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CTO > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three components of connective tissue

A
  1. Cells 2. Ground Substance 3. Fibers
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2
Q

What kind of cells make up cartilage connective tissue

A
  1. chondroblasts 2.chondrocytes
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3
Q

What 4 things are in cartilage ground substance

A
  1. GAGs 2.proteoglycans 3.glycoproteins
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4
Q

What are 2 examples of GAGs in cartilage

A

hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

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5
Q

What is an example of a glycoprotein in cartilage?

A

chondronectin

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6
Q

What are the two main fibers found in cartilage

A

collagen elastic

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7
Q

What are the four main functions of cartilage

A
  1. structure support for soft tissue (eg ear, nose) 2.Shock absorption in joints 3.Reduce friction between joint surfaces 4.Role in growth and development of long bones
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8
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline 2. elastic 3.fibrocartilage
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9
Q

Which kind of cartilage is the most common?

A

hyaline

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10
Q

What is the most prevalent type of fiber in hyaline cartilage?

A

type 2 collagen

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11
Q

In terms of growth/development, what are hyaline cartilages two main functions?

A
  1. temporary skeleton in embryo 2.Is in the epiphyseal plates of long bones
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12
Q

Where are the three main places in the body where hyaline cartilage is found?

A
  1. articular surfaces of joints 2.end of ribs 3. respiratory passages
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13
Q

What type of fibers make up elastic collagen

A

type II and elastic

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14
Q

What is the main function of elastic cartilage

A

providing flexible support

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15
Q

What is distinct about elastic cartilage’s appearance?

A

yellow in color due to elastin

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16
Q

What are the three main places in the body where elastic cartilage is found?

A
  1. auricle of the ear 2. Eustachian/ Auditory tube 3. epiglottis of the larynx
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17
Q

Fibrocartilage is made up of primarily what type of fiber?

A

type 1 collagen

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18
Q

What allows fibrocartilage to resist compression and shearing forces?

A

At the edges it blends into dense collagenous connective tissue

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19
Q

Where are the 3 main locations in the body where fibrocartilage is found?

A

1.Intervertebral and articular disks 2. Menisci of knee joint (incomplete articular disks) 3.pubic symphysis

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20
Q

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts when which transcription factor is expressed

A

SOX-9

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21
Q

Which kinds of cartilage do not have perichondrium

A

articular and fibrocartilage

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22
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Breakdown and loss of cartilage on articular surfaces in joints

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23
Q

T/F Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis

A

T

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24
Q

What are 5 risk factors for osteoarthritis?

A
  1. >45 years old 2. Obesity 3. Being female 4. Previous Joint Injury 5.Hereditary conditions such as defective cartilage
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25
Q

What are 3 treatments for osteoarthritis

A
  1. meds for pain/inflammation 2.exercise and weight reduction 3.joint replacement
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26
Q

What are the 4 types of cells that make up bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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27
Q

What are the two main types of substances that make up the ground substance in bone?

A

proteoglycans and glycoproteins

28
Q

what are the two main types of glycoproteins in bone?

A

osteonectin and osteocalcin

29
Q

What kind of fibers are found in bone tissue

A

type 1 collagen

30
Q

General Functions of Bone

A
  1. supportive framework 2. site of attachment for muscles 3. Protects vital organs 4. Site of hematopoiesis 5. Regulates blood calcium and phosphate
31
Q

Bone the organ is comprised of what 6 things

A
  1. bone tissue 2.hematopoietic tissue 3. adipose tissue 4. Cartilage 5. Blood vessels 6. Nerves
32
Q

What are the 4 different shapes bones can be classified by

A
  1. Long bone 2. Short bone 3. flat bone 4. irregular bone
33
Q

label

A
34
Q

what anchors the periosteum to the bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

35
Q

2 places in bones where osteoprogenitor cells are found

A

periosteum and endosteum

36
Q

Where do osteoclasts come from

A

hematopoietic stem cells/ fusion of monocytes

37
Q

What is hte organic component of the bone matrix called?

A

osteoid

38
Q

Active osteoblasts have _____ shape and inactive ones have a _____ shape

A

rounded

flat

39
Q

What is the major enzyme that induces calcification of bone?

A

alkaline phosphatase

40
Q

Osteoblasts only deposit new matrix on the side of the cell that is….

A

facing the existing bone

41
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with one another?

A

gap junctions in canaliculi

42
Q

What is the main functionof osteocytes

A

maintain the bone matrix

43
Q

Ruffled border of osteoclast is

A

region that contains infoldings of the plasma membrane and is directly involved in resorpstion of bone

44
Q

clear zone of osteoclast is

A

surrounds perophery of ruffled border and is where the osteoclast firmly adheres to the bone matrix; devoid of organelles, rich in actin filaments

45
Q

What are the two categories for gross/ macroscopic oragnization?

A

compact

spongy/(cancellous) bone

46
Q

What are the two categories of microscopic organization of bone?

A

Immature and mature

47
Q

spongy bone resists______

compact bone resists ______

A

compression

bending

48
Q

Vertebrae are what percentage spongy/compact bone

A

75

25

49
Q

long bone are what percentage spongy/compact bone

A

95 compact

5 spongy

50
Q

Are outer/inner layers of lamella laid down first?

A

outer

51
Q

How are blood vessels of adjacent Haversion systems interconnected?

A

transversely running canals called Volkman’s canals

52
Q

What is the difference between lamellar bone just beneath the periosteum and endosteum and lamellar bone that is not on the periphery

A

just beneath the periosteum and endosteum the lamella are parallel to the bone surface and surround the entire bone in a circumferential manner ie circumferential lamellae

53
Q

function of Volkmann’s canals

A

connect the Haversion canals with teh periosteum and marrow cavity

54
Q

What are names of the two processes of bone formation

A

intramembrenous ossification and endochondral ossification

55
Q

In both mechanisms of bone formation, primary bone is first produced in a ___ ___

A

trabelcular network

56
Q

Which type of bone formation is responsible for the formation of flat and some irregular bones?

A

Intramembranous

57
Q

Which type of bone formation is occuring in the periosteum and endosteum

A

intramembranous

58
Q

what is the enzyme that leads to calcification of bone

A

alkaline phosphatase

59
Q

What 3 mains things are secreted by hypertrophic chondrocytes to promote calcification and vasuclar invasion?

A
  1. type X collagen
  2. Alkaline Phosphatase
  3. VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
60
Q

proliferation of cartilage occurs on the _____ side of the plate, while bone deposition occurs on the ____ side

A

epiphyseal

diaphyseal

61
Q

Calcitonin

  • Where is it produced
  • What does it do to osteoclastic activity
  • What does it do to blood calcium levels
A

thyroid

  • decreases
  • decreases
62
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

  • Where is it produced
  • What does it do to osteoclastic activity
  • What does it do to blood calcium levels
A
  • parathyroid
  • increase
  • increase
63
Q

What does PTH do to GI tract and kidneys?

A

stimulates GI tract to absorb calcium

  • reduces Ca excretion from kidneys
64
Q

Calcitonin is released in response to ____ Ca levels

PTH is released in response to _____Ca levels

A

high

low

65
Q
A

CTO (7 decks)

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