Quiz #7- Chapters 11 and 12

Question 1

Functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

-gas exchange
-helps to regulate blood ph
-contains receptors for smell
-provides structures
-excretion of some water and heat

Question 2

Respiration

Answer 2

Respiration is defined as the overall process in which
gases are exchanged between the atmosphere, the
blood, and cells of the body.

Question 3

three steps of respiration

Answer 3

1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. External respiration
3. Internal respiration

Question 4

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 4

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is the flow of air into
and out of the lungs

Question 5

External respiration

Answer 5

External respiration – exchange of gases between the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs and the blood in the
pulmonary capillaries

Question 6

Internal respiration

Answer 6

exchange of gases in the between
the blood and systemic capillaries and tissue cells.

Question 7

cellular respiration

Answer 7

cellular respiration is how your cells turn the food you eat into the energy your body needs to function

Question 8

how does cellular reparation work

Answer 8

Your cells take in oxygen (O2) from the air you breathe.

The cells then use that oxygen to break down food (like glucose) and convert it into a special energy molecule called ATP.

This process also produces carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste product, which your body then gets rid of when you exhale.

Question 9

Upper respiratory system

Answer 9

• Nose
• Nasal cavity
• Sinuses
• Pharynx

Question 10

Lower respiratory system

Answer 10

• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial Tree
• Lungs

Question 11

Conducting zone

Answer 11

interconnecting cavities. This is a
series of tubes and cavities that conduct air into and out
of the lungs

• Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
  bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

Question 12

Respiratory zone

Answer 12

Respiratory zone is tissues within the lungs where gas
exchange occurs

• Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and
  alveoli

Question 13

how does respiratory system help with sense of smell

Answer 13

contains receptors for the sense of smell; filters, warms,
and moistens inspired air

Question 14

what is inspired air

Answer 14

Inspired air is the air that you breathe in through your nose and mouth. This air is made up of different gases, including:

Nitrogen (78%)

Oxygen (21%)

Carbon dioxide (0.04%)

Water vapor

The main job of the inspired air is to provide your body with the oxygen it needs for cellular respiration

Question 15

otorhinolaryngology

Answer 15

The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and
treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT)

Question 16

external nares

Answer 16

Openings to the exterior of the nose

Question 17

external portion of the nose

Answer 17

is made of cartilage and skin overlying bone and is lined with
mucous membrane. It provides an entrance for air which is
filtered by coarse hairs inside the nostrils.

Question 18

nasal cavity

Answer 18

internal portion of the nose

Question 19

nasal septum

Answer 19

divides the external and internal parts of the nose

Question 20

paranasal sinuses

Answer 20

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces within the bones of your skull, located around your nose.

• They are lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the lining of your nasal cavity.
• They help reduce the weight of your skull.
• They also serve as a resonant chamber, which means they can affect the quality of your voice!

Question 21

paranasal sinuses include:

Answer 21

Maxillary sinuses (in the cheekbones)

Frontal sinuses (in the forehead)

Ethmoid sinuses (between the eyes)

Sphenoid sinuses (behind the eyes)

Question 22

nasal cavity functions

Answer 22

Air warming

Moistening

Filtering

Olfaction

Sound resonance

Question 23

pharynx (throat)

Answer 23

The pharynx is a muscular, funnel-shaped tube that starts at the back of your nose and extends down into your neck.

functions as a passageway for air and food and is a resonating chamber for producing speech sounds and houses the tonsils

Question 24

3 sections of the pharynx

Answer 24

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 25

Nasopharynx

Answer 25

Uppermost portion

Contains adenoid tonsil

Eustachian tube openings

Question 26

Oropharynx

Answer 26

Behind mouth

Contains palatine and lingual tonsils

Lymphatic tissue for pathogen destruction

Question 27

Laryngopharynx

Answer 27

Most inferior portion

Opens to larynx and esophagus

Involved in swallowing reflex

Question 28

larynx

Answer 28

voice Box

Connects pharynx and trachea

Composed of 9 cartilage pieces connected by ligaments

Question 29

components of the larynx

Answer 29

main components:
thyroid cartilage
epiglottis
cricoid cartilage

primary:
arytenoid cartilages, false vocal cords, and true
vocal cords.

Question 30

thyroid cartilage

Answer 30

The thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) – largest cartilage found on
the anterior sided of the neck

Question 31

epiglottis

Answer 31

The epiglottis is the most superior cartilage, and it has a flap that
closes over the top of the airway when we swallow to prevent
food/fluids from going into the airway.

Question 32

The cricoid cartilage

Answer 32

just below the thyroid cartilage.
helps prevent the airway from collapsing.

Question 33

what is pitch controlled by

Answer 33

Pitch is controlled by the tension of the vocal folds. If they are pulled taut, they vibrate more rapidly and a higher pitch results when air passes over them. Lower sounds are produced by decreasing the muscular tension.

Question 34

voice box

Answer 34

within the larynx made up of the vocal folds which are two pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue covered with mucous membrane.

• The upper pair is the false vocal cords.
• The lower pair is the true vocal folds

Question 35

trachea (windpipe)

Answer 35

📌 The trachea extends for 4-5 inches from the larynx down into the thoracic cavity.

📌 It is supported by C-shaped cartilage rings, which prevent it from collapsing.

📌 The trachea is lined with ciliated epithelium, which helps trap particles and move them up and out of the respiratory system.

📌 At the bottom, the trachea splits into the right and left primary bronchi, which lead into the lungs. (left goes to left lung and right goes to right lung)

Question 36

mediastinum

Answer 36

separate the left and right lung medially

Question 37

lobules

Answer 37

lobules are the smallest functional units within the lobes of the lungs. Each lobule contains:

Lymphatic vessels
Blood vessels (arterioles and venules)
Nerves
Connective tissues
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

The alveoli are where the actual gas exchange happens between the air and the blood. The lobules allow the lungs to be divided into these smaller, organized units.

Question 38

lungs

Answer 38

Soft, cone-shaped organ
Separated by mediastinum
Enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage

Pleural membrane layers:

Parietal pleura (outer, lines
the thoracic cavity)
Visceral pleura (inner, attached to lung)

Question 39

respiratory membrane

Answer 39

Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the blood and the air in
the lungs occurs across the thin respiratory membrane.

The respiratory membrane consists of the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary, and the two fused
basement membranes of these layers

Question 40

alveoli

Answer 40

The alveoli are the only sites of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and the blood.

• The tiny sacs are clustered at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts.
• They are the functional units of the lungs where gas exchange
  occurs.

Question 41

Alveolar Type I cells

Answer 41

Alveolar Type I cells – made up of simple squamous epithelium, thin walls to diffuse gases

Question 42

Alveolar Type II cells

Answer 42

produce pulmonary surfactant
(a lipid rich film) that mixes with the tissue fluid lining
to decrease surface tension to permit inflation of
alveoli (Wet plastic-bag principle)

Question 43

Alveolar Macrophages

Answer 43

Phagocytize foreign material

Question 44

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 44

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing, the flow of air
between the atmosphere and the lungs, occurs due to
differences in air pressure. It involves inspiration and
expiration

Question 45

inspiration

Answer 45

inspiration is the process of air flowing into the lungs due to the decrease in pressure inside compared to outside. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles work together to make this happen.

Question 46

process of inspiration

Answer 46

📌 During inspiration, the pressure inside the lungs decreases compared to the atmospheric pressure outside.

📌 This lower pressure inside the lungs causes air from the outside to flow into the lungs.

📌 The main muscles involved in inspiration are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.

📌 As these muscles contract, they increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing the lungs to expand and air to be drawn in.

📌 The expansion of the lungs is also aided by the elastic recoil of the lung tissues and the surface tension-lowering effects of pulmonary surfactant.

Question 47

Expiration

Answer 47

expiration is the process of air flowing out of the lungs due to the increase in pressure inside compared to outside. The intercostal and abdominal muscles work together to make this happen.