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ANATOMY II > LAB EXAMS 3 QUIZ QUESTIONS > Flashcards

LAB EXAMS 3 QUIZ QUESTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

______ IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE TONSILS

A

Tonsilitis

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2
Q

WHAT DOES A SPIROMETER MEASURE?

A

Respiratory volumes

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3
Q

WHAT MAY CAUSE OTITIS MEDIA?

A

Middle ear inflammation

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4
Q

THE ALVEOLAR SACS, ALVEOLAR DUCTS AND RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES ARE REFERRED TO COLLECTIVELY AS ______

A

Respiratory zone

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5
Q

THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS FROM THE NASAL CAVITY TO THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES ARE REFERRED TO COLLECTIVELY AS _____ STRUCTRES

A

Conducting zone

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6
Q

WHAT WAS MEASURED IN THE RESPIRATION LAB USING THE MEASURING TAPE?

A

exhalation

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7
Q

WHAT ENZYME CATALYZES THE FOLLOWING REACTION: H2O + CO2 –> H2CO3

A

carbonic anhydrase

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8
Q

THE EXCHANGE PHENOMENA (TO RESOLVE AN IONIC BALANCE) IN WHICH A NEGATIVELY CHARGED BIOCARBONATE ION LEAVING THE RBC IS REPLACED BY A NEGATIVELY CHARGED CHLORIDE ION ENTERING THE TBC IS CALLED _______

A

Chloride shift

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9
Q

NAME THE EQUIPMENT LABELED WITH “A” WITH PINK TAPE

A

Measuring tape

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10
Q

OXYGEN USING CELLULAR PROCESSES ARE COLLECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS _____

A

Cellular respiration

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11
Q

____ IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DECREASE IN THE ELASTICITY OF THE LUNGS

A

Emphysema

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF VESICULAR BREATHING SOUNDS?

A

Respiratory sounds resulting from air filling the alveolar sacs

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13
Q

____ IS AN ABNORMAL WHISTLING SOUND HEARD IN THE LUNGS

A

Wheezing

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14
Q

____ ARE RESPIRATORY SOUNDS THAT CAN BE HEARD WITH A STETHOSCOPE

A

Bronchial sounds

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15
Q

NAME THE INSTRUMENT LABELED “A” WITH BLUE TAPE

A

Stethoscope

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16
Q

THE INSTRUMENT CALLED A ____ IS USED TO MEASURE RESPIRATORY VOLUMES

A

Spirometer

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17
Q

___ ARE ABNORMAL RASPING SOUND HEARD IN THE LUNGS

A

Rales

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18
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 PHASES OF BREATHING?

A

Inspiration & expiration

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19
Q

HOW DOES TIDAL VOLUME CHANGE AFTER EXERCISE?

A

Tidal volume will increase

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20
Q

DEFINE: HYPERVENTILATION

A

Fast deep breathing

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21
Q

___ IS A SMALL AREA OF THE BACK USED FOR LISTENING TO RESPIRATORY SOUNDS

A

Triangle of Auscultation

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22
Q

THE INSTRUMENT CALLED A ___ IS USED TO LISTEN TO RESPIRATORY SOUNDS

A

Stethoscope

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23
Q

___ IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE CONTINUOUS BRANCHING OF THE PASSAGEWAYS IN THE LUNGS

A

Respiratory tree

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24
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A

Oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

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25
Q

NAME ONE OF THE FOUR DISTRICT PROCESS THAT COMPRISE RESPIRATION

A

internal respiration

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26
Q

___ IS THE TIDE-LIKE MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF THE LUNGS SO THAT THE GASES IN THE ALVEOLI ARE CONTINUOUSLY CHANGED AND REFRESHED

A

ventilation

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27
Q

___ IS THE GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND THE AIR-FILLED CHAMBERS OF THE LUNGS (OXYGEN LOADING/CARBON DIOXIDE UNLOADING)

A

External respiration

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28
Q

TRANSPORT OF ___ BETWEEN THE LUNGS AND TISSUE CELLS OF THE BODY, IS ACCOMPLISHED BY THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM USING BLOOD

A

Respiratory gases

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29
Q

___ IS THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN SYSTEMIC BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS (OXYGEN UNLOADING AND CARBON DIOXIDE LOADING)

A

Internal respiration

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30
Q

NAME ONE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE

A

Nose

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31
Q

NAME ONE OF THE STRUCTURES FOUND IN THE NASAL CAVITY

A

inferior conchae

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32
Q

WHAT DIVIDES THE NASAL CAVITY INTO TWO PARTS?

A

nasal septum

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33
Q

SURROUNDING THE NASAL CAVITY ____ (named for the bones in which they are located) ACT AS RESONANCE CHAMBERS IN SPEECH, AND THEIR MUCOSAE WARMS AND MOISTENS INCOMING AIR

A

paranasal sinuses

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34
Q

What separates the nasal and oral cavities?

A

Hard palate/ soft palate

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35
Q

Give one characteristic of cleft palate

A

Difficulty breathing

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36
Q

The failure of the palatine processes of the maxillary bones and or the palatine bones to fuse medially is called ____

A

Cleft palate

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37
Q

What is the anatomical term/ name for the throat?

A

Pharynx

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38
Q

What is the dividing point between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx called?

A

Posterior nasal apeture

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39
Q

The ____ surround the openings of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) canal into the nasopharynx

A

Tubal tonsils

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40
Q

A middle ear inflammation is known as ___

A

Otitis media

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41
Q

The oropharynx is a common passage for what?

A

Air & food

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42
Q

The laryngopharynx is a common passage for what?

A

Air & food

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43
Q

What is the anatomical term for voicebox?

A

Larynx

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44
Q

Which cartilage that comprises the larynx is the largest and found anteriorly?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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45
Q

What structure is known as the adams apples?

A

Anterior medial laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

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46
Q

What structure is commonly referred to as the guardian of the airways?

A

Epiglottis

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47
Q

When is the cough reflex inoperative?

A

When an individual is unconscious

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48
Q

The ___ attach the vocal cords posteriolaterally to the arytenoid cartilages

A

Vocal ligaments

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49
Q

What is the anatomical term for windpipe?

A

Trachea

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50
Q

What is the point/ level/ area at which the trachea divides two main or primary bronchi?

A

Carina

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51
Q

The area at which the primary bronchi plunge into the lungs is called?

A

Hilum

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52
Q

Why are the tracheal cartilages C shaped?

A

Allows room for esophageal expansion

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53
Q

What surrounds the small brochioles of the lungs?

A

Smooth muscle

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54
Q

The ___ are the bronchioles which extend into alveolar ducts?

A

Respiratoy bronchioles

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55
Q

The continuous branching of the respiratory passageways is often referred to as the ___

A

Respiratory tree

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56
Q

Alveolar ducts terminate in ___

A

Alveolar sacs

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57
Q

The alveolar, capillary walls and their fused basal lamina form the ___

A

Respiratory membrane

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58
Q

The respiratory membrane is also known as the ___

A

Air-blood barrier

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59
Q

Because the conducting zone structures have no gas exchange function, they are also referred to as ___

A

Anatomical dead space

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60
Q

THEY AREA IN WHICH THE LUNGS ARE FOUND IN THE THORAX IS CALLED THE ________

A

Mediastinum

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61
Q

EACH LUNG IS CONNECTED TO THE MEDIASTINUM BY A _________ CONTAINING ITS VASCULAR AND BRONCHIAL ATTACHMENTS

A

Root

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62
Q

THE STRUCTURES OF THE ROOT ENTER OR LEAVE THE LUNG VIA A MEDIAL INDENTATION CALLED THE _________

A

Hilum

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63
Q

THE NARROW SUPERIOR ASPECT OF THE LUNG IS CALLED THE __________

A

Apex

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64
Q

THE INFERIOR CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE LUNGS THAT IS ATTACHED TO THE DIAPHRAGM IS CALLED THE
_________

A

base

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65
Q

IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH THE RIBS, ARE COLLECTIVELY CALLED ___________

A

Costal surface

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66
Q

THE MEDIAL SURFACE CONCAVITY OF THE LUNGS THAT ACCOMMODATES THE HEART IS THE _____

A

Cardiac notch

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67
Q

INTO HOW MANY LOBES IS THE RIGHT LUNG DIVIDED?

A

3

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68
Q

INTO HOW MANY LOBES IS THE LEFT LUNG DIVIDED?

A

2

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69
Q

THE ___________ IS A DOUBLE LAYERED SAC OF SEROUS

MEMBRANE THAT COVERS THE LUNGS

A

pleura

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70
Q

THE OUTER LAYER OF PLEURA IS CALLED THE ___________ PLEURA

A

Parietal

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71
Q

THE CONTRACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM CAUSES THE

THORACIC CAVITY PRESSURE TO INCREASE OR DECREASE?

A

Decrease

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72
Q

THE CONTRACTION OF THE EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CAUSES THE THORACIC CAVITY PRESSURE TO INCREASE OR DECREASE?

A

Decrease

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73
Q

THE INNER LAYER OF PLEURA IS CALLED THE ___________ PLEURA

A

Visceral

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74
Q

WHAT IS FOUND IN THE PLEURAL CAVITY?

A

Serous fluid

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75
Q

NAME ONE OF THE TWO PHASES OF PULMONARY VENTILATION/ BREATHING

A

Inspiration/ expiration

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76
Q

THE RELAXATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM CAUSES THE THORACIC CAVITY PRESSURE TO INCREASE OR DECREASE?

A

Increase

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77
Q

THE RELAXATION OF THE EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CAUSES THE THORACIC CAVITY PRESSURE TO INCREASE OR DECREASE?

A

Increase

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78
Q

THE RELAXATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM CAUSES EXPIRATION

OR INSPIRATION?

A

Expiration

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79
Q

THE CONTRACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM CAUSES EXPIRATION OR INSPIRATION?

A

Inspiration

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80
Q

THE RELAXATION OF THE EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CAUSES EXPIRATION OR INSPIRATION?

A

Expiration

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81
Q

THE CONTRACTION OF THE EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CAUSES EXPIRATION OR INSPIRATION?

A

Inspiration

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82
Q

_____________ SOUNDS ARE PRODUCED BY AIR RUSHING THROUGH THE LARGE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS
(TRACHEA AND BRONCHI)

A

Bronchial

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83
Q

_______________ SOUNDS ARE PRODUCED BY AIR FILLING THE ALVEOLAR SACS AND RESEMBLES THE SOUND OF A RUSTLING OR MUFFLED BREEZES

A

Vesicular breathing

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84
Q

THE _____________ IS USED TO AUSCULTATE THE BREATHING SOUNDS

A

Stethoscope (ear pieces and diaphragm)

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85
Q

NAME THE SPECIFIC PART OF THE INSTRUMENT USED TO LISTEN TO BREATHING SOUNDS THAT GOES INTO THE LISTENER’S EARS

A

Ear pieces of the stethoscope

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86
Q

NAME THE SPECIFIC PART OF THE INSTRUMENT USED TO LISTEN TO BREATHING SOUNDS THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PICKING UP THE SOUND (PART THAT IS PUT ON THE CHEST)

A

Diaphragm of the stethoscope

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87
Q

_______________ IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DECREASE OF ELASTICITY OF THE LUNGS

A

Emphysema

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88
Q

GIVE A CHARACTERISTIC OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

A

Expiration is physically exhausting

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89
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL RATE OF RESPIRATION? (RESPIRATIONS/ MINUTE)

A

12-18

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90
Q

EXTREME OVER-INFLATION OF THE LUNGS IS KNOWN AS _____________ REFLEX

A

Hering-Breuer

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91
Q

_____________ IS AN APPARATUS THAT RECORDS VARIATIONS IN BREATHING PATTERNS

A

Pneumograph

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92
Q

THE CARBONIC ACID-BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM MAINTAINS THE ___________OF THE BLOOD

A

Acid-base balance

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93
Q

GIVE THE EQUATION FOR UPLOADING OF CARBON DIOXIDE

INTO AN RBC

A

H2O + CO2 =H2CO3

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94
Q

GIVE THE EQUATION OF THE CARBONIC ACID-BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM TO LOWER PH IN HIGH (ACIDIC) PH BLOOD

A

H+ + HCO3- = H2CO3

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95
Q

GIVE THE EQUATION OF THE CARBONIC ACID-BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM TO RAISE PH IN LOW (BASIC) PH BLOOD

A

H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+

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96
Q

EXCESSIVELY SLOW OR SHALLOW BREATHING IS CALLED

____________

A

Hypoventilation

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97
Q

DOES CARBONIC ACID IN THE BLOOD DECREASE OR INCREASE DURING HYPOVENTILATION?

A

Increases

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98
Q

DOES CARBONIC ACID IN THE BLOOD DECREASE OR INCREASE DURING HYPERVENTILATION?

A

Decreases

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99
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MUCOSA OF THE TRACHEA?

A

trap and contain dust, bacteria and debris

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100
Q

WHAT IS THE VITAL CAPACITY (VC) OF A PERSON WITH AN INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV) OF 2000 ml, A TIDAL VOLUME (TV) OF 500 ml AND AN EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV) OF 800 ml? (ANSWER IN ml.)

A

VC= TV+ ERV +IRV 500+800+2000= 3,300ml

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101
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL VOLUME RANGE IN MALES FOR EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME? (in mL)

A

1000-1200 mL

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102
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL VOLUME IN FEMALES FOR EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME? (in mL)

A

600-800 mL

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103
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL VOLUME IN FEMALES FOR RESIDUAL VOLUME? (in mL)

A

1000-1200 mL

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104
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL VOLUME IN MALES FOR RESIDUAL VOLUME? (in mL)

A

1200-1300 mL

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105
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL VOLUME IN FEMALES FOR INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME? (IN mL)

A

1800-2000 mL

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106
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL VOLUME RANGE IN MALES FOR INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME? (in mL)

A

3000-3300 mL

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107
Q

WHEN BREATHING NORMALLY, WHAT IS THE APPROXIMATE VOLUME FOR TIDAL VOLUME? (in mL)

A

500 mL

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108
Q

NAME TWO FACTORS THAT CAN BE USED FOR PREDICTING VITAL CAPACITY

A

Age & height

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109
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE INSTRUMENT LABELED WITH PINK TAPE? (BE SPECIFIC)

A

AIRFLOW TRANSDUCERS - measures respiratory volumes

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110
Q

NAME THE FUNCTION OF THE INSTRUMENT LABELED “A” WITH BLUE TAPE

A

Bacteriological filter- Filters bacteria to keep airflow transducer clean

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111
Q

NAME THE INSTRUMENT USED TO CALIBRATE VOLUMES DURING THE RESPIRATION BIOPAC EXERCISE

A

Calibration syringe

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112
Q

NAME THE FUNCTION OF THE INSTRUMENT LABELED “A” WITH BLUE TAPE

A

Calibration syringe- used to calibrate (airflow volumes) during BIOPAC
exercise

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113
Q

NAME THE PART OF THE INSTRUMENT USED TO FILTER MICROORGANISMS DURING THE RESPIRATION BIOPAC EXERCISE

A

Bacterial filter

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114
Q

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:

EC = ________ + ________

A

EC = TV + ERV / Tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

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115
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE PULMONARY CAPACITY

ABBREVIATED “EC”?

A

EC- Expiratory Capacity

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116
Q

CALCULATE THE EXPIRATORY CAPACITY (EC) FOR A
PERSON WITH A TIDAL VOLUME OF 800 ml AND AN
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME OF 1,100 ml (ANSWER IN ml)

A

EC= TV + ERV, 800 +1100= 1,900ml

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117
Q

CALCULATE THE EXPIRATORY CAPACITY (EC) FOR A
PERSON WITH A TIDAL VOLUME OF 400 ml. AND AN
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME OF 700 ml. (ANSWER IN ml.)

A

ERV= EC - TV, 1,300 -600= 700ml

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118
Q

CALCULATE THE EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME FOR A
PERSON WITH A FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY OF 2000
ml AND A RESIDUAL VOLUME OF 1,000ml (ANSWER IN ml)

A

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME = ERV= FRC - RV= 2000 -

1000= 1000ml

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119
Q

DEFINE: EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (DESCRIBE IN WORDS. DO NOT USE NUMBERS OR EQUATIONS)

A

IS THE VOLUME OF AIR

MAXIMALLY EXHALED AT THE END OF TIDAL EXPIRATION

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120
Q

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:

FRC = ________ + ________

A

FRC = ERV + RV / expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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121
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE PULMONARY CAPACITY

ABBREVIATED “FRC”?

A

FRC- Functional Residual Capacity

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122
Q

DURING EXERCISE, WHAT IS THE VOLUME RANGE FOR TIDAL VOLUME? (in mL)

A

From 500mL to over 3000mL

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123
Q

CALCULATE THE FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY FOR A
PERSON WITH AN EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME OF 1000
ml AND A RESIDUAL VOLUME OF 1 200ml (ANSWER IN ml )

A

FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY = FRC=ERV+RV,

1000+1200= 2200ml.

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124
Q

CALCULATE THE FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC)
FOR A PERSON WITH AN EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
(ERV) OF 900 ml AND A RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV) OF 1 100ml

A

FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY = FRC=ERV+RV=

900+1100= 2000ml.

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125
Q

______________ IS SLOW OR SHALLOW BREATHING

A

HYPOVENTILATION

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126
Q

WHAT IS THE INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV) OF A
PERSON WITH A TIDAL VOLUME (TV) OF 600ml. AND AN
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY (IC) OF 1 400ml? (ANSWER IN ml )

A

IC - TV = IRV, IRV= 1400 - 600= 800 ml

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127
Q

WHAT IS THE INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV) OF A
PERSON WITH A TIDAL VOLUME (TV) OF 400ml. AND AN
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY (IC) OF 1 800ml? (ANSWER IN ml )

A

IC - TV = IRV, IRV= 1800 - 400= 1,400 ml

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128
Q

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:

IC = ________ + ________

A

IC = TV + IRV / Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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129
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE PULMONARY CAPACITY

ABBREVIATED “IC”?

A

IC- Inspiratory Capacity

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130
Q

WHAT IS THE INSPIRATORY CAPACITY (IC) OF A PERSON WITH A TIDAL VOLUME OF 500ml. AND AN INSPIRATORY
RESERVE VOLUME OF 1,900ml? (ANSWER IN ml.)

A

IC= TV + IRV, IC= 500 + 1,900= 2,400 ml

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131
Q

WHAT IS THE INSPIRATORY CAPACITY (IC) OF A PERSON
WITH A TIDAL VOLUME OF 600ml AND AN INSPIRATORY
RESERVE VOLUME OF 3,100ml? (ANSWER IN ml)

A

IC= TV + IRV, (IC)= 600 + 3,100= 3,700 ml

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132
Q

DEFINE: INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (DESCRIBE IN WORDS. DO NOT USE NUMBERS OR EQUATIONS

A

its the volume of air

maximally inhaled at the end of a tidal inspiration

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133
Q

NAME THE PART OF THE INSTRUMENT USED DURING THE RESPIRATION BIOPAC EXERCISE THAT THE SUBJECT PUTS IN THEIR MOUTH TO BREATHE THROUGH?

A

Mouthpiece

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134
Q

NAME THE FUNCTION OF THE INSTRUMENT LABELED “A”

WITH BLUE TAPE.

A

Mouthpiece (disposable) ;- Allows user to breathe into transducer / filter
without contaminating it

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135
Q

__________________ IS THE SUM OF TWO OR MORE PRIMARY

LUNG VOLUMES

A

Pulmonary capacity

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136
Q

DEFINE: RESIDUAL VOLUME (DESCRIBE IN WORDS. DO NOT USE NUMBERS OR EQUATIONS)

A

IS THE VOLUME OF GAS REMAINING IN THE LUNGS AT THE END OF A MAXIMAL EXPIRATION

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137
Q

_______________ IS A RECORD OF PULMONARY VOLUME CHANGES VS. TIME

A

Spirogram

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138
Q

DEFINE: TIDAL VOLUME (DESCRIBE IN WORDS. DO NOT USE NUMBERS OR EQUATIONS)

A

Is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath

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139
Q

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:

TLC = ________ + ________ + ________ + _________

A

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV +RV

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140
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE PULMONARY CAPACITY

ABBREVIATED “TLC”?

A

TLC- Total Lung Capacity

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141
Q

WHAT IS THE INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME OF A PERSON
WITH A VITAL CAPACITY OF 4500ml, A TIDAL VOLUME OF
500ml. AND AN EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME OF 1000ml?
(ANSWER IN ml.)

A

VC- (TV+ER)= IR = 4500-(500+1000)=3000ml

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142
Q

WHAT IS THE INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME OF A PERSON WITH A VITAL CAPACITY OF 5000ml, A TIDAL VOLUME OF 500ml AND AN EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME OF 900ml? (ANSWER IN ml.)

A

VC- (TV+ER)= IR = 5000- (500+900)= 3600ml

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143
Q

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:

VC = ________ + ________ + __________

A

VC = IRV + TV + ERV / inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume +
expiratory reserve volume

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144
Q

WHAT IS THE VITAL CAPACITY OF A PERSON WITH AN
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME OF 3,300ml, A TIDAL
VOLUME OF 500ml AND AN EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
OF 1000ml? (ANSWER IN ml)?

A

VC = TV+ ERV +IR = 500 + 1000 + 3,300=4800ml.

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145
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE PULMONARY CAPACITY

ABBREVIATED “VC”?

A

VC- Vital Capacity

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146
Q

WHY DOES THE VITAL CAPACITY VARY WITH A PERSON’S HEIGHT?

A

VITAL CAPACITY IS DEPENDENT ON SIZE OF THORACIC CAVITY WHICH CORRELATES TO A PERSON’S HEIGHT

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147
Q

A CONDITION WHERE THE SKIN BECOMES YELLOW, SUCH AS WHEN BILE CIRCULATES THROUGH THE BODY IS CALLED ____

A

Jaundice

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148
Q

DEFINE: HEPATITIS

A

Inflammation of the liver

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149
Q

DEFINE: CIRRHOSIS

A

When the liver is damaged and becomes hard and fibrous

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150
Q

EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING FOR MANY YEARS CAN CAUSE WHICH DISORDER OF THE LIVER?

A

Cirrhosis

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151
Q

_________________ IS A CONDITION THAT RUSHES UNDIGESTED FOOD RESIDUE THROUGH THE LARGE INTESTINE BEFORE IT HAS HAD SUFFICIENT TIME TO ABSORB WATER

A

Diarrhea / watery stools

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152
Q

________________ OCCURS WHEN FOOD RESIDUE REMAINS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE FOR EXTENDED PERIODS AND EXCESSIVE WATER IS ABSORBED AND THE STOOL BECOMES HARD AND DIFFICULT TO PASS

A

Constipation

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153
Q

DEFINE: APPENDICITIS

A

Inflammation of the appendix

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154
Q

WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF APPENDICITIS?

A

Due to accumulation of bacteria

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155
Q

GIVE 2 FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

ingestion / digestion / absorption / elimination

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156
Q

WHAT IS CHYME?

A

A creamy mass of an acidic mixture of food leaving the stomach

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157
Q

WHAT IS DEGLUTITION?

A

Swallowing

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158
Q

______________ ARE LOCAL CONSTRICTIONS OF AN ORGAN WALL IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT, THAT SERVE MAINLY TO MIX FOODSTUFFS WITH DIGESTIVE JUICES AND INCREASE THE RATE OF ABSORPTION

A

Segmental movements

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159
Q

THE TAKING IN OF FOODSTUFFS INTO THE BODY IS CALLED _________

A

Ingestion

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160
Q

WHAT PROCESS DOES PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD CONSIST OF?

A

chewing

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161
Q

WHAT PROCESS DOES CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD CONSIST OF?

A

Enzymatic hydrolysis

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162
Q

____________ IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH FOOD UNDERGOES PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN INTO SMALLER DIFFUSIBLE MOLECULES

A

Digestion

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163
Q

THE PASSING THROUGH THE EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE LINING OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT, AND DISTRIBUTION VIA THE BLOOD TO THE BODY’S CELLS OF THE END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION, IS KNOWN AS __________

A

Absorption

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164
Q

WHAT ANATOMICAL TERM IS USED SYNONYMOUSLY WITH

ALIMENTARY CANAL?

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

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165
Q

NAME TWO ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS OR

STRUCTURES

A

teeth, salivary glands

166
Q

WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IN A CADAVER?

A

9 meters

167
Q

NAME ONE OF THE THE ALIMENTARY CANAL TUNICS

A

Mucosa/ Submucosa

168
Q

THE INNERMOST TUNIC/ LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IS CALLED THE ___________

A

Mucosa

169
Q

WHAT DOES THE SEROSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL CONSIST OF?

A

Consists of mesothelium and (a thin layer of) areolar connective tissue

170
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SEROSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

A

Reduces friction of the mobile digestive system organs as they work and slide across eachother

171
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ADVENTITIA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

A

Anchors and protects the surrounded organ

172
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL COMPOSED OF?

A

Composed of (moderately dense) connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels

173
Q

GIVE ONE FUNCTION OF THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE

ALIMENTARY CANAL

A

Nutrition and protection

174
Q

WHAT DOES THE ADVENTITIA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

CONSIST OF?

A

Coarse fibrous connective tissue

175
Q

WHAT IS THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA COMPOSED OF?

A

Bilayer of smooth muscle

176
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

A

Moves foodstuffs

177
Q

THE OUTERMOST COVERING OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IS CALLED _________

A

Serosa

178
Q

OUTSIDE THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY, THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IS CALLED?

A

Adventitia

179
Q

ANOTHER NAME FOR THE MUCOSA LAYER OF THE GI TRACT IS ___________

A

Mucous membrane

180
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MUCOSA LAYER OF THE

ALIMENTARY CANAL? (GIVE ONLY ONE)

A

secretion (mucus)

181
Q

NAME ONE OF THE PARTS THAT CONSTITUTE THE MUCOSA LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

A

Lamina Propria

182
Q

___________ IS THE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE UPON WHICH THE EPITHELIAL LAYER OF MUCOSA RESTS

A

Lamina Propria

183
Q

THE TINY LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE FOUND IN THE

MUCOSA LAYER IS CALLED?

A

Muscularis Mucosae

184
Q

WHAT IS THE NERVOUS INNERVATION PLEXUS THAT CONTROLS THE SUBMUSCOSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL CALLED?

A

Submucosa Plexus

185
Q

WHAT IS THE NERVOUS INNERVATION PLEXUS THAT CONTROLS THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL CALLED?

A

Myenteric Plexus

186
Q

WHAT IS THE SEROSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL ALSO KNOWN AS?

A

Visceral Peritoneum

187
Q

NAME ONE STRUCTURE FOUND INSIDE THE ORAL CAVITY

A

Cheeks, tongue, teeth,

188
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LIPS/ LABIA?

A

Protect the opening of the oral cavity

189
Q

WHAT FORMS THE LATERAL WALLS OF THE ORAL CAVITY?

A

Cheeks

190
Q

WHAT FORMS THE ROOF OF THE ORAL CAVITY?

A

palate

191
Q

NAME ONE STRUCTURE THE TONGUE IS ATTACHED TO ?

A

mandible

192
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SOFT PALATE?

A

Rises to close off the oral cavity from the nasal cavity during swallowing

193
Q

WHAT IS THE FINGER-LIKE PROJECTION OF THE SOFT PALATE
THAT EXTENDS INFERIORLY AT THE POSTERIOR MARGIN OF
THE ORAL CAVITY?

A

uvula

194
Q

WHAT OCCUPIES THE FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY?

A

Tongue

195
Q

NAME THE MUSCLE THAT SUPPORTS THE TONGUE

A

Mylohyoid Muscle

196
Q

A MEMBRANE CALLED THE ____________ SECURES THE
INFERIOR MIDLINE OF THE TONGUE TO THE FLOOR OF THE
ORAL CAVITY

A

Lingual Frenulum

197
Q

THE AREA THAT LIES WITHIN THE TEETH AND GUMS IS

CALLED THE _________________

A

Oral Cavity Proper

198
Q

ON EACH END OF THE MOUTH AT ITS POSTERIOR ARE FOUND MASSES OF LYMPHOID TISSUE CALLED THE ___

A

Palatine tonsils

199
Q

THE PALATINE TONSILS ARE FOUND IN A CONCAVE AREA, BOUNDED ANTERIORLY AND POSTERIORLY BY WHAT MEMBRANES? (NAME ONLY ONE)

A

Palatoglossal Arch

200
Q

A MASS OF LYMPHOID TISSUE, THE _________ COVERS THE BASE OF THE TONGUE, POSTERIOR TO THE ORAL CAVITY PROPER

A

Lingual tonsil

201
Q

THE INFLAMING AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE PALATINE TONSILS IS CALLED_________

A

tonsilitis

202
Q

GIVE ONE OF THE THREE REGIONS THE PHARYNX IS DIVIDED INTO

A

Oropharynx

203
Q

WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL TERM FOR THE GULLET?

A

Esophagus

204
Q

HOW LONG IS THE ESOPHAGUS IN HUMANS?

A

25 cm

205
Q

THE ______________ IS A SLIGHT THICKENING OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER AT THE ESOPHAGUS-STOMACH JUNCTION THAT CONTROLS FOOD PASSAGE INTO THE STOMACH

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

206
Q

NAME ONE REGION OF THE STOMACH

A 
Body/ 
Cardiac Region (Cardia)/ Fundus/ Pyloric Region
207
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE STOMACH?

A

Storage of food

208
Q

NAME ONE PART OF THE PYLORIC REGION OF THE STOMACH

A

Pyloric Canal

209
Q

WHAT STRUCTURE DIVIDES THE STOMACH FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE?

A

Pyloric sphincter

210
Q

NAME THE CONCAVE LATERAL AND MEDIAL SURFACES OF THE STOMACH

A

Lesser curvature/ greater curvature

211
Q

NAME ONE OF THE MESENTERIES THAT EXTEND FROM THE STOMACH

A

Lesser Omentum

212
Q

GIVE ONE FUNCTION OF THE OBLIQUE LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE STOMACH?

A

Churns, mixes, propels food

213
Q

WHAT DO THE GASTRIC GLANDS OF THE MUCOSA OF THE STOMACH PRODUCE?

A

Pepsinogen

214
Q

THE INACTIVE FORM OF PEPSIN IS CALLED _________________

A

Pepsinogen

215
Q

THE PROTEIN DIGESTING ENZYME OF THE STOMACH IS

CALLED ________________

A

Pepsin

216
Q

WHAT DO THE MUCOSAL GLANDS OF THE STOMACH PRODUCE?

A

Viscous mucous

217
Q

WHAT DOES THE VISCOUS MUCUS PRODUCED BY THE MUCOSAL GLANDS OF THE STOMACH PREVENT?

A

Prevents the stomach itself from being digested by the proteolytic enzymes (break down the protein)

218
Q

WHAT DO THE CHIEF (OR ZYMOGENIC) CELLS OF THE STOMACH MUCOSAL GLANDS PRODUCE/SECRETE?

A

Pepsinogen

219
Q

WHAT DO THE PARIETAL CELLS OF THE STOMACH MUCOSAL GLANDS PRODUCE/ SECRETE

A

HCL (hydrochloric acid)

220
Q

GIVE ONE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

A

Digestion of foodstuffs

221
Q

HOW LONG IS THE SMALL INTESTINE IN LIFE?

A

2 meters

222
Q

HOW LONG IS THE SMALL INTESTINE IN A CADAVER?

A

6-7 meters

223
Q

NAME ONE OF THE THREE PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

A

Ileum

224
Q

THE SMALL INTESTINE IS SUSPENDED FROM THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL BY THE FAN-SHAPED DOUBLE LAYER OF PERITONEUM (the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs) CALLED ___________

A

Mesentery

225
Q

WHERE DOES MOST DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE TAKE PLACE (A REGION)?

A

Duodenum

226
Q

WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE DUODENUM?

A

10 INCHES

227
Q

WHERE DOES MOST OF THE ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL

INTESTINE TAKE PLACE (A REGION)?

A

Jejunum

228
Q

WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE JEJUNUM?

A

8 feet

229
Q

WHERE DOES MOST OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE FUNCTION

TAKE PLACE IN THE SMALL INTESTINE?

A

Ileum

230
Q

WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE ILEUM?

A

12 FEET

231
Q

WHERE DOES THE SMALL INTESTINE MEET THE LARGE INTESTINE? (structure not region)

A

Ileocecal valve

232
Q

_____________ ARE HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES BOUND TO THE MICROVILLI OF THE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE MUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

A

Brush border enzymes

233
Q

WHAT DOES THE MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT SEND TO THE DUODENUM?

A

Pancreatic enzymes

234
Q

WHAT CANAL SENDS BILE INTO THE DUODENUM?

A

Bile duct

235
Q

THE MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT AND THE BILE DUCT JOIN TO FORM THE BULB-LIKE ____________

A

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

236
Q

THE MAJOR DUODENAL PAPILLAE, AN ORFICE THAT SENDS PANCREATIC AND LIVER PRODUCTS INTO THE DUODENUM, IS CONTROLLED BY THE MUSCULAR VALVE CALLED THE _______________

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

237
Q

_____________ ARE MINUTE PROJECTIONS OF THE SURFACE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL, LINING CELLS OF THE MUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

A

Microvilli

238
Q

______________ ARE FINGERLIKE PROJECTIONS OF THE
MUCOSAL TUNIC THAT GIVE IT A VELVETY APPEARANCE
AND TEXTURE

A

villi

239
Q

________________ ARE DEEP, PERMANT FOLDS OF THE MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA LAYERS THAT FORCE CHYME TO SPIRAL THROUGH THE INTESTINE, MIXING IT AND SLOWING IT’S PROGRESS

A

Circular folds

240
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE VILLI, MICROVILLI AND CIRCULAR FOLDS?

A

All increase surface area for enzymatic action

241
Q

AGGREGATED LYMPHOID FOLLICLES OF THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE ILEUM ARE CALLED?AGGREGATED LYMPHOID FOLLICLES OF THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE ILEUM ARE CALLED?

A

Peyer’s Patches

242
Q

NAME ONE OF THE DUODENAL LAYERS

A

Mucosa

243
Q

FOUND IN THE SUBMUCOSA, THE DUODENAL GLANDS PRODUCE WHAT?

A

Mucus

244
Q

THE _______________ ARE INVAGINATED AREAS OF THE MUCOSA BETWEEN THE VILLI CONTAINING CELLS THAT PRODUCE INTESTINAL JUICE

A

Intestinal Crypts

245
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL JUICE PRODUCED BY THE INTESTINAL CRYPTS?

A

serves as a carrier fluid for absorption of nutrients from the chyme

246
Q

GIVE ONE FUNCTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

A

Water and electrolyte absorption

247
Q

NAME ONE OF THE REGIONS/ SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LARGE

INTESTINE

A

colon

248
Q

NAME ONE OF THE REGIONS/ SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LARGE

INTESTINE

A

cecum

249
Q

WHAT STRUCTURE HANGS FROM THE CECUM AND IS AN

IDEAL LOCATION FOR BACTERIAL ACCUMULATION?

A

Veriform Appendix

250
Q

NAME ONE OF THE PARTS OF THE COLON

A

ascending colon

251
Q

THE ANAL CANAL TERMINATES IN THE OPENING CALLED THE _________

A

anus

252
Q

NAME THE CONVOLUTION WHERE THE ASCENDING COLON/TRANSVERSE COLON MEET NEAR THE LIVER

A

Right Colic Flexure

253
Q

NAME THE CONVULUTION WHERE THE ASCENDING COLON/TRANSVERSE COLON MEET NEAR THE SPLEEN

A

Left Colic Flexure

254
Q

IN THE LARGE INTESTINE, THE LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE LAYER OF THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA IS REDUCED TO THREE LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE BANDS CALLED THE ___________

A

Teniae Coli

255
Q

SMALL POCKET-LIKE SACS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE WALLS ARE CALLED __________

A

Haustra

256
Q

HANGING FROM THE COLON’S SURFACE ARE FAT FILLED POUCHES OF VISCERAL PERITONEUM CALLED ____

A

Epiploic appendages

257
Q

THE INITIAL SET OF TEETH CALLED ____________ NORMALLY APPEAR BETWEEN AGES 6 MONTHS AND 2 1/2 YEARS

A

Deciduous teeth

258
Q

AFTER 6 YEARS OLD THE ____________ BEGIN TO GROW AND REPLACE DECIDUOUS TEETH

A

Permanent teeth

259
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE INCISORS?

A

mastication (chewing)

260
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CANINES?

A

mastication

261
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PREMOLARS?

A

mastication

262
Q

DENTITION IS DESCRIBED BY MEANS OF A ___________, WHICH DESIGNATES THE NUMBERS, TYPES AND POSITIONS OF THE TEETH ON ONE SIDE OF THE JAW

A

Dental formula

263
Q

HOW MANY DECIDUOUS TEETH ARE FOUND IN HUMANS/ CHILDREN?

A

20

264
Q

WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF PERMANENT TEETH THAT MAY BE FOUND IN HUMANS/ ADULTS?

A

32

265
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MOLARS?

A

mastication

266
Q

THE FINAL SET OF TEETH THAT MAY OR MAY NOT ERUPT ARE CALLED __________

A

Wisdom Teeth

267
Q

NAME ONE OF THE TWO MAJOR REGIONS OF THE TOOTH

A

crown

268
Q

WHAT IS THE CROWN COVERED BY?

A

Enamel

269
Q

THE PORTION OF THE TOOTH EMBEDDED IN THE ALVEOLAR PORTION OF THE JAW IS CALLED THE ___________

A

root

270
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE/ LAYER/ SUBSTANCE BETWEEN THE ANATOMICAL AND CLINICAL CROWN CALLED?

A

gums

271
Q

THE PORTION OF THE CROWN VISIBLE ABOVE THE GINGIVA/ GUMS IS CALLED THE ___________

A

clinical crown

272
Q

THE ENTIRE PORTION OF THE CROWN COVERED IN ENAMEL IS CALLED THE __________

A

anatomical crown

273
Q

THE CREVICE BETWEEN THE END OF THE ANATOMICAL CROWN AND THE UPPER MARGIN OF THE GINGIVA IS
REFERRED TO AS THE ___________

A

Gingival sulcus

274
Q

THE APICAL BORDER OF THE GINGIVAL SULCUS IS CALLED

THE ___________

A

Gingival margin

275
Q

THE SLIGHT CONSTRICTION WHERE THE ROOT AND THE CROWN ARE CONNECTED IS CALLED THE ____________

A

neck

276
Q

THE OUTERMOST SURFACE OF THE ROOT IS COVERED BY

_____________

A

Cementum

277
Q

THE ______________ HOLDS THE TEETH IN THE ALVEOLAR SOCKET AND EXERTS A CUSHIONING EFFECT

A

Periodontal ligaments

278
Q

___________ COMPRISES THE BULK OF THE TOOTH; IS A BONE-LIKE MATERIAL FOUND MEDIAL TO ENAMEL AND CEMENTUM

A

dentin

279
Q

NAME THE CAVITY THAT OCCUPIES THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE TOOTH

A

pulp cavity

280
Q

_______________ ARE SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT RESIDE IN THE OUTER MARGINS OF THE PULP CAVITY AND PRODUCE DENTIN

A

Odontoblasts

281
Q

______________ IS CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT IS LIBERALLY SUPPLIED WITH BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND LYMPHATICS, OCCUPIES THE TOOTH CAVITY AND PROVIDES SENSATION, AND SUPPLIES THE NUTRIENTS TO THE TOOTH TISSUES

A

pulp

282
Q

THE PULP CAVITY EXTENDS TO THE DISTAL PORTIONS OF THE ROOT AND BECOMES THE ________

A

root canal

283
Q

AN OPENING AT THE ROOT APEX, THE __________, PROVIDES A ROUTE OF ENTRY INTO THE TEETH FOR BLOOD VESSEL, NERVES, AND THE OTHER STRUCTURES FROM THE TISSUES BENEATH

A

apical foramen

284
Q

NAME ONE OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS

A

sublingual gland

285
Q

WHAT DO THE SALIVARY GLANDS PRODUCE?

A

saliva aka nut

286
Q

THE _____________ GLAND SALIVARY SECRETION IS MOSTLY SEROUS

A

Parotid

287
Q

THE ______________ GLAND IS A MIXED GLAND THAT PRODUCES BOTH MUCIN AND SEROUS COMPONENTS OF
SALIVA

A

Submandibular

288
Q

THE ____________ GLAND PRODUCES MOSTLY MUCIN

A

sublingual

289
Q

SALIVA CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF ________ (A VISCOUS GLYCOPROTEIN), WHICH MOISTENS THE FOOD AND HELPS BIND IT TOGETHER

A

mucin

290
Q

SALIVA TURNS FOOD, THAT IS MASTICATED AND MOISTENED IN THE MOUTH, INTO A MASS CALLED A _________

A

bolus

291
Q

____________ BEGINS THE DIGESTION OF STARCH (A LARGE POLYSACCARIDE), BREAKING IT DOWN INTO DISACCARIDES AND GLUCOSE IN THE ORAL CAVITY

A

Salivary amylase

292
Q

THE ____________ IS THE LARGEST GLAND IN THE BODY

A

liver

293
Q

GIVE ONE FUNCTION OF THE LIVER

A

produces bile

294
Q

THE LIVER IS SUSPENDED FROM (connects to) THE DIAPHRAGM AND ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL BY THE ___________

A

Falciform ligament

295
Q

BILE LEAVES THE LIVER THROUGH THE _______________ AND

THEN ENTERS THE DUODENUM THROUGH THE BILE DUCT

A

common hepatic duct

296
Q

BILE LEAVES THE LIVER THROUGH THE COMMON HEPATIC DUCT AND THEN ENTERS THE DUODENUM THROUGH THE
___________

A

bile duct

297
Q

WHAT GREEN SAC STORES BILE?

A

gallbladder

298
Q

WHEN DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY IS NOT OCCURRING IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT, BILE BACKS UP INTO THE ____________ AND THEN ENTERS THE GALLBLADDER

A

Cystic Duct

299
Q

THE COMMON HEPATIC DUCT OR BILE DUCT MAY BE BLOCKED BY ____________ PREVENTING BILE FROM ENTERING THE SMALL INTESTINE

A

gallstones

300
Q

THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF THE LIVER ARE CALLED ___________

A

lobules

301
Q

LOBULES ARE CLYNDRICAL STRUCTURES CONSISTING OF

CORDLIKE ARRAYS OF _____________

A

Hepatocytes (liver cells)

302
Q

WHAT DO HEPATOCYTES PRODUCE?

A

bile

303
Q

NAME ONE OF THE THREE BASIC STRUCTURES THAT MAKE UP THE PORTAL TRIAD (PORTAL TRACT)

A

bile duct

304
Q

_______ IS A BRANCH OF THE HEPATIC ARTERY, THE FUNCTIONAL BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE LIVER

A

Portal Arteriole

305
Q

__________ IS A BRANCH OF THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN THAT CARRIES NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD FROM THE DIGESTIVE VISCERA

A

Portal Venule

306
Q

BETWEEN THE LIVER CELLS ARE BLOOD FILLED SPACES CALLED ____________ , THROUGH WHICH BLOOD FROM THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN AND HEPATIC ARTERY PERCOLATES

A

Sinusoids

307
Q

WHAT ARE HEPATIC MACROPHAGES CALLED?

A

Kuffer cells

308
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE KUFFER CELLS OF THE

LIVER?

A

Phagocytize bacteria and debris

309
Q

THE SINUSOIDS OF THE LIVER EMPTY INTO A CENTRAL VEIN, AND THE BLOOD ULTIMATELY DRAINS FROM THE LIVER VIA THE _________

A

Hepatic veins

310
Q

BILE PRODUCED BY HEPATOCYTES FLOWS THROUGH TINY CANALS, CALLED ___________, EVENTUALLY EXITING THE LIVER

A

Bile Canaliculi

311
Q

WHAT IS THE DIGESTIVE FUNCTION OF THE PANCREAS?

A

Produces pancreatin

312
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PANCREATIC JUICE PRODUCED BY THE PANCREAS?

A

Neutralizes the acidic chyme (that exits the stomach)

313
Q

HE __________ PHASE OF DEGLUTITION IS VOLUNTARY, CONTROLLED AND INITIATED BY THE TONGUE

A

buccal

314
Q

THE ____________ PHASE OF DEGLUTITION IS INVOLUNTARY, VIA PERISTALTIC MOTION, SWALLOWED CONTENTS ARE DELIVERED DOWN THE PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS TO THE STOMACH

A

Pharyngeal-Esophageal

315
Q

SLOW SEGMENTING MOVEMENTS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE ARE CALLED ____________

A

Haustral contractions

316
Q

THE GENERAL NAME FOR A PROTEIN BIOLOGICAL CATALYST IS KNOWN AS A(N) __________

A

Enzyme

317
Q

THE GENERAL NAME FOR THE TARGET ON WHICH AN
ENZYME ACTS IS CALLED ITS
_________________

A

substrate

318
Q

THE END PRODUCT OF PROTEIN DIGESTION IS ________

A

amino acid

319
Q

GIVE ONE SUBSTRATE FOR A HYDROLYTIC ENZYME

A

fat

320
Q

WHEN ADDING IKI TO STARCH, WHAT COLOR RESULTS?

A

BLACKKKKK

321
Q

HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES ADD __________ TO ORGANIC FOOD MOLECULES THAT CLEAVE MOLECULAR BONDS

A

water

322
Q

A SIMPLE SUGAR PRODUCT OF STARCH DIGESTION IS _________ (NAME ONE)?

A

glucose

323
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE FOR SALIVARY AMYLASE?

A

Starch

324
Q

THE IODINE (IKI) TEST IS USED TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF __________

A

starch

325
Q

NAME A SUBSTRATE FOR PEPSIN

A

protein

326
Q

_______________ SOLUTION TESTS THE PRESENCE OF

GLUCOSE OR MALTOSE

A

Benedict’s

327
Q

WHAT IS THE OPTIMUM pH FOR LIPASE ACTIVITY?

A

pH 7.0

328
Q

DEFINE: PERISTALTIC MOVEMENTS

A

Movement of food through digestive canal

329
Q

WHY IS PEPSIN NOT ACTIVE IN THE MOUTH?

A

Needs pH of 2.0 not 7.0 or mouth does not have the right pH

330
Q

IN WHAT ORGAN IS LIPASE

MOST ACTIVE?

A

Small intestine

331
Q

DEFINE: HYDROLASES

A

Hydrolytic enzymes which break down compounds by adding water to chemical bonds

332
Q

THE GENERAL NAME FOR THE ENZYMES WHICH BREAK DOWN ORGANIC FOOD MOLECULES ARE CALLED __________

A

hydrolases

333
Q

GIVE ONE FUNCTION OF SALIVA

A

Softens or moistens food

334
Q

WHEN ADDING BENEDICTS’ SOLUTION, AND BOILING, WHAT COLOR SHOWS THE PRESENCE OF SUGAR?

A

Green

335
Q

WHAT IS ONE OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF SALIVA?

A

Mucin

336
Q

WHEN ADDING IKI TO DETECT STARCH, WHAT COLOR SHOWS A LACK OF STARCH?

A

light brown

337
Q

WHEN ADDING BENEDICTS’ SOLUTION, AND BOILING, WHAT COLOR SHOWS AN ABSENCE OF SUGAR?

A

light blue

338
Q

DEFINE: PANCREATIN

A

The enzymatic product of the pancreas

339
Q

NAME ONE PRODUCT OF FAT DIGESTION

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids (know both)

340
Q

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF BOILING ON THE ACTIVITY OF

HUMAN ENZYMES?

A

Denatured enzymes as evidenced by lack of hydrolysis in boiled samples

341
Q

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF BACTERIA ON CELLULOSE DIGESTION?

A

Bacteria digests cellulose

342
Q

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF AMYLASE ON CELLULOSE DIGESTION?

A

No effect

343
Q

WHY IS LIPASE NOT ACTIVE IN THE STOMACH?

A

Because of acidic pH conditions

344
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF BILE?

A

Emulsifies (mixes) fats

345
Q

WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF AMYLASE ON GLUCOSE

DIGESTION?

A

no effect

346
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE FOR TRYPSIN

A

protein

347
Q

BENEDICT’S SOLUTION CONFIRMS THE PRESENCE OR LACK OF _______

A

sugar

348
Q

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ADDING IODINE (IKI) SOLUTION TO A MIXTURE OF AMYLASE AND WATER?

A

To demonstrate that there is no starch present in the reaction

349
Q

WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF THE DIGESTION OF STARCH AND DISACCHARIDES BY EITHER SALIVARY AMYLASE OR PANCREATIC AMYLASE? (NAME ONE)

A

Disaccharides

350
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE OF SALIVARY AMYLASE AND

PANCREATIC AMYLASE?

A

Starch and Disaccharides

351
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF SALIVARY AMYLASE TAKE PLACE?

A

mouth

352
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF PANCREATIC AMYLASE TAKE PLACE?

A

Small Intestine

353
Q

NAME ONE ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE REACTION OF STARCH OR DISACCHARIDES INTO OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR DISACCHARIDES

A

Salivary Amylase

354
Q

WHERE IS SALIVARY AMYLASE PRODUCED?

A

Salivary glands

355
Q

WHERE IS PANCREATIC AMYLASE PRODUCED?

A

pancreas

356
Q

WHAT ARE THE SUBTRATES FOR THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF DEXTRINASE AND GLUCOAMYLASE?

A

Oligosaccharides and Disaccharides

357
Q 
WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF OLIGOSACCHARIDE OR
DISACCHARIDE DIGESTION (NAME ONE)?
A

sucrose

358
Q

GALACTOSE IS THE PRODUCT OF THE DIGESTION OF WHAT DISACCHARIDE?

A

lactose

359
Q

GLUCOSE IS THE PRODUCT OF THE DIGESTION OF WHAT

DISACCHARIDE (NAME ONE)?

A

sucrose

360
Q

FRUCTOSE IS THE PRODUCT OF THE DIGESTION OF WHAT

DISACCHARIDE?

A

sucrose

361
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE OF THE ENZYME LACTASE?

A

lactose

362
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE OF THE ENZYME MALTASE?

A

maltose

363
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE OF THE ENZYME SUCRASE?

A

sucrose

364
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF MALTASE TAKE

PLACE?

A

small intestine NIGGA!! (nigga said maltase)

365
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF GLUCOAMYLASE TAKE PLACE?

A

Small intestine

366
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF LACTASE TAKE

PLACE?

A

Small intestine

367
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF SUCRASE TAKE

PLACE?

A

Small intestine

368
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF DEXTRINASE

TAKE PLACE?

A

Small intestine

369
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME LACTASE PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

370
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME SUCRASE PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

371
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME GLUCOAMYLASE PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

372
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME MALTASE PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

373
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME DEXTRINASE PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

374
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME PEPSIN PRODUCED?

A

stomach

375
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF PEPSIN TAKE

PLACE?

A

stomach

376
Q

WHAT ENZYME CATALYZES THE DIGESTION/ REACTION OF PROTEINS TO LARGE POLYPEPTIDES?

A

pepsin

377
Q

WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF PROTEIN DIGESTION BY PEPSIN?

A

Large polypeptides

378
Q

NAME ONE ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE DIGESTION/ REACTION OF LARGE POLYPEPTIDES TO SMALL POLYPEPTIDES AND/ OR SMALL PEPTIDES

A

Trypsin

379
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME CHYMOTRYPSIN PRODUCED?

A

pancreas

380
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME CARBOXYTRYPSIN PRODUCED?

A

pancreas

381
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME TRYPSIN PRODUCED?

A

pancreas

382
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF CHYOTRYPSIN

TAKE PLACE?

A

Small intestine

383
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF CARBOXYTRYPSIN TAKE PLACE?

A

Small intestine

384
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF PEPSIN TAKE

PLACE?

A

Small intestine

385
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME AMINOPEPTIDASE PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

386
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME CARBOXYPEPTIDASE PRODUCED?

A

small intestine

387
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME DIPEPTIDASE PRODUCED?

A

small intestine

388
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF AMINOPEPTIDASE TAKE PLACE?

A

small intestine

389
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF CARBOXYPEPTIDASE TAKE PLACE?

A

small intestine

390
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF DIPEPTIDASE

TAKE PLACE?

A

small intestine

391
Q

WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF THE DIGESTION OF LARGE

POLYPEPTIDES?

A

Small polypeptides and small peptides

392
Q

NAME ONE ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE DIGESTION/REACTION OF SMALL POLYPEPTIDES AND/ OR SMALL PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS AND/ OR DIPEPTIDES, TRIPEPTIDES

A

Dipeptidase

393
Q

WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF THE DIGESTION OF SMALL

PEPTIDES AND/ OR SMALL POLYPEPTIDES?

A

Amino acids

394
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE OF BILE SALTS?

A

Unemulsified fats

395
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF BILE SALTS?

A

Emulsifies fats

396
Q

WHAT CATALYZES THE REACTION/ DIGESTION OF
EMULSIFIED FATS INTO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FATTY
ACIDS OR GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS?

A

Pancreatic lipase

397
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF PANCREATIC LIPASE TAKE PLACE?

A

Small intestines

398
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME PANCREATIC LIPASE PRODUCED?

A

Pancreas

399
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE OF THE ENZYMES PANCREATIC

RIBONUCLEASE AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE?

A

Nucleic acids

400
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF PANCREATIC

RIBONUCLEASE TAKE PLACE?

A

Small intestine

401
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE PRODUCED?

A

pancreas

402
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME PANCREATIC RIBONUCLEASE

PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

403
Q

WHERE IS THE ENZYME DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE PRODUCED?

A

pancreas

404
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF NUCLEOSIDASES

TAKE PLACE?

A

Small intestine

405
Q

WHERE ARE THE ENZYMES NUCLEOSIDASES PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

406
Q

WHERE DOES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF PHOSPHATASES

TAKE PLACE?

A

Small intestine

407
Q

WHERE ARE THE ENZYMES PHOSPHATASES PRODUCED?

A

Small intestine

408
Q

NAME ONE ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE REACTION/DIGESTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS TO PENTOSE SUGARS, NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASES AND/ OR PHOSPAHTE IONS?

A

Phosphatases

409
Q

NAME ONE PRODUCT OF NUCLEIC ACID DIGESTION

A

Phosphate Ions

410
Q

WHAT IS THE SUBSTRATE OF THE ENZYMES NUCLEOSIDAES AND PHOSOPHATASES?

A

nucleic acid

ANATOMY II (11 decks)

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