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ANATOMY II > LECTURE EXAMS 2 > Flashcards

LECTURE EXAMS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of tissue is blood

A

fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

what is blood letting

A

removing of large quantities of blood

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3
Q

how many litres of blood circulate through the blood vessels

A

5 litres

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4
Q

how many percentage is blood of a persons body weight

A

8%

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5
Q

what can be seen when a blood is examined under a microscope

A

plasma, formed elements and cell fragments suspended in plasma

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6
Q

What percentage is plasma in a blood

A

55%

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7
Q

what percentage is buffy coat in a blood

A

1%

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8
Q

what percentage is formed elemtns in a blood

A

44%

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9
Q

whats does the buffy coat comtains

A

contains WBCs and paltelets

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10
Q

what does the formd elements contain

A

i) RBC
ii) WBC
iii) Inu fragments

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11
Q

Whats another name for RBCs

A

erythrocytes

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12
Q

whats another name for WBC

A

leukocytes

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13
Q

wha substances does blood transport through the body

A

nutrients, hormones, wastes and aslo IRON REGULATION in the tissues

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14
Q

what role does blood play in immune system and

A

both cells WBC uses blood as transport vehicles to parts of the body to carry out their funtions

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15
Q

what rooe does blood play in blood clotting

A

when a blood is broken, certain proteins and platelets forms a blood clot to seal the damaged vesesel to prevet excess blood lost

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16
Q

how does blood regulate temperature and acid base

A

since heat is the by product of many chemical reactions in the body, blood carries away the heat to maitain constant temperature

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17
Q

whats the constant pH of blood

A

pH 7.34-7.45

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18
Q

how much percentage of water is in plasma

A

90%

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19
Q

how much plasma proteins is plasma

A

9%

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20
Q

what forms the remaining 1 % in plasma

A

other solutes

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21
Q

What does the amount of water determines in blood

A

determines the viscosity which is the thickness of blood

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22
Q

What happens when theres less water in plasma of a blood

A

viscosity increases and blood fflow becomes sluggish

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23
Q

what does plasma proteins form

A

colloids

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24
Q

why does plasma proteins form colloids

A

they form colloids cus they are too large to disslove in the plasma water

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25
Q

what makes and synthesize blood proteins

A

the liver

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26
Q

What are the 4 categories of plasma proteins

A 
AITC
Albulin
Immune Proteins
Transport proteins
Clotting proteins
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27
Q

What is the function of the ALBUMIN in plasma proteins

A

maintain osmotic pressure

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28
Q

why is the concave shape of erythrocytes important

A

gives erythrocytes a large surface area in their role of gas exchange

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29
Q

does mature erythrocytes has nucleus

A

NO

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30
Q

What is mature erythrocyte not capable off

A

not capable of carrying out oxidative catabolism or protein synthesis

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31
Q

what facilitate the erythrocytes trainsport of oxygen through the blood

A

the shape and composition

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32
Q

what are the 4 polypeptide subunits of hemoglobin

A

2 alpha cells and 2 beta cells

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33
Q

each peptide is bound to an iron containing compound called

A

heme group

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34
Q

each iron is heme groups binds to oxygen in parts of the body where oxygen concentration is high (lungs) to a form a molecule called

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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35
Q

where oxygens are of low concentration, hemoglobin releases oxygen to become

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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36
Q

what are the 4 types of hemoglobin

A

i) carbaminohemoglobin
ii) carboxyhemoglonin
iii) ocyhemoglobin
iv) deoxyhemoglobin

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37
Q

what does carbaminohemoglobin bound to

A

CO2

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38
Q

What does carboxyhemoglobin bound to

A

CO

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39
Q

what does oxyhemoglobin bound to

A

O2

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40
Q

what does deoxyhemoglobin

A

not bound to O2

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41
Q

are veins really blue?

A

veins are not blue but simply appear to be blue due to optical illussion

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42
Q

What is hematopoeisis

A

is the process that produces the formed elements in blood

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43
Q

where does hematopoeisis occur

A

occurs in the red bone marrow which houses the cell from whichh all formed elements arise = hematopoeitic sin cells

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44
Q

length of erythropoiesis ( how long it takes to form RBCs)

A

5-7 days

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45
Q

What is erythropoeisis

A

refers to the formation of RBC’s

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46
Q

by what process are reticulocytes ejects their remaining organelles

A

exocytocis

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47
Q

where does the remaining organells that reticulocytes ejects goes

A

enters into the blood stream

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48
Q

erythropoeisis regualtion

A

i) stimulus
ii) receptors
iii) control center
iv) homeostatis

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49
Q

what happens during the erythropoesis regulation

A

blood levels of oxygen decreases, kidneyy cells detect the falling oxygen levels, production of erythrocytes increases and then blood levels oxygen returns to normal

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50
Q

what happens during erythropoiesis

A

starts with a large nucleus, that shrinks and ejects with other organelles then cells enters blood stream after remanining organelles are ejected. cells then becomes mature

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51
Q

what happens when erythrocytes die

A

anemia

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52
Q

what are the 3 primary causes of anemia

A

i) decreased amount if hemoglobin
ii) decreased hematocrits
iii) abnomal hemoglobin

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53
Q

what happens to the plasma membranes of erythrocytes as they age

A

they become less flexible which makes it their passage through tiny capilaries diffucult

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54
Q

what is used to detect anemia

A

complete blood count test

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55
Q

what is hematocrit

A

ratio of the volume of total number of RBCs and the volume of blood

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56
Q

what happens when red marrow stops producing erythrocytes

A

aplastic anemia

57
Q

what is pernicious anemia

A

b12 deficinecy which interferes with DNA synthesis

58
Q

erythrocytes destruction can lead to

A

hemolytic anemia

59
Q

what does plateletes contain

A

contains glycogen deposits which enable them to carry oxidative catabolism

60
Q

what is the thromopoises lifespan

A

7-10

61
Q

what are the 5 steps of hemostais

A

i) vascular spasm
ii) platelet plug formation
iii) coagulation
iv) clot retraction
v) thrombolysis

62
Q

what is hemostasi

A

the natural process of stopping the flow or loss of blood

63
Q

how are platelets formed

A

platelets are formed form very large bone marow cells called megakaryocutes

64
Q

where are platelets produced

A

bone marrow

65
Q

megakryocytes are coontrolled by

A

thrombopoietin

66
Q

when a blood vessel is injured and blood is leaked into the extracellular fluid, what 2 responses occur

A

i) vasoconstriction

ii) increased tissue pressure

67
Q

what does vasocontriction and increased tissue pressure both do

A

they both decrease the blood vessel diameter

68
Q

what is vascular spasm

A

constrcition of blood vessell to allow less blood to be lost during damaged blood vessell BUT can stop blood entierely

69
Q

injured endothetial cells release a glycoprotein called

A

van willebrand factor

70
Q

what forms the platelets plug

A

platelet aggregation

71
Q

factor contents of ATP ADP, serotonin, calcium attract and activate to cause clumps called

A

aggregate

72
Q

what does coagulations rely on

A

coagulation relies on clotting factors

73
Q

fibrinogen is converrted into fibrin by

A

the coagualtion cascade

74
Q

what is the most effective defence against bleeding

A

coagulation

75
Q

what is the ultimate goal of coagulations

A

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

76
Q

in what case does the reaction cascade pathway activate

A

when inactive protein factor XII comes into contact with exposed collagen fibers

77
Q

what is the clot reaction

A

when edges of a wound vessels is brought close togehter much as sutures

78
Q

what 4 clotting factors depends on vitamin A

A

II, VII, IX AND X

79
Q

after a wound is healed and blood clot is no longer necessary, it dissolves through a process called

A

thrombolysis

80
Q

what is fibrinolysis

A

th breakdown of the fibrin glue that was prodcuced in the coagulation cascade

81
Q

are leukocytes nucleated or not

A

leukocytes are nucleuted

82
Q

technically, is the immune system a system?

A

no bc it has no organs or tissues on its own. they instead consists of cells and proteins located in the blood

83
Q

does the lymphatic system only works with the immune system

A

they do not work with only the immune system but also works to maintain homestatsis

84
Q

immune and lympahtic system works togehter in what is broadly called

A

immunity

85
Q

describe the lymphatic vessell

A

a system of blind-ended tubes that moves lymph away from tissues

86
Q

describe the lymphatic tissue and organs

A

includes clusters clusters of lymphoid follicles

87
Q

3 basic functions of the lymphatic

A

i) regulation of intesterstial fluid volume
ii) absorption of dietary fat
iii) immune fucntions

88
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries

A

one system that only moves lumph away from tissues

89
Q

where do t lymphocytes mature

A

thymus

90
Q

what are blood capillarries

A

form a 2 way system that moves blood both towards and away from the tissues

91
Q

how are lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries the same

A

lymphatic capillaries carries lymp away from tissues whereas blood cappillaries moves blood toward and away from lymphs

92
Q

what is the function of the white pulp

A

filters pathogen

93
Q

what is the fucntions of the red blood cells

A

contain macrophages that destroys old erytrocytes

94
Q

what are the peyers patch

A

houses tremendous number of bacteria. the bacterias are not pathogenic in the large intestines but if they gain entry into the small intesteine could cause disease

95
Q

what is the outside of a node

A

cortex

96
Q

what is the inner of a node

A

medulla

97
Q

lymphatics enters via

A

afferent vessels

98
Q

lyphatics drains via

A

efferent vessells at the junction called hilum

99
Q

which f the 2 types immunity does natural killers acts primarliy

A

innate/ non specific immunity

100
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity

A

i) innate/nonspecific immunity

ii) adaptive/specific immunity

101
Q

describe the innate/non specific immunity

A

respsonses to ALL pathogens or classes of pathogens in the same way

102
Q

desribe the adaptive/ specific immunity

A

response individually to a unique gylycoproteins markers called antigens

103
Q

what is the complement system

A

group of molecules collectively. 20 or more more proteins produced by the liver

104
Q

what ways are the complement system activated

A

classical and alternative pathways

105
Q

what granolucytes generally resides in blood and must be recruited to damaged tissues by chemical signals

A

neutrophils

106
Q

are neutrophils short lived or long lived

A

short lived

107
Q

are macrophages short lived or long lived

A

long lived

108
Q

what are antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages

109
Q

funtion of eosinophinils

A

allergy, inflamiation or parasictic worms

110
Q

what does natural kiler cells secrete

A

antimicrobial cytokine that activates macrophages and enhances phagocytosis

111
Q

where are mast cells located

A

mucous membrane

112
Q

fuunctions of basophils

A

located primarily in lood mediate inflamation response

113
Q

where are class 1 MHC molecules found

A

on the surface of the plasma membrane and nearly all nucleated

114
Q

where are class 2 MHC molecules found

A

found only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells

115
Q

cells generaly interact with what class molecules

A

class I MHC molecules

116
Q

helper T cells generaly interact with what class of molecules

A

class II MHC molecules

117
Q

how does class I and class II MHC molecules differ

A

differ in the type of antigen

118
Q

what is active immunity

A

responses to the presence of antigens

119
Q

what is passive immunity

A

found when performed antibodies is from one organism to another

120
Q

what is 3 types of vaccines

A

i) live alternated vaccines
ii) killed vacciness
iii) subunit vaccines

121
Q

what are the 2 cells involved in transport rejection

A

i) cellular (lymphocytes mediated)

ii) humoral (antibodies mediated)

122
Q

What are the two regions of antibody

A

Variable and constant

123
Q

Describe the variable region of an antibody

A

Highly specific to the antigen it’s bonded to

124
Q

Describe the constant region of an antibody

A

Determines what is used to destroy antigen

125
Q

What is releases from B lymphocytes after a clinal selection and activation

A

Antibodies

126
Q

Secondary immune response requires

A

Requires the presence of memory cells. These memory cells come from clinal selection/activation the first time

127
Q

B cells are able to switch their what??

A

They’re able to switch their constant region

128
Q

Are secondary responses slow or fast

A

They’re faster, longer lasting and create higher concentration and attraction to the same antigen

129
Q

What are cytokines

A

Small proteins produced by several types of immune cells that enhances the immune response. Usually act at shortage on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secretes them

130
Q

What are cytokines

A

Produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells and cells of adaptive immunity

131
Q

What are cytokines interleukins

A

Produced mainly by various leukocytes that stimulates productions of neutrophils by bone marrow. Stimulates NK cells, activate T cells, trigger productions of interferons

132
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibody and how they do differ

A

Ig GAMED

AM have different structures than the rest

133
Q

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

Specific - recognizes target specific antigens
Systematic - not restricted to initial site
Memory - stronger attack

134
Q

What are the 2 main branches of adaptive system

A

Humoral ( antibody mediated ) immunity

Cellular (cells mediated) immunity

135
Q

Type of immune response B lymphocytes

A

Humoral

136
Q

Type of immune response T lymphocytes

A

Cellular

137
Q

Antibody secretion B lymphocytes

A

Yes

138
Q

Antibody secretion of T lymphocytes

A

No

139
Q

T lymphocytes can recognize only antigens that are…

A

Presented on MHC proteins

ANATOMY II (11 decks)

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