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SS 102 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

6 Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support → structural framework for the body supporting soft tissues & providing attachment joints for the tendons of most skeletal muscles
  2. Protection → protects internal organs from injury
  3. Assists movement → muscles = attached to bones
  4. Mineral balance → stores & releases minerals (calcium, phosphorus) to various body parts
  5. Triglyceride storage → stores fat in yellow bone marrow (later used for energy)
    - Mostly from subcutaneous fats + muscles not much from bones
  6. Blood cell production → some bones contain red bone marrow which produces RBCs, WBCs, & platelets (hemopoiesis)
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2
Q

Composition of the skeletal system

A
  1. Connective tissues
    - resilient & semi-rigid
    - for flexibility
  2. Avascular
    - characteristic of cartilage (i.e. no direct blood supply)
    - relies on diffusion from nearby tissue
  3. Articular cartilage
    - found in joints
    - provides smooth, low friction, gliding surfaces for movement (shock absorber)
  4. Chondroitin sulfate (gel-like)
    - component of cartilage
    - F: structure, elasticity & water retention of cartilage
  5. Chondrocytes
    - F: growth, repair & maintenance of cartilage
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3
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • weakest type of cartilage
  • found at ends of long bones (connected w/ joints)
    —ex. Hyaline / articular cartilage exists at the joint connecting your femur, patella and tibia
    —ex. nasal septum cartilage
  • F:
    —provides smooth surfaces for joint movement
    —flexibility
    —support
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4
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • has chondrocytes along bundles of collagen fibers
  • provides shock absorption for pubic symphysis → joint sandwiched bet. the L & R pelvic bones
  • STRONGEST TYPE OF CARTILAGE
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5
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • has chondrocytes in network of elastic fibers
  • locations:
    —lid on top of epiglottis / larynx
    —external ear
    —auditory tubes
  • F: provides strength & elasticity + MAINTAINS SHAPE
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6
Q

2 types of BONE TISSUE (bones are a _____ of the 2)

A
  1. Compact bone → enables strength for weight bearing
  2. Spongy bone → lattice-like structures that contain bone marrow
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7
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

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8
Q

osteons

A

basic unit of structure of compact bone

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9
Q

4 parts of compact bone (osteons)

A
  1. LAMELLAE → concentric RINGS containing mineral salts
  2. LACUNAE → spaces containing osteocytes (holes)
  3. CANALICULI → small canals containing processes of osteocytes
  4. CENTRAL CANAL (HAVERSIAN) → contains its BVs & nerves

*no space / VV COMPACT so bone marrow can’t be deposited

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10
Q

4 parts of SPONGY BONE (TRABECULAE)

A
  1. LAMELLAE → concentric RINGS containing mineral salts
  2. LACUNAE → spaces containing osteocytes (holes)
  3. OSTEOCYTES
  4. CANALICULI → small canals containing processes of osteocytes

*Contains SPACES for red bone marrow

*NO HAVERSIAN CANAL because it has no center (only lattice-like)

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11
Q

CASE: OSTEOPOROSIS

A
  • Condition of porous bone
  • Bone breakdown OUTPACES bone building
  • High risk for FRACTURES
    —More fragile because of bigger holes in the trabeculae (brittle)

*bones react to stimuli so when you jump
—ground force + your body weight stimulates the production of osteocytes
—Slows down process of bone breakdown

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12
Q

5 types of bones

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
  5. sesamoid
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13
Q

LONG BONES

A
  • Slightly curved (for strength)
  • Length > width

Examples:
- Thigh bone (femur)
- Arm bone (humerus)
- Finger & toe bones (phalanges)

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14
Q

PARTS OF A LONG BONE

A
  1. DIAPHYSIS → long, cylindrical shaft (main part)
  2. EPIPHYSIS → proximal & distal ends of the bone
    —Proximal epiphysis
    —Distal epiphysis
  3. METAPHYSIS → region bet. diaphysis + epiphysis
  • Contains EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE → hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to GROW in length
    —How you experience height growth
    —Bone stops growing at ages 14-24
    —Transformation of cartilage to bone (EPIPHYSEAL LINE)
  1. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE → thin hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) w/ another bone
    ALWAYS ASSOCIATED W/ JOINTS
  2. PERIOSTEUM → connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone’s surface W/O articular cartilage
    —Contains BVs + NERVES
  3. MEDULLARY CAVITY → has fatty yellow bone marrow + BVs in adults
  4. ENDOSTEUM → lines the medullary cavity
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15
Q

Short bones

A
  • Cube-shaped
  • Nearly equal length & width
  • Contains SPONGY bone tissue
  • Ex: carpal (wrist) bones + most tarsal (ankle bones
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16
Q

Flat bones

A
  • Generally thin
  • Composed of PARALLEL PLATES of COMPACT bones which encloses a SPONGY bone tissue

Functions:
1. Protects internal organs
2. Provides muscle attachment

Ex. scapula → has most bones attached

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17
Q

Irregular bones

A
  • Complex shapes
  • VARIES in spongy & compact bone composition

Ex.
1. Vertebra
2. Heel bone (calcaneus) → connected to tarsals then (toe) phalanges

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18
Q

Sesamoid bones

A
  • Develops in tendons where there’s considerable FRICTION, TENSION, and STRESS
    —Ex. at palms & soles

F: PROTECTS TENDONS from excessive wear & tear

Ex.
—PATELLA (KNEE CAP)
—PISIFORM BONE

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19
Q

2 types of bone surface markings

A
  1. Depressions & openings

Functions:
A. Allow PASSAGE of soft tissue (ex. nerves, BVs, ligaments, tendons)
B. Formation of joints
It has openings for smth to attach to

  1. Processes
    - Projections / outgrowths on joints;
    - ATTACHMENT POINTS for connective tissue
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20
Q

5 Types of Depressions and Openings

A
  1. FISSURE → narrow slit bet. adjacent parts of bone

Ex. superior orbital fissure ⇒ where optic nerves move from eyes to the brain (posterior to eyes)

  1. FORAMEN → opening for BVs, nerves, or ligaments to pass

Ex. foramen magnum ⇒ where spinal cord enters / exits

  1. FOSSA → shallow depression

Ex. olecranon fossa (at elbow)

  1. SULCUS → furrow along bone surface that accommodates BV, nerve, or tendon

Ex. sulcus intertubercularis (bicep)

  1. MEATUS → tubelike opening
    Ex. external acoustic meatus (ear canal)
21
Q

10 Types of Processes & Projections (Form Joints)

A
  1. CONDYLE → large, round protuberance w/ a smooth articular surface at end of bone
    -Ex. lateral & medial condyle
  2. FACET → smooth, flat, slightly concave / convex articular surface
    -Ex. superior facet connects to inferior facts (forms complete facet joints like in the vertebra)
  3. HEAD → rounded articular projection supported on the bone’s neck (constricted portion)
    - Head of neck
    -Ex. femoral head attached to femoral neck
  4. CREST → prominent ridge / elongated projection
    -Ex. iliac crest (upper hip)
  5. EPICONDYLE
    - Typically roughened projection above the condyle
    -Ex. medial & lateral epicondyle (posterior view)
  6. LINE (LINEA) → long, narrow ridge / border (less prominent than crest)
    -Ex. linea aspera (line that runs from the proximal to distal end of femur)
  7. SPINOUS PROCESS → sharp, slender projection
    -Ex. in the spine
    —Transverse processes
    —Superior articular process
    —Inferior articular process
    —Spinous process
  8. TROCHANTER → vv large projection
    -Ex. femur
    —Greater trochanter
    —Lesser trochanter
    —Trochanteric chest
  9. TUBERCLE → variably sized rounded projection
    -Ex. arm (humerus)
    Greater tubercle
    Lesser tubercle
  10. TUBEROSITY → variably sized projection w/ a rough, bumpy surface
    -Ex. ischial tuberosity (bump)
22
Q

Joints (definition, classification basis, what connects them)

A
  • Unions / junctions bet. 2+ bones or rigid parts of bones
  • Classifications = based on STRUCTURE + MOVEMENT
  • Ligaments → connective tissue
    —Connects bone to bone
23
Q

3 Structural Classifications of Joints

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
24
Q

Fibrous Joints (what holds bones together here, important characteristic, example)

A
  • No synovial cavity (i.e. space bet. articulating bone)
    —NO SPACE BET. 2 BONES (solid)
  • SUTURAL LIGAMENT → bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue (ligament) rich in collagen fiber
  • Ex. coronal suture → joint joining anterior part of skull + middle half of it
25
Q

Cartilaginous Joints (important characteristic, what holds bones together here, rigidity, 2 examples)

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Bones held together by CARTILAGE
  • Permits little to no movement
  • Ex. epiphyseal growth plates (femur)
  • Ex. pubic symphysis (pelvis)
    —Pelvis expands during childbirth → can’t be rigid
26
Q

Synovial Joints (fun fact, important characteristic, what holds bones together here, example)

A
  • Most common + movable joint in the body
  • Has SYNOVIAL CAVITY w/ SYNOVIAL FLUID
  • Connected by dense connective tissue of an ARTICULAR CAPSULE + accessory LIGAMENTS
  • Ex. finger (bet. proximal & distal sections)
27
Q

Sutures (definition, in adults, 4 examples)

A

Under fibrous joints
- Fibrous joint comprised of dense irregular connective tissue
- Immovable joints (adults)

  • Ex.
    — Coronal suture
    — Sagittal suture
    — Lambdoid suture
    — Squamous suture
28
Q

Interosseous membrane (definition, function, example)

A

Under fibrous joints
- Fibrous joint w/ a WIDE SHEET of dense irregular connective tissue connecting neighboring long bones
- F: permits slight movement (pliable)

  • Ex. bet. radius & ulna

*radius thumb, ulna pinky

29
Q

Articular capsules (aka, 4 components)

A

aka JOINT CAPSULES

COMPONENTS:
1. FIBROUS MEMBRANE → surrounds joint + holds bones together
- Attached to periosteum

  1. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE → inner covering of capsule (like endosteum / inner lining of capsule)
  2. LIGAMENTS → within the synovial cavity
    —F: holds bones together
    —has articular fat pads (AFPs)
  3. SYNOVIAL FLUID → HYALURONIC ACID
    —F: joint lubrication + shock absorber
    —Needs to be warmed up to maximize this ability
30
Q

Divisions of the Axial Skeleton

A
  1. Skull
    - Cranium = 8
    - Facial = 14
  2. Hyoid Bone = 1
  3. Auditory Ossicles = 6
  4. Vertebral Column = 26
  5. Thorax
    - Sternum = 1
    - Ribs 24
31
Q

Axial

A

along an axis (longitudinal axis / bbq stick)

32
Q

Skull (# of bones, location, 2 grouping)

A

Contains 22 bones (excluding bones of middle ears)

  • Location: rests on the superior end of the vertebral column
  • Groupings:
    1. Cranial bones (crani- ⇒ brain case)
    2. Facial bones
33
Q

6 Types of Cranial Bones

A

CRANIAL BONES (8)
1. FRONTAL = 1 (unpaired)
2. PARIETAL = 2 (paired)
3. TEMPORAL =2 (paired)
4. OCCIPITAL = 1 (unpaired)
5. SPHENOID = 1 (unpaired)
6. ETHMOID = 1 (unpaired)

34
Q

Frontal Bone (area, joint boundary, prominent features)

A

Area/boundary
- Anterior part of the cranium
- Roof of orbits (eye sockets)
- Anterior cranial floor

Joint boundary
- Coronal suture

Some prominent features
- Supraorbital margin
- Glabella
- Frontal squama (forehead)

35
Q

Parietal Bone (joint boundaries, functions)

A

2 bones (sagittal suture)

Joint boundaries: ALL SUTURES
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous

F:
- Accommodates BVs
- Supply meninges + connective tissue covering the brain

36
Q

Temporal Bone (area, joint boundaries, prominent features)

A

2 bones

Area/boundary
- Inferior lateral cranium
- Part of cranial floor

Joint boundaries
- Squamous suture
- Parietomastoid
- Occipitomastoid

Prominent features
1. EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS (Ear canal)

  1. MASTOID PROCESS
    —Hard point behind ear
    —Posterior & inferior to EAM
  2. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ)
    —Locks jaw when stressed
    —Articulation of temporal bone w/ mandible
  3. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS
    —Process going to the cheek bone (trace from the ear)
37
Q

Occipital Bone (area, joint boundaries, prominent features)

A

Area / boundary
- Posterior + base of cranium

Joint boundaries
- Lambdoid suture (lambda / upside-down y)
- Occipitomastoid suture

Prominent features
1. FORAMEN MAGNUM → passageway connecting the medulla oblongata & spinal cord
—Contains spinal arteries & accessory nerves

  1. OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
    - Round projections
    - Convex surface (paired)
    - Articulates w/ 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) to form the atlanto-occipital joint (action: nod)
  2. EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE → prominent bump at the posterior head, above the neck
38
Q

Sphenoid Bone (key characteristic, area)

A
  • Keystone bone → all bones connect to it
    — Removing it disrupts the connected structure of the skull
    — Articulates all cranial bones together

Area / boundaries
- Anteriorly joins the frontal & ethmoid bones
- Laterally joins the temporal bone
- Posteriorly joins the occipital bone

39
Q

Ethmoid Bone (area, prominent features)

A

Area / boundary
- Anterior to sphenoid
- Posterior to nasal bone

Features:
1. Anterior part of cranium
2. Superior portion of nasal septum
3. Superior sidewalls of nasal cavity
4. Superior part = CRIBRIFORM PLATE
—Contains olfactory foramina where olfactory nerves pass (for smell)

40
Q

8 Types of Facial Bones

A
  1. Nasal (paired)
  2. Lacrimal (paired)
  3. Palatine (paired)
  4. Inferior nasal conchae (paired)
  5. Vomer (1)
  6. Maxillae (paired)
  7. Zygomatic → cheekbone (paired)
  8. Mandible (1)
41
Q

Hyoid Bone (area, functions)

A

Location
- Anterior neck (bet. mandible & larynx)
- Suspended from the temporal bone

Functions
- Supports tongue
- Supports neck + pharynx muscles

42
Q

Vertebral Column (aka, characteristics, unit, # of bones)

A
  • aka spine, backbone, spinal column
  • ⅖ of total height
  • VERTEBRA → each bone
  • 26 vertebrae
43
Q

5 Regions of the Vertebral Column

A
  1. Cervical (C 1-7) → neck
  2. Thoracic (T 1-12) → chest
  3. Lumbar (L 1-5) → loin
  4. Sacral = region (1)
    —Sacrum = bone (fused)
    —Sa-krum ⇒ sacred bone
  5. Coccygeal = region
    —Coccyx (bone)
    —Shaped like cuckoo bird bill
44
Q

2 Normal Curvatures (regions)

A

CONVEX → curves outward
- Kyphosis (kuba)
- Regions: cervical & lumbar

CONCAVE → curves inward
- Lordosis (hyperextended)
-Regions: thoracic, sacral & coccygeal

45
Q

3 Typical structures of vertebral bone

A
  1. Vertebral body
  2. Vertebral Arch
  3. Processes
46
Q

Vertebral Body

A
  • Disc-shaped, anterior portion
  • Weight-bearing
  • Superior & inferior attachment areas for cartilaginous INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
47
Q

Vertebral Arch (3 parts)

A
  • Pedicles → posterior projections
  • Laminae → posterior junction
  • Vertebral foramen (opening)
48
Q

Processes

A
  • Transverse process (lateral)
  • Spinous process (spine)
  • Articular process (superior & inferior)

SS 102 (8 decks)

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