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Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology > Quiz #4- ch. 9,10,11 > Flashcards

Quiz #4- ch. 9,10,11 Flashcards

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1
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands without conscious control

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2
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Includes sensory and motor neurons for special senses and somatic senses

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3
Q

ANS Branches

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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4
Q

Sympathetic Division Origin

A

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments

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5
Q

Parasympathetic Division Origin

A

Cranial nerve nuclei and sacral spinal cord segments

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6
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia Types

A

Trunk (paravertebral) and prevertebral

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7
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia

A

Parasympathetic ganglia are special groups of nerve cells that are located near or inside the organs they control, like the heart, lungs, and digestive system. 💙 These ganglia are part of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which helps your body rest and digest. 🍔

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8
Q

Cholinergic Fibers

A

All preganglionic neurons and some postganglionic neurons

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9
Q

Adrenergic Fibers

A

Adrenergic fibers are a type of nerve fiber that releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also called adrenaline). These fibers are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

The sympathetic system is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which prepares your body for action in stressful or emergency situations. Adrenergic fibers help make this happen by:

Increasing heart rate and blood pressure 🚀

Dilating the pupils 👀

Increasing blood flow to the muscles 💪

Decreasing blood flow to the digestive system 🍔

Stimulating the release of glucose and fats for energy 🔋

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10
Q

Fight-or-Flight Response

A

Associated with sympathetic activation

The sympathetic system is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which prepares your body for action in stressful or emergency situations. Adrenergic fibers help make this happen by:

Increasing heart rate and blood pressure 🚀

Dilating the pupils 👀

Increasing blood flow to the muscles 💪

Decreasing blood flow to the digestive system 🍔

Stimulating the release of glucose and fats for energy 🔋

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11
Q

Rest-and-Digest Functions

A

When you’re resting or relaxing, your parasympathetic nervous system kicks in to make sure your body can properly digest food, regulate your heart and breathing, and restore energy levels. Enhanced by parasympathetic activation

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12
Q

ANS Control Centers

A

Located in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

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13
Q

Sympathetic Effect on Heart

A

Increases heart rate and contractility

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14
Q

Parasympathetic Effect on Heart

A

Decreases heart rate and contractility

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15
Q

Sympathetic Effect on Pupils

A

Dilation

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16
Q

Parasympathetic Effect on Pupils

A

Constriction

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17
Q

Sympathetic Effect on Sweat Glands

A

Increases sweating

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Effect on Lacrimal Glands

A

Increases tear secretion

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19
Q

Sympathetic Effect on Adrenal Medulla

A

Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

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20
Q

Sympathetic Effect on Pancreas

A

Inhibits digestive enzymes and insulin, secretes glucagon

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21
Q

Parasympathetic Effect on Pancreas

A

Secretes digestive enzymes and insulin

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22
Q

Sympathetic Effect on GI Tract

A

Decreases motility and contracts sphincters

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23
Q

Parasympathetic Effect on GI Tract

A

Increases motility and relaxes sphincters

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24
Q

Sympathetic Effect on Urinary Bladder

A

Relaxes wall, contracts internal sphincter

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25
Q

Parasympathetic Effect on Urinary Bladder

A

Contracts wall, relaxes internal sphincter

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26
Q

nerve fiber

A

A nerve fiber is a general term used for any process (axon or dendrite) that projects from the cell body of a neuron. 🔍 Neurons use these nerve fibers to transmit signals throughout the body.

The two main types of nerve fibers are:

Sensory (afferent) fibers - carry information from receptors to the central nervous system

Motor (efferent) fibers - carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands

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27
Q

nerves

A

Cordlike bundles of nerve fibers and connective tissue outside the central nervous system

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28
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Send information from receptors to the CNS

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29
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors

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30
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost layer of the meninges, tough and contains blood vessels

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32
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle layer of the meninges, thin and lacks blood vessels

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33
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost layer of the meninges, thin with many blood vessels and nerves

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34
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Circulates in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater

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35
Q

Spinal Cord Functions

A

Transmit impulses to/from brain and house spinal reflexes

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36
Q

Gray Matter

A

Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

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37
Q

White Matter

A

Consists primarily of myelinated axons organized into nerve tracts

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38
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs named and numbered according to vertebral column region

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39
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

Innervates muscles and skin of posterior head, neck, and upper shoulders

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40
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Innervates upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles

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41
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

Innervates lower abdomen, external genitalia, and part of legs

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42
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

Innervates buttocks, perineum, and legs

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43
Q

Dermatomes

A

Areas of skin innervated by specific spinal nerves

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44
Q

Myotomes

A

Muscles innervated by specific spinal nerves

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45
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Pathway followed by nerve impulses producing a reflex

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46
Q

Simple Reflex

A

Direct communication between sensory and motor neurons

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47
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

The withdrawal reflex is a type of spinal reflex that helps protect your body from harmful or painful stimuli. It’s also called the flexion reflex.

Here’s how it works:

When you touch something hot or painful, sensory neurons in your skin detect the stimulus.

These sensory neurons send a signal to interneurons in the spinal cord.

The interneurons then activate motor neurons that control the muscles in that area.

This causes the muscles to contract and pull the affected body part away from the harmful stimulus.

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48
Q

Brain Stem

A

Consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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49
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Contains cardiovascular and respiratory centers

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50
Q

Pons

A

Regulates rate and depth of breathing

51
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains centers for auditory and visual reflexes

52
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Network of nerve fibers involved in sleep, wakefulness, and sensory filtering

53
Q

Thalamus

A

Major relay station for sensory impulses to cerebral cortex

54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates autonomic functions, emotions, and homeostasis

55
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates skeletal muscle activity and maintains posture

56
Q

Cerebrum

A

responsible for all of our higher brain functions, like:

Interpreting sensory information 🔍

Initiating voluntary movements 🏃‍♂️

Storing memories 🧠

Reasoning and problem-solving 🤔

Language and speech 🗣️Largest portion of the brain, includes cerebral cortex and white matter

57
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Coordinates muscular activity for speech production

58
Q

Primary Motor Area

A

Located in frontal lobes, controls voluntary movements

59
Q

Primary Sensory Areas

A

The primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for interpreting and processing different types of sensory information that comes in from the body and environment.

60
Q

Association Areas

A

Analyze and interpret sensory impulses, involved in higher cognitive functions

61
Q

Nervous system

A

The body’s main regulating system along with the endocrine system

62
Q

Neurology

A

Branch of medical science dealing with nervous system function and disorders

63
Q

What does the Central nervous system (CNS) consist of

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of

A

All nervous tissue outside the CNS, including cranial and spinal nerves

65
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Conducts impulses between sensory receptors, CNS, and skeletal muscles

66
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Controls involuntary activities, divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

67
Q

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

A

Neurons in the gastrointestinal tract functioning independently

68
Q

Sensory function

A

Detecting changes and converting them into nerve impulses

69
Q

Integrative

A

Analyzing, integrating, and storing sensory information

70
Q

motor function

A

responding to the brain’s decisions and activating the body’s effectors, which are the muscles and glands.

71
Q

neurons

A

Structural and functional units of the nervous system, transmit nerve impulses

72
Q

neuroglia

A

Support cells that nourish, protect, and maintain homeostasis for neurons

73
Q

dendrites

A

Receive impulses from other neurons or receptors

74
Q

cell body

A

Integrates incoming impulses in a neuron

75
Q

axon

A

Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

76
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Has multiple dendrites and one axon

77
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Has one dendrite and one axon

78
Q

unipolar neuron

A

Has a single process that splits into dendrites and an axon

79
Q

sensory neuron

A

Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

80
Q

motor neuron

A

Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors

81
Q

interneuron

A

Connects sensory and motor neurons within the CNS

82
Q

astrocytes

A

Support neurons and help form the blood-brain barrier

83
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce and maintain myelin sheaths in the CNS

84
Q

microglia

A

Protect CNS cells by engulfing microbes and clearing debris

85
Q

ependymal cells

A

Line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal, assist with CSF circulation

86
Q

Schwann cells

A

Produce and maintain myelin sheaths in the PNS

87
Q

satellite cells

A

Support neurons in PNS ganglia and regulate material exchange

88
Q

white matter

A

Composed primarily of myelinated axons

89
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Electrical charge across the plasma membrane, typically -70 mV

90
Q

depolarization

A

Reduction in the membrane potential, making it less negative

91
Q

action potential

A

Rapid sequence of depolarization and repolarization in a neuron

92
Q

all or none principle

A

Action potentials are either fully generated or not at all

93
Q

refractory period

A

Time after an action potential when another cannot be generated

94
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Faster impulse transmission in myelinated axons

95
Q

synapse

A

Junction where neurons communicate with each other

96
Q

neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger released at synapses

97
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane

98
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane

99
Q

summation

A

integration of multiple synaptic inputs

100
Q

amplification

A

Single input passed on to multiple outputs

101
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and memory

102
Q

glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

103
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

104
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in arousal and attention

105
Q

dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in reward and motor control

106
Q

serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and sleep

107
Q

acronym to remember cranial nerves

A

Oh Oh Oh to Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina, Ah Heaven

108
Q

I cranial nerve

A

Olfactory- Oh

109
Q

II cranial nerve

A

optical -Oh

110
Q

III cranial nerve

A

ocular motor - Oh

111
Q

IV cranial nerve

A

trochlear - To

112
Q

V cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal- Touch

113
Q

VI cranial nerve

A

Abducens- And

114
Q

VII cranial nerve

A

Facial - Feel

115
Q

VIII cranial nerve

A

Auditory- A

116
Q

IX cranial nerve

A

Glossopharyngeal- Girls

117
Q

X cranial nerve

A

Vagus- vagina

118
Q

XI cranial nerve

A

Accessory - Ah

119
Q

XII cranial nerve

A

Hypoglossal- Heaven

120
Q

3 main functions of the nervous system

A

The nervous system has 3 main functions:

Sensory function - The nervous system detects changes in the internal and external environment and converts them into nerve impulses. 🔍

Integrative function - The nervous system analyzes, integrates, and stores the sensory information it receives. 🧠

Motor function - The nervous system responds to the integrative decisions by activating muscles and glands. 💪

121
Q

Sensory function

A

Sensory function - The nervous system detects changes in the internal and external environment and converts them into nerve impulses. 🔍

122
Q

Integrative function

A

Integrative function - The nervous system analyzes, integrates, and stores the sensory information it receives. 🧠

123
Q
A

Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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