LECTURE EXAMS 2 Flashcards
what type of tissue is blood
fluid connective tissue
what is blood letting
removing of large quantities of blood
how many litres of blood circulate through the blood vessels
5 litres
how many percentage is blood of a persons body weight
8%
what can be seen when a blood is examined under a microscope
plasma, formed elements and cell fragments suspended in plasma
What percentage is plasma in a blood
55%
what percentage is buffy coat in a blood
1%
what percentage is formed elemtns in a blood
44%
whats does the buffy coat comtains
contains WBCs and paltelets
what does the formd elements contain
i) RBC
ii) WBC
iii) Inu fragments
Whats another name for RBCs
erythrocytes
whats another name for WBC
leukocytes
wha substances does blood transport through the body
nutrients, hormones, wastes and aslo IRON REGULATION in the tissues
what role does blood play in immune system and
both cells WBC uses blood as transport vehicles to parts of the body to carry out their funtions
what rooe does blood play in blood clotting
when a blood is broken, certain proteins and platelets forms a blood clot to seal the damaged vesesel to prevet excess blood lost
how does blood regulate temperature and acid base
since heat is the by product of many chemical reactions in the body, blood carries away the heat to maitain constant temperature
whats the constant pH of blood
pH 7.34-7.45
how much percentage of water is in plasma
90%
how much plasma proteins is plasma
9%
what forms the remaining 1 % in plasma
other solutes
What does the amount of water determines in blood
determines the viscosity which is the thickness of blood
What happens when theres less water in plasma of a blood
viscosity increases and blood fflow becomes sluggish
what does plasma proteins form
colloids
why does plasma proteins form colloids
they form colloids cus they are too large to disslove in the plasma water
what makes and synthesize blood proteins
the liver
What are the 4 categories of plasma proteins
AITC Albulin Immune Proteins Transport proteins Clotting proteins
What is the function of the ALBUMIN in plasma proteins
maintain osmotic pressure
why is the concave shape of erythrocytes important
gives erythrocytes a large surface area in their role of gas exchange
does mature erythrocytes has nucleus
NO
What is mature erythrocyte not capable off
not capable of carrying out oxidative catabolism or protein synthesis
what facilitate the erythrocytes trainsport of oxygen through the blood
the shape and composition
what are the 4 polypeptide subunits of hemoglobin
2 alpha cells and 2 beta cells
each peptide is bound to an iron containing compound called
heme group
each iron is heme groups binds to oxygen in parts of the body where oxygen concentration is high (lungs) to a form a molecule called
Oxyhemoglobin
where oxygens are of low concentration, hemoglobin releases oxygen to become
deoxyhemoglobin
what are the 4 types of hemoglobin
i) carbaminohemoglobin
ii) carboxyhemoglonin
iii) ocyhemoglobin
iv) deoxyhemoglobin
what does carbaminohemoglobin bound to
CO2
What does carboxyhemoglobin bound to
CO
what does oxyhemoglobin bound to
O2
what does deoxyhemoglobin
not bound to O2
are veins really blue?
veins are not blue but simply appear to be blue due to optical illussion
What is hematopoeisis
is the process that produces the formed elements in blood
where does hematopoeisis occur
occurs in the red bone marrow which houses the cell from whichh all formed elements arise = hematopoeitic sin cells
length of erythropoiesis ( how long it takes to form RBCs)
5-7 days
What is erythropoeisis
refers to the formation of RBC’s
by what process are reticulocytes ejects their remaining organelles
exocytocis
where does the remaining organells that reticulocytes ejects goes
enters into the blood stream
erythropoeisis regualtion
i) stimulus
ii) receptors
iii) control center
iv) homeostatis
what happens during the erythropoesis regulation
blood levels of oxygen decreases, kidneyy cells detect the falling oxygen levels, production of erythrocytes increases and then blood levels oxygen returns to normal
what happens during erythropoiesis
starts with a large nucleus, that shrinks and ejects with other organelles then cells enters blood stream after remanining organelles are ejected. cells then becomes mature
what happens when erythrocytes die
anemia
what are the 3 primary causes of anemia
i) decreased amount if hemoglobin
ii) decreased hematocrits
iii) abnomal hemoglobin
what happens to the plasma membranes of erythrocytes as they age
they become less flexible which makes it their passage through tiny capilaries diffucult
what is used to detect anemia
complete blood count test
what is hematocrit
ratio of the volume of total number of RBCs and the volume of blood
what happens when red marrow stops producing erythrocytes
aplastic anemia
what is pernicious anemia
b12 deficinecy which interferes with DNA synthesis
erythrocytes destruction can lead to
hemolytic anemia
what does plateletes contain
contains glycogen deposits which enable them to carry oxidative catabolism
what is the thromopoises lifespan
7-10
what are the 5 steps of hemostais
i) vascular spasm
ii) platelet plug formation
iii) coagulation
iv) clot retraction
v) thrombolysis
what is hemostasi
the natural process of stopping the flow or loss of blood
how are platelets formed
platelets are formed form very large bone marow cells called megakaryocutes
where are platelets produced
bone marrow
megakryocytes are coontrolled by
thrombopoietin
when a blood vessel is injured and blood is leaked into the extracellular fluid, what 2 responses occur
i) vasoconstriction
ii) increased tissue pressure
what does vasocontriction and increased tissue pressure both do
they both decrease the blood vessel diameter
what is vascular spasm
constrcition of blood vessell to allow less blood to be lost during damaged blood vessell BUT can stop blood entierely
injured endothetial cells release a glycoprotein called
van willebrand factor
what forms the platelets plug
platelet aggregation
factor contents of ATP ADP, serotonin, calcium attract and activate to cause clumps called
aggregate
what does coagulations rely on
coagulation relies on clotting factors
fibrinogen is converrted into fibrin by
the coagualtion cascade
what is the most effective defence against bleeding
coagulation
what is the ultimate goal of coagulations
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
in what case does the reaction cascade pathway activate
when inactive protein factor XII comes into contact with exposed collagen fibers
what is the clot reaction
when edges of a wound vessels is brought close togehter much as sutures
what 4 clotting factors depends on vitamin A
II, VII, IX AND X
after a wound is healed and blood clot is no longer necessary, it dissolves through a process called
thrombolysis
what is fibrinolysis
th breakdown of the fibrin glue that was prodcuced in the coagulation cascade
are leukocytes nucleated or not
leukocytes are nucleuted
technically, is the immune system a system?
no bc it has no organs or tissues on its own. they instead consists of cells and proteins located in the blood
does the lymphatic system only works with the immune system
they do not work with only the immune system but also works to maintain homestatsis
immune and lympahtic system works togehter in what is broadly called
immunity
describe the lymphatic vessell
a system of blind-ended tubes that moves lymph away from tissues
describe the lymphatic tissue and organs
includes clusters clusters of lymphoid follicles
3 basic functions of the lymphatic
i) regulation of intesterstial fluid volume
ii) absorption of dietary fat
iii) immune fucntions
what are lymphatic capillaries
one system that only moves lumph away from tissues
where do t lymphocytes mature
thymus
what are blood capillarries
form a 2 way system that moves blood both towards and away from the tissues
how are lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries the same
lymphatic capillaries carries lymp away from tissues whereas blood cappillaries moves blood toward and away from lymphs
what is the function of the white pulp
filters pathogen
what is the fucntions of the red blood cells
contain macrophages that destroys old erytrocytes
what are the peyers patch
houses tremendous number of bacteria. the bacterias are not pathogenic in the large intestines but if they gain entry into the small intesteine could cause disease
what is the outside of a node
cortex
what is the inner of a node
medulla
lymphatics enters via
afferent vessels
lyphatics drains via
efferent vessells at the junction called hilum
which f the 2 types immunity does natural killers acts primarliy
innate/ non specific immunity
what are the 2 types of immunity
i) innate/nonspecific immunity
ii) adaptive/specific immunity
describe the innate/non specific immunity
respsonses to ALL pathogens or classes of pathogens in the same way
desribe the adaptive/ specific immunity
response individually to a unique gylycoproteins markers called antigens
what is the complement system
group of molecules collectively. 20 or more more proteins produced by the liver
what ways are the complement system activated
classical and alternative pathways
what granolucytes generally resides in blood and must be recruited to damaged tissues by chemical signals
neutrophils
are neutrophils short lived or long lived
short lived
are macrophages short lived or long lived
long lived
what are antigen presenting cells
macrophages
funtion of eosinophinils
allergy, inflamiation or parasictic worms
what does natural kiler cells secrete
antimicrobial cytokine that activates macrophages and enhances phagocytosis
where are mast cells located
mucous membrane
fuunctions of basophils
located primarily in lood mediate inflamation response
where are class 1 MHC molecules found
on the surface of the plasma membrane and nearly all nucleated
where are class 2 MHC molecules found
found only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
cells generaly interact with what class molecules
class I MHC molecules
helper T cells generaly interact with what class of molecules
class II MHC molecules
how does class I and class II MHC molecules differ
differ in the type of antigen
what is active immunity
responses to the presence of antigens
what is passive immunity
found when performed antibodies is from one organism to another
what is 3 types of vaccines
i) live alternated vaccines
ii) killed vacciness
iii) subunit vaccines
what are the 2 cells involved in transport rejection
i) cellular (lymphocytes mediated)
ii) humoral (antibodies mediated)
What are the two regions of antibody
Variable and constant
Describe the variable region of an antibody
Highly specific to the antigen it’s bonded to
Describe the constant region of an antibody
Determines what is used to destroy antigen
What is releases from B lymphocytes after a clinal selection and activation
Antibodies
Secondary immune response requires
Requires the presence of memory cells. These memory cells come from clinal selection/activation the first time
B cells are able to switch their what??
They’re able to switch their constant region
Are secondary responses slow or fast
They’re faster, longer lasting and create higher concentration and attraction to the same antigen
What are cytokines
Small proteins produced by several types of immune cells that enhances the immune response. Usually act at shortage on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secretes them
What are cytokines
Produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells and cells of adaptive immunity
What are cytokines interleukins
Produced mainly by various leukocytes that stimulates productions of neutrophils by bone marrow. Stimulates NK cells, activate T cells, trigger productions of interferons
What are the 5 classes of antibody and how they do differ
Ig GAMED
AM have different structures than the rest
What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity
Specific - recognizes target specific antigens
Systematic - not restricted to initial site
Memory - stronger attack
What are the 2 main branches of adaptive system
Humoral ( antibody mediated ) immunity
Cellular (cells mediated) immunity
Type of immune response B lymphocytes
Humoral
Type of immune response T lymphocytes
Cellular
Antibody secretion B lymphocytes
Yes
Antibody secretion of T lymphocytes
No
T lymphocytes can recognize only antigens that are…
Presented on MHC proteins
