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CTO > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Blast cells are ___ but not ____

A

mitotic self-replicating

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2
Q

What happens to nucleus size as a hematopoietic cell matures

A

nuclei shrink

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3
Q

What happens to nucleoli as hematopoietic cells mature

A

they disappear

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4
Q

What 3 things are in hematopoietic parenchyma?

A

fat, erythroblasic islands, and granulocytic precursors

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5
Q

What is the ratio of graulocytic to erythroblastic precursors

A

3:1

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6
Q

Erythrocytes take how long to develop?

A

around 7 days

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7
Q

Granulocytes take how long to develop?

A

around 14

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8
Q

Bone marrow has more blast or mature cells?

A

mature

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9
Q

What is the least mature erythocytic cell seen in the peripheral blood

A

reticulocyte

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10
Q

What is the least mature granulocytic cell seen in the peripheral blood

A

band cell

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11
Q

what is the life span of a reticulocyte after it’s been released from the bone marrow

A

around 1 day

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12
Q

what motor protein do megakaryocytes use to extend the cytoplasmic processes into sinuses?

A

dynein motors

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13
Q

What are 3 types of factors that platelets have in their granules/

A

growth, clotting, and vasoactive substances

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14
Q

Life span of an RBC

A

120

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15
Q

Life span of an neutrophil

A

around 1 day

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16
Q

Life span of an platelet

A

10 days

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17
Q

all blood cells are derived from:

A

one pluripotent stem cell

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18
Q

First major division from pluripotent stem cell in regards to differentiation are what two lines?

A

myeloid and lympoid

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19
Q

Lymphoid stem cells form what two things?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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20
Q

Draw out hematopoeitc differentiation from slide 10

A
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21
Q

two types of stem cells

A

pluri and multipotent

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22
Q

which type of cell in the process of differentiation are the most mitotically active?

A

blast cells

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23
Q

which 2 types of cell in the process of differntiation are cell renewing

A

stem cells and progenitor

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24
Q

Growth factors have most effect on what type of cells in the process of differntation

A

blast cells

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25
Q

Erythropoietin are produced by what type of cells and stimulate what?

A

renal cells and stimulate RBC development

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26
Q

GM-CSF are produced by what 3 things and stimulates what

A

lymphocytes, endothelium, and fibroblasts

stimulates granulocyte and macrophage development

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27
Q

G-CSF are produced by what 3 things and stimulates what

A

macrophages, endothelium, and fibroblasts

granulocyte development

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28
Q

IL-3 is produced by what and stimulates what?

A

T-lymphocytes

stimulates production of myeloid cells

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29
Q

Thrombopoietin is produced by what 2 things and stimulates what?

A

liver and kidney

platelets

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30
Q

Where are RBCs produced prenatally?

4

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone barrow

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31
Q

Where are RBCs produced postnatally?

A

bone marrow and rarely liver and spleen if necessary

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32
Q

another name for hematopoiesis in bone marrow

A

medullary hematopoiesis

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33
Q

Which bones do most of hematopoiesis take place in?

A

vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvis

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34
Q

Where are bone marrow biopsies usually taken from?

A

iliac crest

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35
Q

What does macrophage in erythroblastic island do?

A

digests old RBCs and recyles iron into new RBCs

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36
Q

continuum of RBC development

A
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37
Q

What happens to color of cytoplasm as RBC is getting more mature?

A

cytoplasm gets more pink

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38
Q

how do erythroblast percursor Nucleoli stain with Wright’s stain?

A

light blue

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39
Q

What stage in RBC development

A

proerythroblast

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40
Q

What stage in RBC development

A

basophilic erythroblast

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41
Q

What stage in RBC development

A

polychromatophilic erythroblast

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42
Q

What stage in RBC development

A

orthochromatophilic erythroblast

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43
Q

What stage of RBC development does nucleus get extruded?

A

orthochromatophilic erythroblast

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44
Q

label

A
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45
Q

What is PMN

A

polymorphonucleoar leukocyte

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46
Q

Granulocyte development

draw it

A
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47
Q

At what stage of granulocyte development do azurophilic granules form?

A

promyelocyte

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48
Q

At what stage of granulocyte development do specific granules form?

A

melocyte

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49
Q

What happens to golgi complex as granulocyte matures?

A

reduces

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50
Q

label

A
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51
Q

What kind of cell in development of granulocyte?

A

myeloblast

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52
Q

What kind of cell in development of granulocyte?

A

promyelocyte

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53
Q

What kind of cell in development of granulocyte?

A

neutrophilic myelocyte

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54
Q

What kind of cell in development of granulocyte?

A

Neutrophilic metamyelocyte

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55
Q

In which stage of granulocyte development does the nucleus most obviously become indented?

A

neutrophilic metamyelocyte

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56
Q

What are some enzymes that azurophilic granules contain?

7

A

myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, cathepsins, certain proteinases, phospholipase, beta glucoronidase, and mannosidase

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57
Q

What are some enzymes that neutrophils contain

A

collaginates, lysozyme, lactoferrin, phopholipase, complement activation factor, cathelcidin, akaline phosphatase

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58
Q

What are some enzymes that eosinophils contain

A

Major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil derived neurotoxin, eosinophil peroxidase cathespsin,

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59
Q

What are some enzymes that basophils contain

A

histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, peroxidase, platelet activating factor

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60
Q

which stages of RBC and leukocyte are visible in bone marrow

A

blast-mature

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61
Q

do megakaryoblast have lobed nuclei or platelets

A

no

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62
Q

What leads to lobed nucleus in megakryocytes?

A

endomitsosis

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63
Q

What are the two types of granules in platelets

A

alpha and dense/sigma

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64
Q

alpha granules contain what

A

growth factors, clotting proteins

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65
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

Startum Granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stranstum basale

66
Q

How thick is the Stratum Basale?

A

one cell layer

67
Q

Stratum Basale in skin is what classification of epithelial cell?

A

cuboidal or low columnar

68
Q

Is Stratum Basale eosinophilic or basophilic? and why

A

basophilic b/c it has lots of ribosomes

69
Q

What are the 4 substances that get erxcreted as waste via sweat glands

A

urea, salts, lactate, ammonia

70
Q

Melanosomes are in which layer of epidermi?

A

stratum basale

71
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the thickest?

A

spinous layer/ stratum spinosum

72
Q

Stratum Spinosum in skin is what classification of epithelial cell?

A

cuboidal or flattened cuboidal

73
Q

In which layer of epidermis are there a lot of desmosomes to hold cells together?

A

stratum spinosum

74
Q

what is the name for the bundles of keratin filaments

A

tonofibrils

75
Q

Waht are tonofibrils connected to?

A

attachment plaques of desmosomes

76
Q

how thick is granular layer?

A

1-3 flattened

77
Q

What is the the name of the granules that compact tonofibrils together?

A

keratohyalin

78
Q

Which layer of epidermis conan lamellar bodies?

A

startum granulosum

79
Q

what are lamellar bodies?

A

membrane coating bodies

80
Q

functiono f lamellar bodies

A

provide waterproofing for skin

81
Q

desmosomes connect to what size/class of filaments

A

intermediate filaments

82
Q

are there desmosomes in startum corneum?

A

deepest cells in this layer still have desmosomes

83
Q

What is the extra layer in epidermis of thick skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

84
Q

What are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest cells

85
Q

Melanocytes are in which layer of epidermis?

A

stratum basale

86
Q

major difference between where Langerhans and melanocytes are found?

A

are not confined to stratum basale

87
Q

Langerhans cells initiate what?

A

cutaneous hypersensitiviy reactions

88
Q

function of Merkel’s cell

A

mechanosensory recetpor that detects touch and pressure

89
Q

Merkel’s cells are modified ______

A

keratinocytes

90
Q

Where do merkel’s cell reside?

A

basal layer

91
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A

basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma

92
Q

Squamos cell affects which layer of epidermis?

A

spinous layer

93
Q

Dermis is what kind of tissue?

A

connective tissue

94
Q

What are the two layers of hte dermis?

A

papillay and reticular

95
Q

Is papillary superificial or deep and what is the classification of the tissue?

A

superficial

loose CT

96
Q

Papillary Layer contains:

5

A

bloos vessels

nerves

fibroblasts

mast cells and

macrophages

97
Q

What is classification of tissue in Reticular layer?

A

dense irregular CT

98
Q

t/f retiuclar layer has collagen and elastic

A

true

99
Q

What is the classification of the tissue that makes up Hypodermis?

A

Loose CT

100
Q

epidermal derivatives are usually found in which layer of the skin?

A

hypodermis

101
Q

waht kind of tissue is hari follicle?

A

epithelial

102
Q

What layer of skin nourishes the hair follicle?

A

dermal papilla

103
Q

pilosebaceous unit is made up of what 3 things

A

sebaceous gland, hair follicle, arrector pilli

104
Q

sebaceous glands use hwat method of secretion?

A

holocrine

105
Q

sebaceous gland is what classification of gland

A

simple branched acinar

106
Q

sweat gland is what classifiation of gland?

A

simple coiled tubular

107
Q

sweat gland uses primarily what method of excretion

A

merocrine

108
Q

what of cells in sweat glands expel secretions?

A

myoepithelial

109
Q

secretory portion of sweat gland is what class of epithelium

duct of sweat gland is what kind of epithelium (how many layers)

A

simple cuboidal w/ myoepithelium

stratfied cuboidal epithelium ( 2 layers)

110
Q

What are two types of sweat glands

A

merocrine/eccrine and apocrine

111
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

axillary and anogenital regions?

112
Q

how can you distinguish apocrine sweat glands from other glands?

A

they store secretions, so they have large lumens

113
Q

secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain what?

A

pheromones

114
Q

mammary galnd is a modified

A

sweat gland

115
Q

t/f duct system of mammary glands is formed in both males and females

A

t

116
Q

When do alveoli proliferate in the breast?

A

pregnancy

117
Q

protein and antibodes portion of milk is secreted via which method?

A

merocrine

118
Q

lipid component of milk secreted via which method?

A

apocrine

119
Q

what kind of cell is responsible for milk let down?

A

myoepithelium

120
Q

function of meissner’s corpuscle?

A

receptor for fine touch and pressure

121
Q

where is meissner’s corpuscle located?

A

dermal papillae

122
Q

function of pacinian corpuscle?

A

receptor for deep pressure and vibration

123
Q

Where is Pacinian corpuscle located?

A

hypodermis or deep dermis

124
Q

function of free nerve ending?

A

receptor for pain, temperature, and hair movement

125
Q

What is this?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscle

126
Q

What is this?

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

127
Q

What is this

A

nerve free ending

128
Q

What is this?

A

langerhans

129
Q

what is this?

A

Melanocyte

130
Q

Nasal Cavity is part of which portion of the respiratory system (proximal conducting portion, distal conducting portion, respiratory portion)

A

proximal conducting

131
Q

Paranasal sinuses are part of which portion of the respiratory system (proximal conducting portion, distal conducting portion, respiratory portion)

A

proximal conducting

132
Q

Naso and oropharynx are part of which portion of the respiratory system (proximal conducting portion, distal conducting portion, respiratory portion)

A

proximal conducting portion

133
Q

Larynx is part of which portion of the respiratory system (proximal conducting portion, distal conducting portion, respiratory portion)

A

proximal conducting portion

134
Q

Vestibule has what kind of epithelium

A

stratified squamos

135
Q

Trachea is part of which portion of the respiratory system (proximal conducting portion, distal conducting portion, respiratory portion)

A

distal conducting portion

136
Q

Bronchi are part of which portion of the respiratory system (proximal conducting portion, distal conducting portion, respiratory portion)

A

distal conducting

137
Q

Bronchioles

are part of which portion of the respiratory system (proximal conducting portion, distal conducting portion, respiratory portion)

A

distal conducting

138
Q

lobar branches are what level of branching

A

secondary

139
Q

What are brush cells

A

synaptic contact w/ afferent nerves…some receptor function

140
Q

What are the 5 different types of cells in respiratory epithelium

A
  1. pseudostratified columnar cells w/ cilia
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Brush cells
  4. Neuroendocrine cells
  5. Basal Stem Cells
141
Q

what is the Lamina Propria?

A

a submucosal connective tissue layer

142
Q

do bronchioles have cartilage

A

no

143
Q

are there goblet cells in bronchioles?

A

no

144
Q

What happens to epithelium type as you move down into the bronchiole

A

become more cuboidal

145
Q

functions of clara cell

A
  1. stem cell
  2. reduces surface tension
146
Q

What is this

A

clara cell

147
Q

respiratory system is ciliated until which level?

A

respiratory bronchioles

148
Q

respiratory bronchioles are part of which portion of the respiratory system (proximal conducting portion, distal conducting portion, respiratory portion)

A

respiratory

149
Q

what defines a respiratory bronchiole?

A

Alveolar out pouching

150
Q

clara cells are found at which level of the respiratory system

A

bronchioles

151
Q

function of alveolar pores

A

equalize pressrue and allow collateral circulation of air b/w alveoli

152
Q

types of cells in alveolar septum

4

A
  1. endothelial
  2. type 1 and 2 alveolar
  3. interstitial
  4. alveolar macrophages
153
Q

are there more type I or II alveolar cells?

A

type II

154
Q

which type of alveolar cell type I or II makes up the majority of the surface area of an alveolus?

A

type I

155
Q

What type of cell is this

A

type 2 alveolar

156
Q

how do pulmonary arteries travel

A

accompany bronchial branches

157
Q

how do pulmonary veins travel

A

b/w lung segments

158
Q

which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation of the lungs

A

vagus nerve

159
Q

which nerve provides sympathetic innervation of the lungs

A

cardiac nerves

160
Q
A
161
Q
A

CTO (7 decks)

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