

hormonal

151
Q

what is permissiveness

and give an example

A

one hormone is necessary for another hormone to be effective

thyroid hormone and reproductive development

152
Q

what is synergism

given an example

A

amplifcation of hte effect by 2 hormones acting on the same target

–glucagon from the pancrease and epi from adrenals mobilize glucose from the liver

153
Q

Antagonism

A

glucagon raises and insulin lowers glucose levels

ie negative feed back

154
Q

2 areas of negative feedback control

A

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary hormone

155
Q

3 types of distribution of endocrine tissue

A
  1. distinct, discrete organs
  2. clusters of cells in mixed organs
  3. widely dispersed single cells in non-endorine organs
156
Q

pitutiary is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine

A

primary

157
Q

thyroid is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine

A

primary

158
Q

parathyroid is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine

A

primary

159
Q

adrenal is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine

A

primary

160
Q

pineal is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine

A

pineal

161
Q

hypothalamus is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine

A

secondary

162
Q

thymus is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine

A

secondary

163
Q

endocrine system helps regulate what 6 things?

A

extracellular fluid/electrolytes

metabolism

biologial clock

contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle

glandular secretion

immune functions

164
Q

3 functions of endocrine system

A

regulate

growth/development

reproduction

165
Q

draw/ label different parts of the pituitary

A
166
Q

3 different parts of the neurohypophysis

A

Median eminence

Infundibular stem

Pars Nervosa

167
Q

3 different parts of Adenohypophysis

A

Pars tuberalis

pars intermedia

pars distalis

168
Q

neurons located in the ____ and ____ nuclei of the hypothalamus produce ADH and oxytocin. and these two hormones are stored in the ___ ___

A

supraotic

paraventricular

posterior pituitary

169
Q

what are Herring bodies

A

neurosecretory granules of posterior hypo

170
Q

adenohypophysis is made up of what kind of tissue and contains what type of cells

A

glands

secretory cells

171
Q

t/f the neurohypophysis is an endocrine gland

A

false

172
Q

large concentrations of ADH cause

A

vasoconstriction

173
Q

SIADH stands for

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

174
Q

name the two master endocrine glands

A

hypo and

adenohypophysis

175
Q

hypothatlmus releases how many releasing

inhibiting hormones of anterior pituitary

A

4/2

176
Q

hypo receives input from what 4 places

A

coretex

thalamus

limbic sytem

internal organ

177
Q

inhibitory/releasing polypeptides from hypthatlus accumulate in nerve endings near which part of the anterior pituitary

-upon stimulation they are released into a capillary bed and transported to which part of hte ap

A

median eminence

par distalis

178
Q

2 cell types of adenohypophysis

A

chromophils and chromophobes

179
Q

2 types of chromophils

A

acidophils and basophils

180
Q

chromophobes make up what % of te pituitary

A

50

181
Q

2 types of acidophillic cells

A

somatotropes

mammotropes

182
Q

t/f acidophils release tropic hormones

A

t

183
Q

example of somatotrope

A

growth hormone

184
Q

mammotropes affects which tissues

A

mammary gland and testes

185
Q

example of a mammotropic hormone

A

prolactin

186
Q

3 types of basophils

A

corticotropes

throtropes

gonadotropes

187
Q

what are the 4 tropic hormones released by basophils

A

ACTH

TSH

FSH

LH

188
Q

chromophobes are what 3 things

A

stem cells

progenitor cells

degranulated cells

189
Q

describe blood flow in the hypo. pituitaries

A

there is the hypothatlamohypophyseal portal system which serves the adenohypophysis

190
Q

What are the 4 releasing hormones of the hypothalamus

A

GHRH

CRH

TRH

GnRH

191
Q

2 inhibiting hormones from hypothal and what do they do

A

Somatostatin–inhibits release of GH and TSH

PIH-inihibts release of prolactin

192
Q

what kind of feedback from GH, Prolactin

A

negative feed back fro metabolites

193
Q

GH acts on which 3 tissues mostly

A

bone

muscle

adipose

194
Q

skeletal and extraskeletal growth are caused by direct/ indirect actions of GH

A

indirect

195
Q

IGF is what

A

insulin like growth factor

196
Q

major targets of indirect actions of GH are what kinds of tissue

A

bone and skeletal muscle

197
Q

direct actions of GH act on what process

and what 3 specific functions of this process

A

metabolism

  1. mobilization of fat as fuel
  2. anti-insulin effect
  3. promotes protein synthesis by uptake of amino acids
198
Q

GH regulation has what kind of feedback?

A

negative

199
Q

GH is released from

A

adenohypophysis

200
Q

IGFs are formed wehre

A

the liver

201
Q

GHRH is released from

A

hypothalamus

202
Q

hypersecretion of GH leads to what in adults

A

acromegaly

203
Q

suckling does what in relation to prolactin

A

reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition

204
Q

estrogen has what relationship w/ prolactin

A

stimulates prolactin release

205
Q

cascade of throid hormone release starting in Hypo

A

Hypo releases TRH

Anterior pituitary releases TSH

Thyroid gland releases thyroid (t4,t3)

206
Q

4 functions of thyroid

A
  1. Regulates Basal Metabolic Rate
  2. Regulates Heat production
  3. Influences body and tissue growth
  4. Development of the nervous system in the fetus and young child
207
Q

follicular cells secrete cooloid which is a

A

tyrosine reich protein called thyroglobulin

208
Q

activity of hte follicular cell is controlled mainly by

A

TSH

209
Q

resting follicles contain (a lot/ a little) colloid and are lined by what kind of epithelium

A

a lot

squamous epithelium w/ short microvilli

210
Q

active follicles have highly polarized follicular cells which wht kind of epithelium?

A

columnar

211
Q

Synthesiss of throglobulin takes place where

A

follicular epithelial cell

212
Q

thyroglobulin is secreted into where?

A

lumen of follicle

213
Q

T4 and T3 are relased in what ratio

A

20:1

214
Q

in circulation, t3/t4 hormone is bound to what

A

thyroxine binding protein

215
Q

which is more active T3 or T4 and by what magnitude

A

T3 is 5x more active than T4

216
Q

severe hypothyrodism in adults is known as _____

in infants ____

A

myxedema

cretinism

217
Q

parafollicular cells release

A

calcitonin

218
Q

calcitonin does what

A

decreases blood Ca by

Depositing onto bone and inhibiting reabsorption from kidney

219
Q

what kind of cell

A

parafollicular

220
Q

what acts faster calcitonin or PTH

A

calcitonin

221
Q

parathyroid develops from

A

pharyneal pouches

222
Q

thyroid develops from

A

the base of the tongue

223
Q

2 parenchymal cells of parathyroid

A

chief and oxyphil

224
Q

parathyroid horones does what

A

increases blood calcium level

225
Q

cheif cells are in charge of what

A

Parathyroid

226
Q

parathyroid is basophilic or eosiniophilic/

A

eosiniophilic

227
Q

what are the zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa

zona fasciculata

zona reticularis

228
Q

zona glomerulosa does what

A

aldosterone / mineralcorticoid secreting cells

229
Q

zona fasciculata does what

A

cortisol/glucocorticoid secreting cells

230
Q

zona reticularis

A

weak androgen producing cels

231
Q

what is ultrastrucutre of steroid hormone secreting cells

3

A

smooth ER

mitochondria

lipid droptlet

232
Q

what stimulates zona glomerulos secretion?

A

angiotensin and

ACTH

233
Q

what stimulates zona fasiculata secretion?

A

ACTH

234
Q

glucocorticoids generally have what effect on metabiolism except for which organ

A

catabolism

liver—glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

235
Q

t/f corticosteroids also have anti-inflamatory and immuno sppressive properties

A

t

236
Q

which cells in adrena medulla receive direct innervation from sympathetic nervous system

A

chromaffin

237
Q

glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex inhibits/enahnces exonal growth of chromaffin

A

inhibits

238
Q

2 bloods supplies to adrenal medulla

A

direct

portal from cortical

239
Q

why is portal blood supply necessary in adrenal medulla

A

induces the methyltransferae that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine

240
Q

greatest concnetration of islets is in which part of the pancreas

A

tail

241
Q

Alpha cells are located where in the islet and secrete what

A

periphery of islet

glucagon

242
Q

Beta cells are located where in the islet and secrete what

A

centrally

insulin

243
Q

delta cells are located where in the islet and secrete what

A

periopherally

somatostatin and gastrin

244
Q

F cells are located where in the islet and secrete what

A

pancreatic polypeptide

245
Q

beta cells make up what percentage of cells in the pancreas islets

A

70

246
Q

Delta cells make up what % of cells in is

A

5

247
Q

alpha cells make up what percentage of cells in the pancreas islets

A

20

248
Q

delta cells do what to insulin and glucagon?

A

paracrine inhibition

249
Q

pancreatic polypeptide from F cells does what/

A

stimulates gastric chief cells

Inhibits bile and pancreatic exocrine secretions ,

decreaes intestingal motility

250
Q

pineal glandis where

A

3rd ventricle of the brain

251
Q

pineal gland releaes ____ which is respoinsible for…

A

melatonin

biological clock

252
Q

which kind of papillae are the most numerous and appear as short bristles

A

filiform

253
Q

which papillae are broader and have taste buds on their side?

A

Fungiform

254
Q

Which kind of papilla

form a row just anterior to the sulcus terminalis and contain a large number of taste buds.

A

circumvallate

255
Q

What divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior 1/3?

A

Sulcus terminales

256
Q

In what layer of the intestine would you find intestinal glands?

A

lamina propria

257
Q

where in GI tract are paneth cells found

A

epithemlium of intestinal glands

258
Q

epithelium of anus keratinized or non keratinized

A

keratinized

259
Q

what do Ito cells do

A

metabolize Vitamin A

260
Q
A

CTO (7 decks)

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