QUIZ 4 QUESTIONS Flashcards
THE NORMAL URINARY OUTPUT OF A HEALTHY KIDNEY IN A 24 HOUR PERIOD IS BETWEEN
________ AND ______ LITERS.
1.0, 1.8
THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD PLASMA FILTERED BY A NORMAL KIDNEY IN A 24 HOUR PERIOD IS
BETWEEN __________ AND ________ LITERS
150 & 180
THE NORMAL RANGE FOR GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IN A PERSON’S BLOOD IS ________
mg/100ml OF BLOOD
80-120mg
NAME TWO ABNORMAL URINARY CONSTITUENTS
Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells
DEFINE: ACID ASH FOODS
Foods which increase the acidity of the urine
A DIET HIGH IN PROTEINS WOULD RESULT IN WHAT pH VALUE IN A URINALYSIS TEST?
pH lower than 4.5
_______________ IS THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A CONDITION OF HIGH BLOOD ACIDITY
Acidosis
A ________________ DIET INCREASES THE pH OF URINE
Vegetarian
A STRICT VEGETARIAN DIET MAY RESULT IN WHAT pH VALUE IN A URINALYSIS TEST?
Higher than 8.0
A BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE URINARY TRACT, WOULD RESULT IN WHAT pH VALUE IN A
URINALYSIS TEST?
Higher than 8.0
________ IS THE TERM FOR THE PRESENCE OF BILE PIGMENTS IN URINE
Bilirubinuria
LIST A CAUSE OF BILIRUBINURIA
Cirrhosis
LIST A CAUSE OF CASTS
High salt concentration
DEFINE: CASTS
Hardened cell fragments flushed out of the urinary tract
NAME ONE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS USED TO IDENTIFY NORMAL URINE
Color
WHAT IS THE NORMAL COLOR OF URINE?
Yellow
MOST NEPHRONS CALLED _____________, ARE LOCATED ENTIRELY WITHIN THE CORTEX
Cortical nephrons
NAME ONE OF THE BACTERIA THAT MAY CAUSE NITRITES IN THE URINE
E. coli
WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLE, SMOOTH OR SKELETAL, IS FOUND IN THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL
SPHINCTER
Skeletal
WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE FEMALE URETHRA?
4 cm
_______________ , THE ROLE OF THE GLOMERULUS, IS A LARGELY PASSIVE PROCESS IN
WHICH A PORTION OF THE BLOOD PASSES FROM THE GLOMERULAR BED TO THE
GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
Filtration
NAME ONE OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF THE NEPHRON
Filtration
PODOCYTES HAVE LONG, BRANCHING PROCESSES, ____________, THAT INTERDIGITATE
WITH OTHER PODOCYTES.
Foot processes
A DIET EXCESSIVELY HIGH IN CARBOHYDRATES CAN LEAD TO A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF
_________________ IN URINE
Glucose
IN PERITONEAL DYALISATE CONTAINS ____ & ____
Glucose and Salts
DEFINE: GLYCOSURIA
Abnormally high blood sugar levels in urine
GIVE A CAUS FOR GLYCOSURIA
High Carbohydrate intake
____ IS THE TERM FOR TH PRESENCE OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN URINE
Hematuria
GIVE A CAUSE FOR HEMATURIA
physical trauma
GIVE A CAUSE FOR HEMOGLOBINURIA
Lysis of red blood cells
_____ IS THE TERM FOR THE PRESENCE OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN URINE
Hemoglobinuria
THE KIDNEY MAINTAINS THE ELECTROLYTE, ACID-BASE, AND FLUID BALANCES OF THE BLOOD AND IS THUS A MAJOR ____ ORGAN OF THE BODY.
Homeostatic Organ
LACK OF VOLUNTARY CONTROL OVER THE EXTERNAL SPHINCTER IS REFERRED TO AS?
Incontinence
IN WHAT AGE GROUP IS INCONTINENCE NORMAL?
Children 2 years or younger
GIVE ONE CAUS FOR INCONTINENCE IN OLDER CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Result of spinal injury
WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLE, SMOOTH OR SKELETAL IS FOUND IN THE INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
smooth
______ CELLS FUNCTION AS BLOOD PRESSURE SENSORS IN THE WALLS OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE NEAR THE GLOMERULUS
Granular cells
NAME ONE OF THE COMPONENTS OF JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
Granular Cells
EACH NEPHRON HAS A REGION CALLED THE _____, THAT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FORMING CONCENTRATED URINE
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Complex (JGA/JGC)
PARTS OF THE LOOPS OF HENLE OF THE ______ NEPHRONS PENETRATE WELL INTO THE MEDULLA
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
GIVE A CAUSE OF KETONURIA
starvation
DEFINE: KETONURIA
A condition in which a person has a very high concentration of ketones in urine
THE____ IS A SPECIALIZED GROUP OF COLUMNAR CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS IN THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE ABUTTING THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS?
Macula Densa
WHAT IS THE LEGTH OF THE MALE URETHRA?
8 inches
THE PARASYMPATHETIC REFLEX THAT STARTS EACH TIME 200 mL OF URINE ACCUMULATE IN THE BLADDER IS CALLED?
Micturition Reflex
NITRITES IN THE URINE MAY BE INDICATIVE OF WHAT KIND OF INFECTION?
BACTERIAL INFECTION
WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND LEUKOCYTES IN URINE?
no
WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND NITRITES IN URINE?
no
NAME TWO NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE, OTHER THAN WATER AND SODIUM
Potassium, calcium
THE ACTION OF _____ GIVES STANDING URINE AN AMMONIA-LIKE ODOR
BACTERIA
THE URINE OF AN INDIVIDUAL WITH DIABETES MELLITUS HAS AN ODOR THAT SMELLS LIKE _____
fruity-like
WHAT IS THE NORMAL ODOR OF URINE?
SLIGHTLY AROMATIC
NAME AN EXAMPLE OF AN ORGANIZED SEDIMENT THAT MAY BE FOUND ABNORMALLY IN URINE
CASTS, EPITHELIAL CELLS
LIST A CAUSE OF PATHOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA
damage by bacterial toxins, damage due to hypertension
____IS THE INFLAMMATION OF THE SAC AROUND THE HEART CAUSED BY KIDNEY FAILURE
PERICARDITIS
____ARE THE FAT DEPOSITS THAT SURROUND THE KIDNEYS
Perirenal Fat Capsules
WHAT IS THE NORMAL pH FOR URINE?
4.5–8.0/average 6.0
LIST A CAUSE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA
Excessive exertion/ pregnancy
DEFINE: PYELONEPHRITIS
inflammation of the kidney
_____IS THE TERM FOR THE PRESENCE OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN URINE
PYURIA
GIVE A CAUSE OF PYURIA
inflammation of the urianryy tract
LIST A CAUSE OF RENAL CALCULI
precipitates of substances normally held in solution
NAME ONE INORGANIC COMPONENT NORMALLY FOUND IN URINE
sulfates/ phosphates/ chlorides
IN HEMODYALYSIS _____ARE REMOVED FROM THE BLOOD
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
THE TRIANGULAR REGION OF THE BLADDER DELINEATED BY 3 OPENINGS, TWO URETERS AND THE URETHRA, IS REFERRED TO AS THE ______
TRIGONE
DURING_____, MANY OF THE FILTRATE COMPONENTS MOVE THROUGH TUBULE CELLS AND RETURN TO THE BLOOD IN THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
tubular reabsorption
______, THE REVERSE OF TUBULAR REABSORPTION, IS IMPORTANT FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SUBSTANCE NOT ALREADY IN THE FILTRATE AND AS A DEVICE TO CONTROL BLOOD pH
TUBULAR SECRETION
IN A PREPARED URINE SAMPLE, ______ ARE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT FORM CRYSTALS OR PRECIPITATE FROM SOLUTION
Unorganized Sediments
NAME ONE UNORGANIZED SEDIMENT
Calcium/ phosphates
_____ IS THE NAME GIVEN TO ABNORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION CAUSED BY KIDNEY FAILURE
UREMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
NAME TWO PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
Kidneys, ureters
DEFINE: UROBILINOGEN
by-product of bilirubin reduction
DEFINE: UROCHROME
PIGMENT WHICH GIVES URINE ITS
YELLOW COLOR
____________ IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH URINE EMPTIES
FROM THE BLADDER
Urination
WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND SULFATES IN URINE?
YES
WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND CHLORIDES IN URINE?
yes
WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT TO FIND PHOSPHATES IN URINE?
yes
THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL CAN
VARY BETWEEN ________ AND _________.
1.003 AND 1.030
A LOWER THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY FROM A URINE SAMPLE SHOULD BE BELOW
__________.
1.003
A HIGHER THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY FROM A URINE SAMPLE IS ABOVE __________.
1.030
MANY DOCTORS USE DIALYSIS PREVENTIVELY IN _____________ WHEN URINE OUTPUT IS
LOW AND CONTINUE UNTIL KIDNEY FUNCTION IS RESTORED
Acute kidney failure
IN HEMODIALYSIS A __________________ IS SURGICALLY CREATED TO FACILITATE THE
REMOVAL & RETURN OF BLOOD
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
IN HEMODIALYSIS AN _______________ SEPARATES THE BLOOD FROM THE DIALYSATE.
Artificial membrane
IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS A ___________ IS INSERTED IN THE ABDOMINAL WALL AND IS USED
TO PUMP THROUGH THE DIALYSATE
Catheter
FOR __________________, DIALYSIS MAY BE BEGUN WHEN KIDNEY’S AREN’T REMOVING
WASTE PRODUCTS ADEQUATELY OR WHEN A PATIENT CAN NO LONGER PERFORM NORMAL
DAILY ACTIVITIES
Chronic kidney failure
A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM ___________ WILL
HAVE A LOWER THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
Diabetes insipidus
A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM ___________ WILL
HAVE A HIGHER THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
Diabetes Mellitus
GIVE ONE OF THE OUTCOMES OF A SUCCESSFUL DIALYSIS PROGRAM
Reasonable diet/Normal blood pressure
WHAT CAN DIALYSIS BE USED TO TREAT?
Long term kidney failure
HOW OFTEN IS DIALYSIS NORMALLY PERFORMED?
3 times a week
IN THE PROCESS CALLED ______________________, BLOOD IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY
AND PUMPED INTO A MACHINE THAT FILTERS THE TOXIC SUBSTANCES OUT OF THE BLOOD
AND THEN RETURNS THE PURIFIED BLOOD TO THE PATIENT
Hemodialysis
A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM DIABETES MELLITUS
WILL HAVE A ________ THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Higher
A URINE SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM ALBUMINURIA WILL
HAVE A ____________ THAN NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Higher
IN HEMODIALYSIS THE COMPOSITION OF THE DIALYSATE IS SIMILAR TO _______________.
Normal body fluids
IN ______________________ THE DIALYSATE DRAINS BY GRAVITY.
Peritoneal dialysis
IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, THE _______________, A MEMBRANE IN THE ABDOMEN, IS USED
AS THE FILTER
Peritoneum
WHAT IS THE URINOMETER USED TO MEASURE?
Specific gravity of the urine
NAME ONE CONDITION CAUSED BY KIDNEY FAILURE FOR WHICH DOCTORS RECOMMEND
DIALYSIS.
Pericarditis
GIVE THE SPECIFIC NAME OF THE ENTIRE LAB APPARATUS USED TO MEASURE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF URINE
Urinometer
NAME THE SPECIFIC PART OF THE URINOMETER THAT HOLDS THE URINE SAMPLE
Urinometer cylinder
NAME THE SPECIFIC PART OF THE URINOMETER THAT MOVES HIGHER OR LOWER
DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE URINE SAMPLE
Urinometer float
NAME 2 COMPONENTS REMOVED DURING HEMODIALYSIS
Waste products and toxic substances
WHAT DOES 2n, DIPLOID COMPLIMENT REFER TO IN TERMS OF CHROMOSOME #?
46
LOBULES CONTAIN GLANDULAR ______________ THAT PRODUCE MILK DURING LACTATION
Alveoli
THE TERMINUS OF THE DUCTUS DEFERENS ENLARGES TO FORM THE REGION CALLED THE _______________
Ampulla
NAME ONE OF THE TWO OUTER VISIBLE STRUCTURES OF THE BREASTS
Nipple / Areola
NAME THE DEEPER ENDOMETRIAL LAYER THAT FORMS A NEW FUNCTIONALIS LAYER AFTER MENSTRUATION ENDS
Basal Layer
DEFINE: CHIASMATA
allow maternal and paternal chromosomes to exchange genetic material
DEFINE: CIRCUMCISION
Removal of foreskin
WHAT FEMALE STRUCTURE IS HOMOLOGUS TO THE MALE PENIS?
Clitoris
NAME THE TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SEMEN
Sperm and Seminal Fluid
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE RADIATING CROWN OF GRANULOSA CELLS THAT SURROUND THE GROWING SECONDARY OOCYTE INSIDE OF THE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE?
Corona Radiata
IF FERTILIZATION DOES NOT OCCUR THE CORPUS LUTEUM WILL DEGENERATE INTO THE _______________, SCAR TISSUE
Corpus Albicans
DEFINE: ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Fertilized egg may implant in a uterine tube
DURING ______________, CONTRACTION OF THE EJACULATORY DUCT PROPELS SPERM THROUGH THE PROSTATE TO THE PROSTATIC URETHRA
Ejaculation
THE ENGORGING OF THE PENIS WITH BLOOD DURING AROUSAL IS CALLED AN _______________
Erection
WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA OF THE FEMALE?
Vulva
A FOLLICLE IS ENCASED BY ONE OR MORE LAYERS OF _______________ CELLS
smaller (follicle cells if 1 layer)
THE SUPERFICIAL LAYER OF THE ENDOMETRIUM THAT SLOUGHS OFF ABOUT EVERY 28 DAYS IS CALLED THE _________________
Functional Layer
DEFINE: GAMETOGENESIS
Process of gamete formation
THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE OVARY IS CALLED?
Germinal epithelium
WHAT IS ANOTHER TERM USED TO NAME LUETINIZING HORMONE (LH)?*
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS?
Cells prompted by LH to produce testosterone
WHAT IS ANOTHER TERM USED TO NAME INTERSTITIAL CELLS?
Leydig Cells
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION THE LACTIFEROUS DUCTS?
Ducts which the alveoli of each lobule pass the milk
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LACTIFEROUS SINUS?
Expanded storage of chamber
EACH MAMMARY GLAND CONSISTS OF 15‐25 _____________ WHICH RADIATE AROUND THE NIPPLE AND ARE SEPARATED BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE AND ADIPOSE TISSUES
Lobes
WITHIN EACH LOBE OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS ARE SMALLER CHAMBERS CALLED __________
Lobules
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS?
To produce milk to nourish the newborn infant
DEFINE: MENARCHE
1st menstruation
DEFINE: MENOPAUSE
When menstruation cycle stops
WHICH DAYS IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE DO THE MENSES OCCUR?
Days 1-5
DEFINE: MENSES (DON’T NEED TO INCLUDE DATES IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE WHEN THIS OCCURS)
The thickened endometrium is sloughed off and bleeding occurs.
THE SPECIFIC PART OF THE BROAD LIGAMENT THAT ANCHORS THE UTERUS IS CALLED THE _______________
Mesometrium
THE SPECIFIC PART OF THE BROAD LIGAMENT THAT ANCHORS THE UTERINE TUBES IS CALLED THE _______________
Mesosalpinx
WHAT IS FOUND IN THE MIDPIECE OF THE SPERM?
A centriole with mitochondria wrapped around it
WHAT IS THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEIOSIS I AND MITOSIS? (GIVE PHASE AND DESCRIBE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME ARRANGEMENT)
In Metaphase of Meiosis I - replicated homologous chromosomes line up next to each other
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE STEM CELL THAT REPLICATES IT’S CHROMOSOMES BEFORE MEIOSIS I?
Mother Cell
WHAT DOES n, HAPLOID COMPLIMENT REFER TO IN TERMS OF CHROMOSOME #?
23
WHAT IS GAMETE FORMATION IN THE HUMAN FEMALE CALLED?
Oogenesis
DEFINE: OOGONIA
Primitive stem cells
LIST IN ORDER, THE STAGES OF OOGENESIS, FROM AN IMMATURE TO A MATURE STRUCTURE. (LIST ONLY THE VIABLE CELLS. DO NOT DESCRIBE STAGES)
Oogonium -> Primary Oocytes –> Secondary Oocytes –> Ovum
NAME ONE OF THE LIGAMENTS THAT SUPPORT THE OVARIES
Ovarian Ligament
WHAT IS THE ONLY TRUE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN OF THE FEMALE
Ovaries
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE ROUTE TRAVELED BY AN UNFERTILIZED EGG FROM ITS SITE OF MANUFACTURE UNTIL IT LEAVES THE BODY (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE PATH)
Ovary –> Fimbrae –> Fallopian Tube–> Uterus –> Vagina –> Vaginal Orifice
GIVE ONE OF THE TWO CELLS THAT ARE PRODUCED AFTER MEIOSIS II IN THE HUMAN FEMALE
Ovum / Second Polar Body
THE DIAMOND-SHAPED REGION BETWEEN THE LABIAL FOLDS ANTERIORLY, THE ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES LATERALLY AND THE ANUS POSTERIORLY IS CALLED THE _________
Perineum
DEFINE PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Inflammation of the pelvic viscera
GIVE A CAUSE OF PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
STDs
DEFINE: PTOSIS (NEPHROPTOSIS)
dropping of the kidneys to a lower position in the abdominal cavity
AS THE FOLLICLE GROWS, ITS EPITHELIUM CHANGES FROM SQUAMOUS TO CUBOIDAL CELLS AND COMES TO BE CALLED A ____________
Primary Follicle
BEFORE BIRTH A FEMALE HUMAN HAS HER LIFETIME SUPPLY OF OOGONIA REACH THE ______________ STEP OF OOGENESIS / GAMETE DEVELOPMENT (GIVE THE STATE / TYPE OF CELL AS YOUR ANSWER)
Primary Oocyte
OOGONIA BECOME ENCAPSULATED BY A SINGLE LAYER OF SQUAMOUSLIKE FOLLICLE CELLS AND FORM THE ______________ OF THE OVARY
Primordial Cells
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE STAGES OF MITOSIS (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE STAGES)
(PMAT) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE EIGHT STAGES OF MEIOSIS. (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE STAGES)
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
NAME TWO OF THE ACCESSORY GLANDS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Prostate Gland / Seminal Vesicle
NAME ONE OF THE REGIONS OF THE MALE URETHRA
Prostatic urethra , Membranous Urethra
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM?
Perpetuation of species
HYPERTROPHY (ENLARGEMENT) OF THE PROSTATE GLAND WILL RESULT IN WHAT CONDITION?
Constriction of urethra
NAME ONE OF THE TWO LIGAMENTS THAT WHICH HELP ATTACH THE UTERUS TO THE BODY WALL
Round ligaments / Uterosacral ligaments
GIVE ONE OF THE TWO CELLS THAT ARE PRODUCED AFTER MEIOSIS I IN THE HUMAN FEMALE
Secondary oocyte/ First polar body
AFTER MEIOSIS I, TETRADS HAVE DIVIDED INTO _____________, WHICH ARE A PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES HELD TOGETHER AT CENTROMERES
Dyads
WHAT IS THE ONLY REPRODUCTIVE PRODUCT OF THE TESTIS?
Sperm
THE PRIMITIVE MALE STEM CELLS ARE CALLED _____________
Spermatogonia
THE DUCTUS DEFERENS IS ENCLOSED ALONG WITH BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES IN A CONNECTIVE TISSUE SHEATH CALLED THE _____________________
Spermatic Chord
THE PRODUCTION OF HUMAN SPERM, BEGINNING AT PUBERTY AND CONTINUING THROUGHTOUT LIFE IS CALLED______________
Spermatogenesis
LIST IN ORDER, THE STAGES OF SPERMATOGENESIS, FROM AN IMMATURE TO A MATURE STRUCTURE. (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE STAGES)
Spermatogonium ->Primary Spermatocyte ->Secondary Spermatocyte -> Spermatids ->Spermatozoa (mature sperm)
DEFINE: SPERMIOGENESIS
Maturation of Spermatids into mature sperm or spermatozoa
GIVE ONE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF SUSTENTACULAR CELLS?
Sertoli Cells
WHEN DOES SYNAPSIS OCCUR?
In Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1
DEFINE: SYNAPSIS
Pairing of homologous chromosomes (in prophase 1 of meiosis 1)
WHAT IS THE ONLY TRUE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN OF THE MALE
Testis
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE ROUTE TRAVELED BY A SPERM FROM ITS SITE OF MANUFACTURE UNTIL IT LEAVES THE BODY (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE PATH)
Testis -> Epididymis -> Vas Deferens -> Ejaculatory Duct -> Prostatic Urethra ->Penile Urethra -> External Urethral Orifice
DEFINE: TETRADS
Little groups of 4 Chromatids (formed during Prophase of Meiosis 1)
DEFINE: ERECTION
When penis is engorged with blood during sexual excitement
THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE STROMA ADJACENT TO THE MATURE FOLLICLE FORMS A CAPSULE CALLED THE ______________
Theca Folliculi
WHAT ARE THE THREE STAGES OF THE UTERINE/ MENSTRUAL CYCLE?
Menstrual, Proliferative, Secretory
GIVE THE FUNCTION OF VASECTOMY
It leads to sterility of a man.
GIVE THE DEFINITION OF VASECTOMY
Cutting of ducts or vas deferens
THE MATURE FOLLICLE IS CALLED ________________
Graafian Follicle
WHAT STRUCTURES ARE FOUND IN THE VESTIBULE, WHICH IS BORDERED/ ENCLOSED BY THE LABIA MINORA?
Clitoris, Urethral Orifice and Vaginal Orifice
LIST THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING DAY 15‐25 OF THE SECRETORY PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐ PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF HORMONAL SECRETIONS OF ESTROGEN, FSH and LH
HIGH Estrogen Levels INHIBIT further FSH and LH production
LIST THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING DAY 14 OF THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF HORMONAL SECRETION OF LH
LH surge causes mature follicle to release secondary oocyte.
LIST THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING THE MENSTRUAL PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF HORMONAL SECRETIONS OF ESTROGEN, FSH AND LH
Estrogen and Progesterone are LOW, FSH and LH are secreted
LIST THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING DAY 6‐ 12 OF THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF HORMONAL SECRETIONS OF ESTROGEN AND FSH
Follicle will produce Estrogen. FSH production will be INHIBITED.
LIST THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF OOGENESIS
Secondary oocyte will complete Meiotic Cycle up to Metaphase stage of Meiosis 2.
LIST THE PHASE AND MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING DAY 14 OF THE
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL
OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE AND OOGENESIS
Phases: ovarian cycle and oogenesis
Event: ovulation AND empty follicle turns into corpus luteum
LIST THE PHASE AND MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING
DAY 6‐ 12 OF THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐
PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF THE OVARIES (OVARIAN CYCLE)
Phase: follicular (ovarian phase)
Event: One follicle begins to mature
LIST THE PHASE AND MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING THE MENSTRUAL
PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF THE
OVARIES (OVARIAN CYCLE)
Phase: follicular (ovarian cycle)
Event: Several ovarian follicles to begin to enlarge
LIST THE PHASES AND MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING DAY 15‐25 OF THE
SECRETORY PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐ PREGNANT WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF
THE OVARY (OVARIAN CYCLE)
Phase: Luteal (ovarian cycle)
Event: corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone. No follicular development.
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE ROUTE TRAVELED BY AN UNFERTILIZED EGG FROM
ITS SITE OF MANUFACTURE UNTIL IT LEAVES THE BODY (LIST ONLY. DO NOT
DESCRIBE PATH)
ovary - fimbriae - fallopian tube - uterus - vagina - vaginal orifice
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE STAGES OF MITOSIS (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE
STAGES)
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
LIST IN ORDER, THE STAGES OF SPERMATOGENESIS, FROM AN IMMATURE TO A
MATURE STRUCTURE. (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE STAGES)
spermatogonium - primary spermatocyte - secondary spermatocyte - spermatids - spermatozoa
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE ROUTE TRAVELED BY A SPERM FROM
ITS SITE OF MANUFACTURE UNTIL IT LEAVES THE BODY (LIST
ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE PATH)
testis - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - prostatic urethra - penile urethra - external urethral orifice
LIST THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING THE
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐PREGNANT
WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF THE UTERUS (UTERINE CYCLE)
endometrium develops
LIST THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING THE
MENSTRUAL PHASE OF THE UTERINE CYCLE IN A NON‐PREGNANT
WOMAN AT THE LEVEL OF THE UTERUS (UTERINE CYCLE)
Endometrium sloughs off. Menstruation occurs.
IN HUMANS THE __________________ IS THE STRUCTURAL BASIS ON WHICH THE MESODERM MIGRATES TO FORM THE BODY STALK OR
UMBILICAL CORD.
Embryonic disk
THE _______________ ENCASES THE YOUNG EMBRYONIC BODY IN A FLUID FILLED CHAMBER
THAT PROTECTS THE EMBRYO AGAINST MECHANICAL TRAUMA AND TEMPERATURE
EXTREMES AND PREVENTS ADHESIONS DURING RAPID EMBRYONIC GROWTH
Amnion
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE STAGES OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING
IMPLANTATION (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE STAGES
Gastrulation > Formation of primary cell layers > Fetus
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE BLASTULA IN THE HUMAN?
Gastrula
ONCE FERTILIZATION HAS OCCURRED, THE ZYGOTE BEGINS TO DIVIDE, FORMING A MASS OF
SUCCESSIVELY SMALLER AND SMALLER CELLS CALLED ______________
Blastomeres
AFTER THE CLEAVAGE STAGES THE CELL MASS HOLLOWS OUT TO BECOME THE EMBRYONIC
FORM CALLED THE ___________
Blastocyst
THE PART OF THE PLACENTA WHERE ALL EXCHANGES TO AND FROM THE EMBRYO/ FETUS IS
CALLED THE ____________
Chorionic villi
THE SERIES OF MITOTIC DIVISIONS WITHOUT INTERVENING GROWTH PERIODS IS REFERRED
TO AS ______________
Cleavage stages
THE PORTION OF THE UTERINE WALL BENEATH THE ICM, DESTINED TO TAKE PART IN
PLACENTA FORMATION IS CALLED THE _________________
Decidua basalis
THE PORTION OF THE UTERINE WALL SURROUNDING THE BLASTOCYST NEAR THE UTERINE
LUMEN OR CAVITY IS CALLED THE __________________
Trophoblast
GIVE ONE OF THE THREE BASIC ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ALL
ANIMALS
Morphogenesis
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT THAT FOLLOWS THE BLASTULA?
Early gastrula
IN THE HUMANS THE ECTODERM DEVELOPS INTO WHAT STRUCTURES (NAME ONE)?
Nervous system
IN THE HUMANS THE ENDODERM DEVELOPS INTO WHAT STRUCTURES (NAME ONE)?
Digestive system
DEFINE: FERTILIZATION
Fusion of sperm and egg cell
AFTER THE NINTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT THE EMBRYO IS REFERRED TO AS THE
_____________
Fetus
THE FORMATION OF THREE DISTINCT CELL TYPES IN THE GASTRULA IS CALLED ____________
Gastrulation
DEFINE: HUMAN ZYGOTE
Fused sperm and egg cell
THE CELLS OF THE BLASTOCYST THAT WILL FORM THE EMBRYONIC BODY ARE CALLED
__________
Embryonic stem cell
THE INTERVILLOUS SPACES ARE FILLED WITH WHAT DURING LIFE?
Blood
IN THE HUMANS THE MESODERM DEVELOPS INTO WHAT STRUCTURES (NAME ONE)?
Skeletal system
THE SOLID BALL OF 32 CELL CLEAVAGE STAGE OF THE EMBRYO IS CALLED ___________
Morula
THE COMPOSITE OF THE UTERINE LINING AND THE CHORIONIC VILLI IS CALLED THE
__________________
Placenta
GIVE ONE OF THE PRIMARY GERM CELL LAYERS
Endoderm
THE CELLS OF THE BLASTOCYST THAT WILL BECOME THE CHORION AND PLACENTA ARE
CALLED THE _____________
Blastomeres
IN HUMANS THE ALLANTOIS IS THE STRUCTURAL BASIS ON WHICH THE MESODERM
MIGRATES TO FORM THE BODY STALK ALSO CALLED THE ____________________
Umbilical cord
THE EMBRYO’S FIRST BLOOD CELLS ORIGINATE AND THE PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS MIGRATE
FROM THE _____________ TO THE EMBRYO’S BODY TO SEED THE GONADAL TISSUE
Yolk sac
NAME ONE OF THE TWO STRUCTURES THAT SURROUND THE OVULATED EGG/ OVUM
Zona pellucida
DEFINE: ZYGOTE
Fertilized egg
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE FIRST 4 STAGES OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT ‐ UP TO
IMPLANTATION (LIST ONLY. DO NOT DESCRIBE STAGES)
Zygote > Early cleavage > Late cleavage/morula > Blastocyst/Blastocyst implantation
LIST, IN SEQUENCE, THE EIGHT STAGES OF MEIOSIS. (LIST ONLY. DO NOT
DESCRIBE STAGES)
PMAT (1), PMAT (2)
