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SS 102 > QUIZ 5 > Flashcards

QUIZ 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles

definition

A

Contractile tissues stimulated by electrical impulse

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2
Q

3 Types of Muscles

A
  1. Skeletal ⇒ attached to bones
  2. Smooth ⇒ muscles of organs
  3. Cardiac ⇒ heart muscles
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3
Q

2 features of muscles

A
  1. EXTENSIBILITY ⇒ ability to stretch w/o being damaged
  2. ELASTICITY ⇒ ability to return to its original length after being stretched or contracted
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4
Q

4 Functions of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Produce body movement
    - Mobility
    - Localized motion
  2. Stabilizing body positions
    - Postural muscles
  3. Storing and moving substances within the body
    - Sphincters
    - Heart
    - Bladder
  4. Generates heat (THERMOGENESIS)
    - Ex. shivering
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5
Q

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM & MOVEMENT
(HOW DO WE MOVE?)

4 parts

A
  1. Muscle & Tendon structure
  2. Lever system
  3. Muscle coordination
  4. Fascicular arrangement
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6
Q

Muscle & Tendon structure

A
  1. Tendons → muscle to bone
  2. Origin → attachment of a tendon of a muscle to a stationary bone
  3. Insertion ⇒ attachment of other tendon of a muscle to a moveable bone
  4. Belly of a muscle (aka body of muscle)
    - Fleshy portion of muscle in bet. tendons
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7
Q

Lever system

A
  1. Lever → rigid structure that can move around a fixed point (fulcrum)
    - Ex. When you tiptoe the fulcrum will be at the ball of your foot
    - Ex. forearm when doing a bicep curl
  2. Effort → causes the movement (muscular contraction)
    - Ex. force applied by biceps muscle
  3. Load/resistance → opposes movement (external force)
    - Ex. weight of the object being held
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8
Q

Muscle coordination

A
  • Muscles = coordinated in pairs
  • Gross movement = flexion-extension, abductors-adductors
  1. PRIME MOVERS ⇒ aka AGONISTS, contract to cause movement
  2. ANTAGONISTS ⇒ stretches during movement + yields to movement caused by prime mover muscle
    - Ex. during flexion of elbow
    — Agonist = biceps
    — Antagonist = triceps
  3. SYNERGISTS = muscles which assists movement of the prime mover
    - Ex. brachialis during arm flexion
  4. FIXATOR ⇒ muscle which prevent unwanted movement during a targeted motion
    - Ex. deltoids ⇒ stabilize scapula during arm flexion
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9
Q

Fascicular Arrangement

Definition, 7 Types

A

Fascicles = bundles of muscle fibers

  1. Circular (orbicularis oculi)
  2. Convergent (pectoralis major)
  3. Multipennate (deltoid, seen laterally)
  4. Bipennate (rectus femoris)
  5. Unipennate (flexor, digitorum longus)
  6. Parallel strap (sartorius)
  7. Parallel fusiform (biceps brachii)
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10
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • 40% of human body weight
  • Muscle fibers ⇒ long, cylindrical, striated
    — roughly cylindrical, multinucleated cell with nuclei at the periphery
  • Striated (strippy) ⇒ alternating light & dark bands within fibers that are visible under a light microscope
  • Voluntary
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11
Q

Smooth muscles

A
  • Non-striated muscles
  • Spindle-shaped cells
  • Involuntary & automatic ⇒ unable to consciously control
  • Found in walls of…
    — blood & lymphatic vessels
    — respiratory
    — digestive
    — genito-urinary system
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12
Q

Cardiac Muscles

A
  • Specialized striated muscles for the heart
  • Involuntary muscle tissue
  • Branched fibers
  • Intercalated discs ⇒ connects cardiac cells mechanically & electrically
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13
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

levels of organization

A
  1. SKELETAL MUSCLE
  2. FASCICLE
  3. MUSCLE FIBER
  4. MYOFIBRIL
  5. FILAMENT / MYOFILAMENT
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14
Q

Skeletal muscle (level of organization)

A

a. TENDONS ⇒ connective tissue (cord / band) at the ends of muscle
— Attaches to bones / cartilage

b. APONEUROSIS ⇒ flat, broad sheet-like material which attaches muscle to bone or cartilage

c. EPIMYSIUM ⇒ outer layer of connective tissue encircling the entire muscle

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15
Q

Fascicle

definition, covering

A
  • Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium
  • PERIMYSIUM ⇒ connective tissue surrounding fascicles
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16
Q

Muscle fiber

definition, characteristic of each fiber, covering, 7 parts

A
  • Basic component of muscle
  • Each STRIATED fiber has 100+ nuclei
  • ENDOMYSIUM ⇒ connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers

Contains muscle cells parts + organelles:
1. SARCOLEMMA ⇒ muscle cell membrane
2. SARCOPLASM ⇒ muscle cytoplasm
3. MITOCHONDRIA ⇒ powerhouse (ATP)
4. MYOFIBRILS ⇒ contractile units of a muscle fiber
5. NUCLEUS ⇒ contains genetic material (DNA) that controls the prod. of proteins necessary for muscle function
6. SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM ⇒ stores calcium ions (essential for muscle contraction)
7. TRANSVERSE TUBULES ⇒ transmit electrical signals from the surface of the muscle fiber to the interior, (coordinated contraction)

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17
Q

Myofibril

definition + function, composed of ______

A
  • Threadlike contractile elements within sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extend entire length of fiber
  • Composed of filaments
18
Q

Filament / myofilament

definition, 2 types, phenomena

A

Contractile protein w/ myofibrils of 2 types:
1. Thick filaments → made of myosin
2. Thin filaments → made of actin, tropomyosin & troponin

MUSCLE SHORTENING ⇒ sliding of thin past thick filaments

19
Q

How muscles are named

7 ways

A
  1. Direction / orientation of fascicles
  2. Size
  3. Shape
  4. Action
  5. # of origins
  6. Location
  7. Origin / insertion
20
Q

Neck muscles

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. scalene
21
Q

sternocleidomastoid

origin, insertion, action, RMA

A
  • Origin ⇒ manubrium of the sternum & clavicle
  • Insertion ⇒ mastoid process & occipital bone

Action
* Cervical flexion (bilateral)
* Lateral neck flexion (unilateral)
* Rotation (unilateral)

Reverse muscle action
* Sternum elevation during forced inspiration

22
Q

scalene

origin, insertion, action, RMA

A
  • Origin ⇒ transverse process of the cervical spine

Insertion
* Anterior & middle scalene: 1st rib
* Posterior scalene: 2nd rib

  • Action ⇒ elevates ribs during deep inhalation
23
Q

Vertebral Region Muscles

4 types

A

POSTERIOR SPINAL MUSCLES:
1. Splenius (superficial)
2. Erector spinae (intermediate)
3. Transversospinales (deep)
4. Segmental muscles (deepest)

24
Q

Splenius capitis

A
  • Muscle running along the neck to the trunk

Origin:
* Ligamentum nuchae
* Spinous processes of C7 - T4

Insertion:
* Occipital bone
* Mastoid process of temporal bone

Action:
* Extends the head (bilateral)
* Lateral flexion & rotation (unilateral contraction)

25
Q

Splenius (superficial)

2 types

A
  1. splenius capitis
  2. splenius cervicis
26
Q

splenius cervicis

A
  • Origin ⇒ spinous process T3 - T6
  • Insertion ⇒ transverse process of C1 - C4

Action:
* Extends head (bilateral)
* Lateral flexion & rotation (unilateral contraction)

27
Q

erector spinae (intermediate)

aka, position, action, 3 subgroups

A
  • Chief extensor of the vertebral column
  • Intermediate w/ respect to other spinal muscles
  • Action ⇒ primary extensor of the vertebral column

3 subgroups:
1. Spinalis (medial)
2. Longissimus (intermediate)
3. Iliocostalis (lateral)

28
Q

spinalis group of erector spinae

position, 3 types, action

A
  • Medial spinal muscle group
  1. Spinalis capitis
  2. Spinalis cervicis
  3. Spinalis thoracis
  • Action ⇒ vertebral column extension & neck extension
29
Q

longissimus group of the erector spinae

position, 3 types, action

A
  • Intermediate muscle group
  1. Longissimus capitis
  2. Longissimus cervicis
  3. Longissimus thoracis

Action
* Vertebral column extension
* Head extension
* lateral flexion of vertebral column on the same side (unilateral contraction)

30
Q

transversospinales (deep)

position, 3 types, function

A
  • Deep to the erector spinae

TYPES:
1. Semispinalis
2. Multifidus
3. Rotatores

  • F: Extension, rotation, lateral flexion
31
Q

Semispinalis

3 types, origin, insertion, action

A
  1. Semispinalis Capitis
  2. Semispinalis Cervicis
  3. Semispinalis Thoracis
  • Origin ⇒ C4 - C10

Insertion (T + C to the occipital bone)
* Capitis ⇒ occipital bone
* Cervicis ⇒ spinous process (C1 - C5)
* Thoracis ⇒ spinous (C6-T4)

Action:
* Cervicis
— Extends head (bilateral)
— Rotates contralaterally (unilateral)
* Cervicis & thoracis
— Extends thoracic & cervical vertebral column
— Rotates vertebral column contralaterally

32
Q

multifidus

origin, insertion, action

A
  • Origin ⇒ C4 - L5, sacrum & ilium
  • Insertion ⇒ spinous process of a more superior vertebra

Action
* Extends vertebral column
* Weak lateral flexor
* Weak contralateral rotation (uni-lat)

33
Q

rotatores

A
  • Origin ⇒ transverse process of all vertebrae
  • Insertion ⇒ spinous process of vertebrae superior to its origin

Action
* Weak extension of vertebral column
* Weakly rotates vertebral column contralaterally

34
Q

Segmental muscles (deepest)

position, 2 types, function

A

Deepest layer of back muscles
1. Interspinales
2. Intertransversarii

F: stability, posture, respiration

35
Q

interspinales

origin, insertion, action

A
  • Origin ⇒ superior surface of all spinous process
  • Insertion ⇒ inferior surface of spinous process of vertebra superior to the one of origin

Action
* Weak extension of vertebral column (bi-lat)
* Stabilizes vertebral column (uni-lat)

36
Q

intertransversarii

origin, insertion, action

A
  • Origin ⇒ transverse process of all vertebrae
  • Insertion ⇒ transverse process of vertebra superior to the one of origin

Action
* Weak extension of vertebral column (bi-lat)
* Weak lateral flexion of vertebral column (uni-lat)
* Stabilizes vertebral column during movement (uni-lat)

37
Q

transversospinales vs segmental muscles

A

Transversospinales
* Longer muscles for powerful spinal movements
* F: Extension, rotation, lateral flexion

Segmental muscles
* Shorter + more localized
* F: stability, posture, respiration

38
Q

Pectoral girdle muscles

3 anterior vs 4 posterior

A

Anterior muscles
1. Subclavius
2. Pectoralis minor
3. Serratus anterior

Posterior muscles
1. Trapezius
2. Levator scapulae
3. Rhomboid minor
4. Rhomboid major

39
Q

Subclavius

etymology, origin, insertion, action, exercises to stimulate it

A

Sub → under
Clavius → clavicle

  • Origin ⇒ Rib 1
  • Insertion ⇒ clavicle

Action
* Depression + moves clavicle anteriorly
* Stabilizes pectoral girdle

Exercises to stimulate it:
* Pullovers
* Dumbbell flyes

40
Q

Pectoralis minor

etymology, origin, insertion, RMA

A

Pector → breast, chest, thorax
Minor → lesser
* Origin ⇒ ribs 3-5
* Insertion ⇒ coracoid process (scapula)

Action
* Protracts scapula (forward)
* Draws shoulder downward

Reverse muscle action
* Elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation
* When scapula = fixed by other muscles (rhomboids, trapezius)

41
Q

Serratus anterior

etymology, origin, insertion, action, basic functional movement

A

Serratus → saw-toothed
* Origin ⇒ ribs 1-8/9
* Insertion ⇒ vertebral border & inferior angle of the scapula

Action
* Protracts scapula (slight adduction)
* Rotates scapula for abduction & flexion of arm

Basic functional movement = reaching forward
* Aka Boxer’s muscle
* Essential in horizontal arm movements
* i.e. punching & pushing

SS 102 (8 decks)

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