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CTO > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the extracellular component of blood called?

A

plasma

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2
Q

3 types of cells in blood

A

Erythocytes, Leukocytes, platelets

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3
Q

What kind of tissue is blood

A

connective tissue

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4
Q

water, protein, and other solutes individually make up what percentage of blood plasma?

A

blood-92 protein 7 other solutes 1

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5
Q

Normal Hematocrit Range

A

35-49%

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6
Q

Hemoglobin

A

13.5-17.5 gm/100mL

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7
Q

Na+

A

135-145 mEq/L

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8
Q

K+

A

3.5-5.1 mEq.L

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9
Q

HCO3-

A

22-29 mEq/L

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10
Q

Cl-

A

98-106 mEq/L

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11
Q

Ca++

A

8.4-10.2 mg/100ml (dL)

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12
Q

Fasting Glucose

A

75-115 mg/100 ml (dL)

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13
Q

Normal Erythrocyte range for Male

A

4.3-5.7 *(10^6)

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14
Q

Normal Erythrocyte range for Female

A

3.9-5.0 * (10^6)

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15
Q

Leukocyte range

A

4-10*(10^3)

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16
Q

what percentage of leukocytes are Neutrophils

A

50-70%

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17
Q

what percentage of leukocytes are Eosinophils

A

2-5%

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18
Q

what percentage of leukocytes are Basophils

A

0-1%

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19
Q

what percentage of leukocytes are Lymphocytes

A

20-50%

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20
Q

what percentage of leukocytes are Monocytes

A

3-8%

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21
Q

What is normal platelet range

A

150-450*(10^3)

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22
Q

all sensory axons are derived from

A

neural crest cells

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23
Q

all Schwann cells are derived from

A

neural crest cells

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24
Q

Brain receives what percentage of total cardiac output

A

20%

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25
Q

Brain contains how many neurons

A

100 billion

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26
Q

Are there more glial cells or neurons?

A

glial cells

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27
Q

How many spinal nerves

A

31

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28
Q

How many cranial nerves

A

12

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29
Q

cranial and dorsal root ganglia are cell bodies of what kind of nerves?

A

sensory

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30
Q

What are autonomic ganglia

A

cell bodies of autonomic postganglionic nerve fibers

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31
Q

Where do all of the postganglionic autonomic nerves derive from

A

neural crest cells

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32
Q

What are motor nerve fibers derived from?

A

the neural tube

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33
Q

What are all preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers derived from

A

the neural tube

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34
Q

What is the perikaryon

A

cell body of neuron

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35
Q

What is Nissl

A

large amount of rough ER and polyribosomes

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36
Q

What is soma

A

cell body of neuron

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37
Q

How does the cytoplasm of a neuron stain? basoophilic or eosinophilic and why

A

basophilic lots of ER and polyribosomes

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38
Q

Most neurons are unipolar, multipolar, bi polar, pseudounipolar?

A

multipolar

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39
Q

What does multipolar mean

A

lots of dendrites with one single axon

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40
Q

Slow axonal transport is what speed

A

0.2-4 mm/day

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41
Q

fast axonal transport is what speed

A

20-400 mm/day

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42
Q

What are the tree kinds of synapses

A

axodendritic axosomatic axoaxonic

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43
Q

What are the two main types of neuron receptors

A

ligand-gated ion channels Metabotropic receptors

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44
Q

What are the tree ways that neurotransmiter action is terminated by?

A

enzymatic degradation diffusion reuptake into terminal

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45
Q

are sensory neurons multipolar, unipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar?

A

pseudounipolar

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46
Q

What kind of cells make myelin in the CNS and PNS

A

oligodendrocytes schwann cells

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47
Q

What is rate of axon regeneration

A

1-2 mm per day

48
Q

speed of an axon is dependent on what two things

A

diameter and thickness of myelin sheath

49
Q

What do Meissner’s corpuscle do?

A

sensory specializations that transduce touch

50
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

specialized receptor with a sensory nerve fiber at it’s core that is specialized to detect deep pressure and vibration

51
Q

Nerve free endings sense what two things

A

pain, temperature

52
Q

how are nerve free endings stained?

A

immunohistological techniques

53
Q

All of the central nervous system deveopes from the sigle layer of __ __ that make up the neural tube

A

neuroepithelial cells

54
Q

around how many neurons

A

100 billion

55
Q

how many synapses

56
Q

How many glia per neuron?

57
Q

Glia are categorized into what two major divisions

A

-macroglia -microglia

58
Q

macroglia arise from: microglea arise from:

A

-neuroeptithelium of neural tube -mesodermal, macrophage monocyte system/ myeloid precursor

59
Q

What are 3 types of macroglia

A

astrocytes, oligodendroctes, and ependymal cells

60
Q

What do astrocytes do 4

A

1) maintain normal interstitial environment, 2) remove excess ions and neurotransmitters, 3)make growth factors, 4) induce formation of blood brain barrier.

61
Q

Waht do oligodendrocytes do?

A

make myelin in CNS

62
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

63
Q

What does choroid plexus do?

A

modified ependymal cells that produce CSF

64
Q

What do microglia do?

A

phagocytic properteis

65
Q

What are the two appearances of astorcyte processes

A

protoplasmic (fleshy) and fibrous (thin)

66
Q

formation of the blood brain barrier is induced by what?

A

astrocytes

67
Q

t/f one oligodendrocyte can myelinate many axons

68
Q

one oligodendrocyte can myelinate segments of __ to ___ axons in the regions

69
Q

multiple sclerosis identifies what kind of myelin–CNS/PNS

70
Q

What controls the composition of CSF

A

choroid plexus epithelial cells

71
Q

for choroid epithelial cells microvillare are on what side?

72
Q

do ependymal cells in central canal of spinal cord have microvilli or cilia?

73
Q

blood csf barrier is made up of

A

choroid epithelial cells

74
Q

capillaries are separated from ventricle lumenbut what shape/classification of epithelial cells

A

cuboidal epithelium

75
Q

choroid plexus cells manufacture spinal fulid via ___ ___ from the capillaries

A

selective transport

76
Q

t/f microglia are antigen present cells

77
Q

Dura is made up what kind of connective tissue

A

dense irregular collagenous

78
Q

Arachnoid is made up what kind of connective tissue

A

Loose CT b/w 2 layers of simple squamous

79
Q

Pia is made up what kind of connective tissue

A

layer of simple squamos, loose CT

80
Q

What are the two major categories of anemia

A

red cell morphology and hemolysis/hemorrhage

81
Q

What is a reticulocyte

A

final sate of red cell maturation

82
Q

What are hte 5 types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocutes monocytes

83
Q

What are leukocytes that are granulocytes

A

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

84
Q

What are agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes monocytes

85
Q

What is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

agranulocytes do not have specific granules , but both have azurophilic granules

86
Q

What is this?

A

neutrophil

87
Q

What is this?

A

Eosinophil

88
Q

What is this?

89
Q

What is this

A

lymphocyte

90
Q

What is this?

91
Q

Which leukocyte produces major basic protein

A

eosinophil

92
Q

What responses is major basic protein a part of

A

allergic and parasitic

93
Q

What two important molecules do basophils contain

A

heparin and histamine

94
Q

major job of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

95
Q

which leukocyte is the largest

96
Q

When monocytes leave hte blood stream and enter the tissues they become

A

macrophages

97
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

the cytoplasm of the megakaryocytes

98
Q

Which leukocyte contains cat eye like granules

A

eosinophils

99
Q

what is the platelet’s source of energy?

100
Q

What is size of erythrocyte?

A

7-8 microns

101
Q

platelets are what size?

A

2-3 microns

102
Q

Which leukocyte is least prevalent in blood

103
Q

tunic intima contains what 2 things ?

A

endothelum and internal elastic lamina

104
Q

tunic media contains what 2 things ?

A

smooth muscle and external elastic lamina

105
Q

adventitia is outside of

A

external elastic lamina

106
Q

What is the largest portion of an artery

A

tunica media

107
Q

Between the arterioles and the capillaries there are ____which ha eonly one layer of ___ ____ which is often _____.

A

metarterioles

smooth muscle

discontinuous

108
Q

size of capillary

A

9-12 microns

109
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous

fenestrated

discontinuous

110
Q

Where are continuous caps found?

A

muscle,brain, lung, bone

111
Q

Where are fenestrated caps found?

A

gut, endocrine, kidney

112
Q

Where are discontinuous caps found?

A

liver, bone marrow, spleen

113
Q

What is another name for a discontinuous cap?

114
Q

What are 2 functions of pericytes

A

regenterative/stem cell and contractile

115
Q

What is dominant layer in veins?

116
Q

T/flymphatics have a complete basement membrane

CTO (7 decks)

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