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SS 102 > QUIZ 4.5 > Flashcards

QUIZ 4.5 Flashcards

1
Q

pelvic girdle (pelvis)

components, articulations, surrounding

A

Components:
1. Pair of coxal bones (L & R)
2. Sacrum
3. Coccyx

ARTICULATIONS:
- Unite anteriorly at a joint called pubic symphysis
- Unite posteriorly at the sacroiliac joint

SURROUNDING:
Superior - abdominal viscera (internal organs)
Inferior - internal genital organs, portions of urinary system

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2
Q

hip bones (coxal)

type of joint, 3 pelvic bone components, what they form

A

Type of joint: BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

3 PELVIC BONE COMPONENTS:
a. Ilium (posterior)
b. Ischium
c. Pubis (anterior)

*All 3 primary bones forming the hip bone contribute to the formation of the ACETABULUM

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3
Q

ilium

fun fact, composition, 8 markings

A
  • Largest component

COMPOSITION
1. Ala - superior wing
2. Body - inferior part which contains ACETABULUM (socket for femur)

MARKINGS:
1. Iliac crest ⇒ superior border of the ilium
2. Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) ⇒ anterior process (hip pointer)
3. Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIA)
4. Gluteal lines
— 3 lines
— Mark origins of where the gluteal muscles originate

  1. Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
    — dimpled area of the back
  2. Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
  3. Greater sciatic notch
    — passage of nerves & muscles
  4. Acetabulum
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4
Q

acetabulum (socket)

structure, articulation, type of joint

A
  • Large cup-shaped cavity or socket on the lateral aspect of the hip bone
  • Articulates w/ head of the femur (ball) to form hip joint
  • Type of joint: Ball and socket joint
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5
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

Connection bet. vertebral column at the sacrum & ilium of pelvis

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6
Q

ischium

position, 2 main parts, 3 markings

A

Inferior posterior portion of the hip bone

PARTS:
1. Body (superior) ⇒ helps form the acetabulum
2. Ramus (inferior) ⇒ forms part of the obturator foramen (passage for nerves & BVs)

OTHER MARKINGS:
3. Ischial spine
4. Lesser sciatic notch
5. Ischial tuberosity (aka sit bones)
— Large posterior inferior of the ischium

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7
Q

pubis

aka, location, 3 parts, articulation

A
  • aka pubic bone
  • Location: anterior inferior part of the hip bone

PARTS:
1. Superior (pubic) ramus
2. Body
3. Inferior (pubic) ramus

ARTICULATION:
- Pubic symphysis
— Joint bet. the 2 pubes of the hip bone
— Fibrocartilage
— RELAXIN ⇒ hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis to ease delivery of baby

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8
Q

sex differences of the pubis

A
  1. general structure
    - F: light & thin
    - M: heavy & thick
  2. false (greater) pelvis
    - F: shallow
    - M: deep
  3. pelvic brim (inlet)
    - F: wide + more oval
    - M: narrow + heart-shaped
  4. acetabulum
    - F: small & faces anteriorly
    - M: large & faces laterally
  5. obturator foramen
    - F: oval
    - M: round
  6. pubic arch
    - F: >90º
    - M: <90º
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9
Q

femur

aka, type of bone, fun fact, connected to___

A
  • Aka thigh bone
  • Long bone
  • Longest, heaviest, strongest bone
  • Connected to acetabulum of hip bone
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10
Q

articulations of the femur

A
  1. Hip (coxal) joint - proximal
  2. Patellofemoral joint - distal end
  3. Tibiofemoral joint - distal end
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11
Q

12 markings of the femur

extra info for 1-4, 7-10

A
  1. Femoral head
  2. Neck
  3. Greater trochanter
  4. Lesser trochanter
  5. Intertrochanteric line
  6. Body / shaft
  7. Medial & lateral epicondyles
  8. Medial & lateral condyles
  9. Patellar surface
  10. Gluteal tuberosity (posterior)
  11. Linea aspera (posterior)
  12. Intertrochanteric crest (posterior)

EXTRA INFO
1 Femoral head
— Articulates w/ acetabulum
— Has a small depression / dimple (fovea capitis)
— F: has ligament connecting head of the femur to the acetabulum

2 Femoral neck
— Constructed region distal to the head
— Fracture ⇒ referred to as “broken hip”

3-4 Greater & lesser trochanters
— Projections from the junction of the neck & shaft
— F: attachment points for the tendons of thigh & gluteal muscles

7 Medial & lateral epicondyles
— F: attachment of ligaments of the knee joint

8 Medial & lateral condyles (femur) ⇒ articulates w/ M&L condyles of the tibia
— Forms the tibiofemoral joint
— Intercondyllar notch ⇒ located bet. condyles at the posterior surface

9 Patellar surface ⇒ located bet. condyles at the anterior surface

10 Gluteal tuberosity (posterior)
— Inferior to the intertrochanteric crest
— Blends into the linea aspera (vertical ridge)
— F: insertion point of gluteal muscles

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12
Q

patella (little dish)

aka, type of bone, 4 parts, 3 purposes

A
  • Aka kneecap
  • Sesamoid bone of your lower limbs

PARTS:
1. Base ⇒ proximal end
—Develops in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
2. Apex ⇒ distal end
3. M&L borders
4. M&L articular facets (POSTERIOR)

PURPOSE:
- Increases leverage of the quadriceps tendon
- Maintains position of the tendon during flexed knee
- Protect knee joint

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13
Q

tibia

aka, characteristics, function, 5 markings

A
  • aka shin bone
  • Larger, medial, weight bearing bone of the leg
  • F: receives weight from femur + transfers to the talus (ankle bone) when standing

MARKINGS:
1. Lateral & medial condyles ⇒ articulates w/ the condyles of femur
— F: forms the tibiofemoral (knee) joints

  1. Tibial tuberosity ⇒ anterior surface
    — Serves as attachment for patellar ligament
  2. Anterior crest / border (shin) ⇒ sharp ridge inferior to the tibial tuberosity
  3. Medial malleolus (hammer) ⇒ middle surface of ankle
  4. Fibular notch ⇒ posterior projection that articulates w/ fibula
    — F: forms distal tibiofibular joint
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14
Q

knee joint

aka, type of joint, 3 articulations, 3 types of ligaments

A
  • aka Tibiofemoral joint ⇒ largest & most complex joint of the body
  • Modified hinge joint
    — Has slight rotation
    — Full rotation = ACL (HYPEREXTENDED)

3 ARTICULATIONS:
a. Lateral tibiofemoral joint
b. Medial tibiofemoral joint
c. Patellofemoral joint (intermediate joint)

STRUCTURES:
1. meniscus

  1. cruciate ligaments
    - anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
    - posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  2. collateral ligaments

a. tibial collateral ligament (TCL)
— aka medial collateral ligament (MCL)

b. fibular collateral ligament (FCL)
— aka lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

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15
Q

collateral ligaments of the knee

characteristics, 2 functions, 2 kinds

A
  • taut when the knee is fully extended

FUNCTION:
1. stability while standing
2. prevents excessive M&L displacement of the joint
— as flexion proceeds, they become increasingly slack, permitting & limiting (serving as check ligaments for) rotation at the knee

PARTS:
1. Tibial collateral ligament (TCL) ⇒ aka medial collateral ligament (MCL)

  1. Fibular collateral ligament (FCL) ⇒ aka lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
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16
Q

2 types of cruciate ligaments

function

A

F: prevent anterior or posterior displacement of the tibia & femur

  1. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
    — Extends posteriorly & laterally from the anterior of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur
    —– From anterior of tibia to (goes back to the) posterior of femur
    — F: Limits hyperextension of the knee + anterior sliding of tibia on the femur
  2. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
    — Extends anteriorly & medially from a posterior depression on the tibia & lateral meniscus to the anterior part of the medial condyle of the femur
    — F: prevents posterior sliding of the tibia (& anterior sliding of the femur) when knee = flexed
17
Q

meniscus

plural, components, 2 functions

A
  • plural: menisci
  • 2 fibrocartilage discs (M&L) bet. the tibial & femoral condyles
  • F: shock absorption & joint stability
18
Q

fibula

position, 2 markings

A
  • Parallel & lateral to the tibia
  • The fibuLA is LAteral

MARKINGS:
1. Head ⇒ proximal end
- Articulates w/ the inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia
- F: forms the proximal tibiofibular joint

  1. Lateral malleolus ⇒ distal projection
    - Articulates w/ the talus of the ankle
    - This prominence = lateral surface of the ankle
19
Q

tarsals (ankle)

scientific name, 7 bone types, 2 articulations

A

TARSUS: proximal region of foot

7 TARSAL BONES:
1. Talus (ankle bone) ⇒ connected to tibia & fibula
2. Calcaneus (heel bone)
3. Navicular

3 cuneiform bones (MILC)
4. Lateral (third) cuneiform
5. Intermediate (second) cuneiform
6. Medial (first) cuneiform
7. Cuboid

ARTICULATIONS
1. Intertarsal joints ⇒ joints bet. tarsal bones which are planar joints allowing eversion & inversion
— Inversion sprains = more common than eversion sprains
— Plane synovial joints (gliding of short bones)

  1. Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
    — Hinge joint (plantar/dorsiflexion)
    — Formed by malleoli of the fibula + tibia w/ the talus
20
Q

metatarsals

position, numbering, 3 parts, 2 articulations

A
  • Intermediate region of the foot
  • 5 metatarsal bones numbered
    I to V from M to L position

PARTS:
1. Proximal base
2. Intermediate shaft
3. Distal head

ARTICULATIONS:
1. Tarsometatarsal joints (proximal articulation w/ cuneiform & cuboid bones)
— MILC + Cuboid
2. Metatarsophalangeal joints

21
Q

phalanges

component of foot, numbered, 3 parts, differences, articulation

A
  • Distal component of foot (toes)
  • 5 toes = numbered I to V from M to L

PARTS:
1. Proximal base
2. Intermediate shaft
3. Distal head

  • I Hallux (Big toe) ⇒ distal & proximal phalanges
  • II - V ⇒ has proximal, middle, & distal phalanges

ARTICULATIONS:
- Interphalangeal joints

22
Q

arches of the foot

function, characteristic, mechanism, weight distribution

A
  • F: enable foot to support weight of body
    — Provides ideal distribution of body weight over the soft & hard tissues of the foot
    — Provide leverage while walking
  • Arches = NOT RIGID
  • Mechanism: spring
    — Stores energy for the next step
    — F: shock absorption

NORMAL WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION:
- Ball of foot = 40% of weight
- Heel = 60% of weight

Ex. wearing of high heels results in redistribution of weight to 80:20

23
Q

2 foot arches

A
  1. Longitudinal arch (M&L)
  2. Transverse arch

SS 102 (8 decks)

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