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SS 102 > QUIZ 2 > Flashcards

QUIZ 2 Flashcards

Modules 2 + 3

1
Q

what are the 4 terms of laterality? (2 of which are divided by the ____ plane)

A
  1. UNILATERAL → parts on only 1 side of the body
  2. BILATERAL → paired structures (ex. L / R kidneys, lungs)

Divided by the median plane

  1. IPSILATERAL → occurring on the same side (ex. R thumb & ear)
  2. CONTRALATERAL → occurring on opposite sides (ex. R & L hand)
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2
Q

terms of movement with reference to the frontal plane

A
  1. ABDUCTION → away from median plane
  2. ADDUCTION → towards median plane
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3
Q

____ takes anterior surface AWAY from the medial plane

A

EXTERNAL ROTATION (LATERAL)

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4
Q

____ takes anterior surface CLOSER to the medial plane

A

INTERNAL ROTATION (MEDIAL)

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5
Q

the movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle (only hip & shoulder)

A

CIRCUMDUCTION

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6
Q

Circumduction is not an isolated movement, but the continuous sequence of…

A

Flexion, Abduction, Extension, Adduction, & Rotation of the joint

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7
Q

____ rotates the radius medially +
Makes the palm face ____ + dorsum face ____

A

PRONATION, posteriorly, anteriorly

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8
Q

____ rotates the radius laterally +
Makes the palm face ____ + dorsum face ____

A

SUPINATION, anteriorly, posteriorly

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9
Q

Turns sole laterally +
moves sole away from the median plane

A

EVERSION

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10
Q

faces sole medially
+ moves sole toward median plane

A

INVERSION

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11
Q

Bending foot in direction of dorsum

A

DORSIFLEXION

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12
Q

bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole)

A

PLANTARFLEXION

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13
Q

lowers medial margin of feet

A

PRONATION

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14
Q

raises medial margin of foot

A

SUPINATION

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15
Q

bringing the 1st digit (thumb) to the pad of another digit

A

OPPOSITION

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16
Q

bringing the 1st digit from opposition back to the anatomical position

A

REPOSITION

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17
Q

raises or moves a part superiorly

A

ELEVATION

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18
Q

lowers or moves a part inferiorly

A

DEPRESSION

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19
Q

movement anteriorly (forward)

A

PROTRUSION

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20
Q

movement posteriorly

A

RETRUSION

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21
Q

movement of shoulder blades anteriorly (forward)

A

PROTRACTION

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22
Q

movement of shoulder blades posteriorly (backward)

A

RETRACTION

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23
Q

4 Types of Joint Movements

A
  1. gliding
  2. angular movements
  3. rotation
  4. special movements
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24
Q

kinds of gliding

A

Sliding: Bones slide past each other.

25
Q

kinds of angular movements

A

change the angle between two bones

  1. Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones.
  2. Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones.
  3. Hyperextension: Extending a joint beyond its normal range.
  4. Abduction: Moving a body part away from the midline.
  5. Adduction: Moving a body part toward the midline.
  6. Circumduction: Moving a body part in a circular motion
26
Q

kinds of rotation

A

Medial (internal) rotation: Turning a body part inward.

Lateral (external) rotation: Turning a body part outward.

27
Q

kinds of special movement

A
  1. Elevation: Raising a body part upward.
  2. Depression: Lowering a body part downward.
  3. Protraction: Moving a body part forward.
  4. Retraction: Moving a body part backward.
  5. Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward.
  6. Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward.
  7. Dorsiflexion: Flexing the foot upward.
  8. Plantar flexion: Flexing the foot downward.
  9. Supination: Turning the palm of the hand upward.
  10. Pronation: Turning the palm of the hand downward.
28
Q

latin for “a covering”

A

integumentum

29
Q

5 functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. protection
  2. containment
  3. heat regulation (sweat & blood vessels)
  4. sensation (receptors)
  5. synthesis & storage of vitamin d
30
Q

what is the largest organ in weight?

A

the skin

31
Q

what is the range of thickness of the skin?

A

0.5mm (eyelids) to 4.0mm (heel)

32
Q

what are the 2 layers of the skin?

A
  1. epidermis (superficial)
  2. dermis (deep)
33
Q

what are the 6 epidermis components?

A
  1. KERATIN → tough, fibrous protein
  2. LAMELLAR GRANULES → water-repellent sealant
  3. MELANOCYTES → produce melanin (pigment + absorbs UV light)
  4. STRATUM LUCIDUM → thick vs thin skin
  5. INTRAEPIDERMAL MACROPHAGES (Langerhans Cells) → participates in immune response
  6. TACTILE CELLS & DISCS (Merkel cells & discs) → detect touch
34
Q

what are the 2 dermis components?

A
  1. COLLAGEN → structural protein that resists stretching
  2. FINE ELASTIC FIBERS → contributes to extensibility & elasticity
35
Q

what is the hypodermis?

A
  • Not part of the skin
  • Aka SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
  • Contains adipose tissues (fat tissues)
  • Subcutaneous fat storage
36
Q

What are the 2 hypodermis components?

A
  1. Blood vessels ⇒ supplying the skin
  2. Nerve endings (PACINIAN CORPUSCLES) ⇒ sensitive to pressure
37
Q

what are 3 types of accessory structures?

A
  1. hair
  2. sebaceous glands
  3. sweat glands
38
Q

what are 3 types of sweat glands?

A
  1. eccrine sweat glands
  2. apocrine sweat glands
  3. ceruminous glands
39
Q

describe hair as an accessory structure + 2 structures connected to it

A
  • present on surfaces other than the palms and soles
  • F: senses light touch
  1. ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE
    - active during physiological / emotional stress
    - F: pulls hair perpendicular to the skin’s surface
  2. HAIR ROOT PLEXUS
    - neurons surrounding the hair follicle
    - F: generates nerve impulse if shaft is moved (detects sensations)
40
Q

describe sebaceous glands (description, function, location)

A
  • Oil glands
  • F: Secretes sebum which coats hair follicles + travels up the follicles to the skin
  • Location: dermis
    —Large in face, neck, breast, upper chest (none in palms & soles)
41
Q

describe sweat glands (aka, function, location)

A
  • aka sudoriferous glands
  • F: releases sweat into hair follicles / skin surface through pores
42
Q

eccrine vs apocrine sweat glands (shape, secretory portion, excretory duct, location)

A
  1. Eccrine sweat glands
    - Tubular
    - Secretory portion: dermis
    - Excretory duct: sweat pore
    - Location: everywhere except…
    —margins of lips
    —nail beds
    —sex organs
  2. Apocrine sweat glands
    - Coiled & larger ducts
    - Secretory portion: dermis
    - Excretory duct: hair follicle
    - Location:
    —armpit
    —groin
    —areola of breast
    —bearded regions of face
43
Q

describe ceruminous glands (F, secretory portion, excretory duct)

A
  • F: produces ear wax / cerumen
    —Creates a barrier against foreign bodies / insects, water & bacteria
  • Secretory portion: subcutaneous layer
  • Excretory duct: ear canal / sebaceous glands
44
Q

Characteristics of sweat (aka, 9 chemicals found in it, body odor)

A
  • aka perspiration

chemicals = “We See Cats Use Umbrellas And Also Love Grapes.”:
1. Water
2. Sodium
3. Chloride
4. Urea
5. Uric acid
6. Ammonia
7. Amino acids
8. Lactic acid
9. Glucose

body odor = interaction of sweat + bacteria

45
Q

function of eccrine sweat glands

A

F: helps regulate body temp (thermoregulation)

46
Q

what is the relationship between vitamin D and the skin? + 2 functions of vitamin D

A
  • Activation of Vit. D precursor → requires sunlight
  • Only a small amount of exposure to UV light (10-15 mins. at least twice a week) = required for vitamin D synthesis

2 functions of Vitamin D:
a. Immunity
b. Promotes bone integrity (i.e. calcium absorption)

47
Q

what are body cavities?

A
  • Areas / spaces in the body where internal organs = found (viscera)
  • CAVITIES → contained in bone & connective tissue structures
48
Q

dorsal vs ventral cavities

A

Dorsal (posterior)
- Cranial cavity
- Spinal cavity

Ventral (anterior)
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominoplevic cavity
—Abdominal cavity
—Pelvic cavity

49
Q

describe the thoracic cavity (thorax, components making up the wall, what separates it from the abdominopelvic cavity)

A
  • THORAX → region between the neck & abdomen
  • Wall formed by…
    —Thoracic cage (rib cage)
    —Sternum
    —Thoracic vertebrae

-DIAPHRAGM → Inferiorly bounds it
—Separates it from the abdominopelvic cavity

50
Q

what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

DIAPHRAGM

51
Q

describe the abdominal cavity (placement, what separates it from the pelvc cavity)

A
  • Inferior to thoracic cavity
  • Superior & major part of the abdominopelvic cavity
  • Continuous cavity w/ the pelvic cavity (NO FLOOR)
  • PELVIC INLET → opening of the pelvic cavity ⇒ boundary to the abdominal cavity
52
Q

describe the pelvic cavity

A
  • Inferior-most part of the abdominopelvic cavity
  • Overlapped by the…
    —Inferior abdominal wall (anterolateral) aka lower abs
    —Gluteal region (posterolateral) aka butt
    —Perineum (inferior) aka pelvic floor
53
Q

describe the spinal/vertebral cavity

A
  • aka spinal canal
  • space formed by the vertebral column
    — F: protects the spinal cord + spinal nerve roots
54
Q

describe the cranial cavity

A
  • Contains the brain w/…
    — Meninges
    — Blood vessels
    — Cranial nerves
    — Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Bounded by skull
55
Q

6 Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support → structural framework for the body supporting soft tissues & providing attachment joints for the tendons of most skeletal muscles
  2. Protection → protects internal organs from injury
  3. Assists movement → muscles = attached to bones
  4. Mineral balance → stores minerals & releases meinals (calcium, phosphorus) to various body parts
  5. Triglyceride storage → stores fat in yellow bone marrow (later used for energy)
    - Mostly from subcutaneous fats + muscles not much from bones
  6. Blood cell production → some bones contain red bone marrow which produces RBCs, WBCs, & platelets (hemopoiesis)
56
Q

Composition of the skeletal system

A
  1. Connective tissues
    - resilient & semi-rigid
    - forms part of the skeleton where more flexibility is required
  2. Avascular
    - characteristic of cartilage (i.e. no direct blood supply)
    - relies on diffusion from nearby tissue
  3. Articular cartilage
    - found in joints
    - provides smooth, low friction, gliding surfaces for movement (shock absorber)
  4. Chondroitin sulfate (gel-like)
    - component of cartilage
    - F: structure, elasticity & water retention of cartilage
  5. Chondrocytes
    - F: growth, repair & maintenance of cartilage
57
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • found at ends of long bones
  • weakest type of cartilage
  • F:
    —provides smooth surfaces for joint movement
    —flexibility
    —support
58
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • has chondrocytes along bundles of collagen fibers
  • provides shock absorption for pubic symphysis → joint sandwiched bet. the L & R pelvic bones
  • STRONGEST TYPE OF CARTILAGE
59
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • has chondrocytes in network of elastic fibers
  • locations:
    —lid on top of epiglottis / larynx
    —external ear
    —auditory tubes
  • F: provides strength & elasticity

SS 102 (8 decks)

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